Serological Evidence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection in Chickens from Parana and Mato Grosso do Sul States, Brazil

The objective of this study was to detect antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in free-range and caged chickens Gallus domesticus. Initially, the humoral immune response of two chickens immunized with P. brasiliensis was evaluated. Both animals showed the production of antibodies to gp43, the major P. brasiliensis antigen. The seroepidemiological survey was conducted in chickens from the Pantanal region in Mato Grosso do Sul State (free-range n = 40) and from northern region of Parana State (free-range n = 100, caged n = 43). The serum samples were analyzed by indirect ELISA using gp43 as antigen. The positivity observed in free-range chickens from Mato Grosso do Sul (55%) was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) than in free-range chickens from Parana State (16%). In contrast to the free-range chickens, no positivity was observed in the caged chickens (P = 0.003). This is the first report showing serological evidence of P. brasiliensis infection in chickens. The results suggest that free-range chickens are more frequently infected by P. brasiliensis, probably due to the constant contact with soil than caged chickens and could be useful as epidemiological markers of paracoccidioidomycosis.

Laser phototherapy effect on protein metabolism parameters of rat salivary glands

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of infrared diode laser phototherapy (LP) on tissues of the submandibular gland (SMG) and parotid gland (PG). Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental (A and B) and control (C) groups. A diode laser, 808 nm wavelength, in continuous wave mode, was applied to the PG, SMG and sublingual gland in the experimental groups on two consecutive days. The doses were 4 J/cm(2) and 8 J/cm(2), and total energy was 7 J and 14 J, respectively. The power output (500 mW) and power density (277 mW/cm(2)) were the same for both experimental groups. In order to visualize the area irradiated by the infrared laser, we used a red pilot beam (650 nm) with 3 mW maximum power for the experimental groups. For the control group, the red pilot beam was the only device used. The SMG and PG were removed after 1 week of the first irradiation. Total protein concentration, amylase, peroxidase, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase assays were performed, as well as histological analysis. Statistical tests revealed significant increase in the total protein concentration for groups A and B in the parotid glands (P < 0.05). Based on the results of this study, LP altered the total protein concentration in rats` parotid glands.

Telehealth in audiology: The need and potential to reach underserved communities

Permanent hearing loss is a leading global health care burden, with 1 in 10 people affected to a mild or greater degree. A shortage of trained healthcare professionals and associated infrastructure and resource limitations mean that hearing health services are unavailable to the majority of the world population. Utilizing information and communication technology in hearing health care, or tele-audiology, combined with automation offer unique opportunities for improved clinical care, widespread access to services, and more cost-effective and sustainable hearing health care. Tele-audiology demonstrates significant potential in areas such as education and training of hearing health care professionals, paraprofessionals, parents, and adults with hearing disorders; screening for auditory disorders; diagnosis of hearing loss; and intervention services. Global connectivity is rapidly growing with increasingly widespread distribution into underserved communities where audiological services may be facilitated through telehealth models. Although many questions related to aspects such as quality control, licensure, jurisdictional responsibility, certification and reimbursement still need to be addressed; no alternative strategy can currently offer the same potential reach for impacting the global burden of hearing loss in the near and foreseeable future.

Thermal/mechanical simulation and laboratory fatigue testing of an alternative yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal core-veneer all-ceramic layered crown design

This study evaluated the stress levels at the core layer and the veneer layer of zirconia crowns (comprising an alternative core design vs. a standard core design) under mechanical/thermal simulation, and subjected simulated models to laboratory mouth-motion fatigue. The dimensions of a mandibular first molar were imported into computer-aided design (CAD) software and a tooth preparation was modeled. A crown was designed using the space between the original tooth and the prepared tooth. The alternative core presented an additional lingual shoulder that lowered the veneer bulk of the cusps. Finite element analyses evaluated the residual maximum principal stresses fields at the core and veneer of both designs under loading and when cooled from 900 degrees C to 25 degrees C. Crowns were fabricated and mouth-motion fatigued, generating master Weibull curves and reliability data. Thermal modeling showed low residual stress fields throughout the bulk of the cusps for both groups. Mechanical simulation depicted a shift in stress levels to the core of the alternative design compared with the standard design. Significantly higher reliability was found for the alternative core. Regardless of the alternative configuration, thermal and mechanical computer simulations showed stress in the alternative core design comparable and higher to that of the standard configuration, respectively. Such a mechanical scenario probably led to the higher reliability of the alternative design under fatigue.

