Tuotannonohjauksen kehittäminen piensarjatuotannossa

Tämä diplomityö käsittelee teollisen yrityksen tuotannonohjauksen kehittämistä piensarjatuotannossa. Työn kohteena on ABB Oy:n Tuulivoimageneraattorit-tulosyksikkö, joka valmistaa vakiotuotteita asiakasohjautuvasti. Työssä esitellään aluksi tuotannon ja tuotannonohjauksen teoriaa. Lävitse käydään perusasioiden kuten määritelmien, tavoitteiden ja tehtävien lisäksi tuotannonohjausprosessia sekä tuotannonohjauksen tietotekniikkaa. Teorian jälkeisessä empiriaosuudessa esitellään työssä kehitettyjä keinoja tuotannonohjauksen parantamiseksi. Tutkimus on toteutettu teoreettisen ja empiirisen tutkimustyön avulla. Teoreettiseen tutkimustyöhön sisältyi suomalaisiin ja ulkomaalaisiin kirjallisuuslähteisiin perehtyminen. Empiirinen tutkimustyö suoritettiin itsenäisen ongelman ratkaisutyön avulla. Tämä sisälsi kehittämiskohteiden analysoinnin, tarkempien kehittämistarpeiden määrityksen sekä kokeilujen kautta tapahtuneen kehittämistyön. Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli selvittää, miten tuotannonohjauksen kehittämisellä voidaan parantaa kohteena olevan tulosyksikön tuottavuutta ja kannattavuutta. Päätavoitteen pohjalta muodostettiin kuusi osatavoitetta: toimitusvarmuuden parantaminen, kapasiteetin kuormitusasteen nostaminen, kapasiteetin suunnittelun kehittäminen, läpäisyaikojen lyhentäminen, uuden ERP-järjestelmän vaatimusmäärittely sekä tuotannonohjausprosessin määrittäminen. Työssä rakennettiin neljään ensiksi mainittuun osatavoitteeseen tietotekniset sovellukset, jotka mahdollistavat osatavoitteiden suunnittelun ja ohjaamisen. Sovelluksia varten kullekin tuotteelle määriteltiin esimerkiksi työnvaiheketjut läpäisyaikoineen, kuormitusryhmät, kuormitusryhmien kapasiteetit, tuotteiden kuormittavuudet sekä kriittiset työvälineet. Työ osoitti, että tietotekniikka auttaa suuresti tuotannonohjauksessa. Lisääntynyt läpinäkyvyys, parantunut tiedonkulku, simulointimahdollisuudet sekä graafinen esitystapa helpottavat erilaisten suunnitelmien teossa ja parantavat siten päätöksenteon laatua. Tietotekniikan hyväksikäytön pohjana toimii tuotannon perus- ja tapahtumatietojen kurinalainen päivitys. Tämän vuoksi tietojärjestelmistä kannattaa rakentaa mahdollisimman yksinkertaisia.

Expectations and Experiences of International Students in Information Technology Department

Education in Finland plays a significant role. International students are becoming an essential part of Finnish Educational system. The study was meant to examine their expectations and experiences in a Finnish University. As a case, Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) was chosen and, in particular, Information Technology (IT) Department. The main objectives of the study were to examine students’ satisfaction of their study experiences, their evaluation of the teaching quality of courses and last but not least the cultural impact on those. Data for the study were mainly collected with the help of three Internet surveys from a sample of 50 students – currently studying at