Morphological, Morphometrical and Histochemical Study of the Lining and Glandular Epithelia of the Tongue of the Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The dorsal surface of the tongue of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, has simple columnar epithelium with a few ciliated cells and goblet cells. The entire surface is covered with numerous filiform papillae and few fungiform. Filiform papillae have a simple columnar epithelium with secretory cells, while the fungiform have a sensory disc on their upper surface the lined by a stratified columnar epithelium with basal, peripheral, glandular and receptor cells. Over the dorsal lingual surface there are numerous winding tubular glands, which penetrate deeply into the muscle of the tongue, mingling with the fibers. The gland epithelium is cylindrical with secretory and supporting cells. The first are absolute on the basis of the gland and the latter are rare in the upper third. The ventral surface of the tongue is lined by a stratified epithelium, with the presence of goblet cells, with ciliated cells among them. Morphometrically, lingual glands varies in length, according to their location: shorter in the anterior region of the tongue (330 mu m) than in the posterior region (450 mu m). Secretory cells of the anterior lingual glands are smaller (1457.7 mm(3)) than the posterior ones (2645.9 mu m(3)). The same can be said of the cell nuclei, 130.0 mu m(3) for the anterior glands and 202.3 mu m(3) for the posterior ones. Secretory cells of the lingual glands contain substances rich in protein and neutral mucopolysaccharides, which characterize the seromucous type. Goblet cells of the dorsal and ventral surface epithelia secrete neutral mucopolysaccharides and proteins, and can be characterized as type G1 cells, and the supporting cells of the superficial glands of the fungiform papillae secrete a mucus rich in neutral mucopolysaccharides, sulfomucins and sialomucins.

Variation in coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity associated with genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2A6 and the body status of iron stores in adult Thai males and females

The relationships between catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), polymorphism of CYP2A6 gene, gender and levels of body iron stores were analysed in a sample group of 202 apparently healthy Thais, aged 1947 years. Eleven individuals were found to have high activity of CYP2A6, judged by the relatively large amounts (11.2-14.6 mg) of 7-hydroyxcoumarin (7-OHC) excreted 3 h following administration of 15 mg of coumarin. Ten individuals, however, did not excrete any 7-OHC. Of these 10, four were found to have no CYP2A6 gene (whole gene deletion; CYP2A6*4 allele). The frequency of the CYP2A6 alleles; *1A, *1B and *4 in the whole sample group was 52, 40 and 8% while the frequency of the CYP2A6 gene types; *1A/* 1A, *1A/* 1B, *1B/* 1B, *1A/* 4, *1BI* 4, *4/* 4 was 29, 41, 16, 7, 5 and 2%. Subjects having CYP2A6* 1A/* 1B gene-type group were found to have higher rates of coumarin 7-hydroxylation compared with those of the CYP2A6* 1B/* 1B and CYP2A6* 1A/* 4 gene types. The inter-individual variability in CYP2A6 catalytic activity was therefore attributed in part to the CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism. Variation in CYP2A6 activity in this sample group was not associated with gender but, interestingly, it did show an inverse association with plasma ferritin; an indicator of body iron stores. Higher rates of coumarin 7-hydroxylation were found in individuals with low body iron stores (plasma ferritin < 20 μg/l) compared with subjects having normal body iron store status. Subjects (n = 16) with iron overload (plasma ferritin > 300 mug/l) also tended to have elevated rates of coumarin 7-hydroxylation. These results suggest an increased CYP2A6 expression in subjects who have excessive body iron stores. Further investigations into the underlying factors that may lead to increased expression of CYP2A6 in association with abnormal body iron stores are currently in progress in our laboratory. Pharmacogenetics 12:241-249 (C) 2002 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Boletim eletr??nico de bibliografias especializadas:comunica????o e lideran??a

A 4a edi????o do Boletim Eletr??nico de Bibliografias Especializadas apresenta publica????es do acervo da Biblioteca Graciliano Ramos e do Portal de Peri??dicos da ENAP. Este n??mero tem como foco o Programa de Comunica????o e Lideran??a (Comlide). Trata-se de uma iniciativa da ENAP, sob a responsabilidade da Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Gerencial (DDG), envolvendo todas as ??reas da Escola. As obras reunidas neste Boletim d??o ??nfase a t??cnicas de comunica????o e lideran??a dentro de organiza????es. O objetivo dessas estrat??gias ?? viabilizar o melhor desempenho em rela????o aos trabalhos em grupo. Com a crescente import??ncia de l??deres nas institui????es, estudos e projetos prop??em caminhos para que esses gestores motivem suas equipes a alcan??ar cada vez mais qualidade, produtividade e crescimento. Enfim, a colet??nea presente neste Boletim permite que se desenvolva uma melhor compreens??o quanto a conceitos e m??todos sugeridos por diversos autores, al??m de apresentar estudos de caso voltados para negocia????es e gest??o de equipes

O servi??o de an??lises cl??nicas em sintonia com o meio ambiente

As atividades humanas s??o inerentemente poluidoras. Os servi??os de diagn??stico t??m alcan??ado altos n??veis de evolu????o tecnol??gica, mas os cuidados com os res??duos gerados n??o tiveram o mesmo ritmo de crescimento. O Servi??o de An??lises Cl??nicas do Hospital de Cl??nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran?? (UFPR), preocupado com esse panorama, iniciou um projeto para valoriza????o do meio ambiente, contemplando a segrega????o de res??duos, que foram classificados de acordo com as normas vigentes em 2002 (resolu????es Conama 05/93 e 283/01). A principal etapa do projeto foi o treinamento dos funcion??rios, a padroniza????o de lixeiras, a avalia????o dos res??duos, a forma????o de um grupo de teatro e a apresenta????o da pe??a ???Lixo pro lixo???. Com o adequado gerenciamento dos res??duos, houve redu????o de envio ?? coleta hospitalar e incalcul??veis ganhos ambientais

O Senior Executive Service: especial refer??ncia ao perfil do Top Public Service em Portugal

No contexto de reforma da administra????o p??blica, o objectivo do trabalho pretende dar conta das caracter??sticas dos modelos de direc????o p??blica, em particular dos dirigentes (Senior Executive Service: Top Public Service e Top Management Service), e do seu perfil em face dos novos desafios da administra????o p??blica. O objectivo principal deste trabalho foi caracterizar o sistema de designa????o/ nomea????o para os cargos de dirigente de livre escolha pol??tica, sistema conhecido na literatura como spoil system, com especial refer??ncia ao 1o e 2o n??veis, grupo I, dessas fun????es, no contexto da elite das direc????es-gerais em Portugal.

A qualidade do gasto p??blico e a avalia????o das pol??ticas sociais: o or??amento do Minist??rio do Trabalho no per??odo 2000-2006

Nos ??ltimos anos, o debate sobre a melhoria da qualidade do gasto p??blico tem ganhado espa??o crescente. As quest??es mais gerais do tema s??o relevantes, mas n??o substituem o exame espec??fico dos gastos sociais dos diversos minist??rios ??? raz??o pela qual a avalia????o das pol??ticas p??blicas ?? instrumento fundamental para melhoria do gasto. O trabalho corrente faz uma avalia????o da din??mica or??ament??ria das pol??ticas do Minist??rio do Trabalho e Emprego. Essa an??lise revela um crescente desequil??brio: enquanto o valor destinado ??s pol??ticas passivas de emprego aumentou brutalmente, os valores destinados ??s pol??ticas ativas de emprego ca??ram significativamente. Esse cen??rio ??? oposto ao que seria desej??vel ??? ?? ainda mais preocupante na medida em que as pol??ticas passivas de emprego n??o beneficiam os mais pobres. Neste contexto, o trabalho avalia a possibilidade de que parte dos recursos reservados para pol??ticas passivas seja dirigido ??s pol??ticas ativas de emprego.

Relação anatômica do nervo óptico com o seio esfenoidal: estudo por tomografia computadorizada

O seio esfenoidal entre os seios da face é certamente o mais negligenciado quanto ao diagnóstico. A abordagem cirúrgica requer conhecimento anatômico detalhado, levando-se em conta as graves complicações decorrentes de lesões de estruturas vitais adjacentes a esta região. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do nosso estudo é avaliar a relação anatômica do canal do nervo óptico com o seio esfenoidal utilizando a tomografia computadorizada. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Análise de série. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Os autores apresentam a análise retrospectiva de 202 tomografias computadorizadas de seios da face de indivíduos de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos. Os exames foram avaliados observando o trajeto do canal do nervo óptico obtido pelo grau de projeção na parede do seio esfenoidal. Foi utilizada a classificação modificada de Delano. Foi avaliada a ausência de atenuação óssea (deiscência) do canal do nervo óptico no seio esfenoidal. O grau de pneumatização do seio esfenoidal foi analisado, sendo empregado a classificação de Hammer's adaptada por Guerrero, além da pneumatização do processo clinóide anterior e pterigóide e a presença da célula de Onodi. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes (78.96%) apresentou o canal do nervo óptico com trajeto do tipo 1, o tipo 2 foi observado em 16.83%, o tipo 3 em 3.47% e o tipo 4 em 0.74%. A presença de deiscência do nervo óptico na parede do seio esfenoidal foi evidenciada em 21.29% dos casos. Em relação à pneumatização, notamos que o tipo pré-selar foi observado em 6.44%, o tipo selar em 39.11%, o tipo selar em 54.45%, e o tipo apneumatizado não foi observado em nossos casos. A pneumatização do processo clinóide anterior foi constatado em 10.64% enquanto do processo pterigóide em 21.29% dos casos, a célula de Onodi foi verificada em 7.92% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de deiscência do canal do nervo óptico está relacionado com o grau de pneumatização dos processos clinóide anterior e processo pterigóide, a presença de célula de Onodi e os tipos de trajeto 2, 3 e 4 da relação do nervo óptico com o seio esfenoidal.

Adubação nitrogenada em cultivares de arroz de terras altas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes doses de N em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1) sobre as características agronômicas de diferentes cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Caiapó, Primavera, Confiança, IAC 202 e Carisma) sob irrigação por aspersão durante os anos agrícolas 2003/04 e 2004/05, em área experimental da FCAV - UNESP - Jaboticabal (SP). Os cultivares Caiapó, IAC 202 e Carisma são os de maior produtividade, com o Primavera não respondendo ao incremento da adubação nitrogenada; o IAC 202 e Carisma são possuidores de índice de colheita mais elevado e responsivos ao nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura, sugerindo-se indicá-los para sistemas produtivos mais evoluídos; o cultivar Caiapó demonstra ser mais eficiente em absorver e utilizar o N contido no solo, sugerindo sua indicação para sistemas produtivos de menor aporte de tecnologia.

Comportamento de genótipos de soja submetidos a déficit hídrico intenso em casa de vegetação

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o comportamento e as características envolvidas nas respostas de três genótipos de soja, submetidos à indução de déficit hídrico de alta intensidade em casa de vegetação. A pesquisa foi conduzida na Estação de Horticultura e Controle Biológico Professor Mario César Lopes, NEE/UNIOESTE, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, no ano de 2007. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo três genótipos de soja (CD 201, CD 202 e CD 217) e dois regimes hídricos (irrigação satisfatória e déficit hídrico), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. O déficit hídrico foi imposto por meio de suspensão da rega, no início da fase reprodutiva da cultura. Foram avaliados a umidade gravimétrica do solo (Ug) e o conteúdo relativo de água nas folhas (CRA), durante o período de déficit hídrico; a liberação de eletrólitos de discos foliares, no momento da reidratação; as variáveis biométricas, no final do período de recuperação e os componentes da produção e produção por planta, no final do ciclo da cultura. O déficit hídrico aplicado afetou de maneira distinta os genótipos testados, quanto à manutenção do status hídrico, da área foliar e, por consequência, do potencial produtivo. A diferenciação no comportamento dos genótipos foi possível, mesmo em condições de déficit hídrico intenso, sendo o CD 202 o que apresentou melhor comportamento. A manutenção do CRA e da área foliar devem ser consideradas como características de interesse no desenvolvimento de materiais adaptados a condições de restrição hídrica.

Response of rice cultivars to nitrogen in upland conditions

Against the background of a growing world population, rice (Oryza sativa L.) consumption is expected to grow faster than its production. Therefore, an appropriate question would be: how to increase productivity in the short-term? In this respect, it becomes important the implementation of modern agricultural production systems, such as upland rice with supplemental sprinkler irrigation. Additional information is needed to maximize the available resources, with special attention given to research on the use of nitrogen. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of commercial rice cultivars with different plant characteristics in upland conditions with supplemental sprinkler irrigation, when subjected to nitrogen in topdress application at the R1 stage (panicle differentiation). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block with split plot design, with 65 treatments, consisting of the combination of 13 cultivars in the plots, and five nitrogen levels in the subplots (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1), with four replications. Genetic variability was detected among rice cultivars and the agronomic performance in response to the applied nitrogen. The topdressing application of nitrogen increases, in general, the production components and grain yield in rice. Cultivars BRS Primavera, Caiapó and IAC 202 stood out for grain yield, followed by Baldo, Carnaroli, BRS Curinga and IAC 500 with lower yields.

Residents’ perception of the benefits of cultural tourism: the case of Guimarães

In many cities throughout Europe and the rest of the world, cultural tourism plays a major role in local economic development. Tourism also acts to preserve cultural heritage, as it provides a way to acquire the revenue needed to restore and preserve historical buildings, and encourages local people to value their traditions and festivals. However, tourism success can be a double-edged sword with tourist flows having a strong impact on the quality of life of residents when certain tourist thresholds are surpassed. This paper aims to address local residents’ perception of the benefits of cultural tourism. To capture their perception, a survey was implemented, addressed to both the city centre inhabitants and the non-urban residents of the Guimarães municipality.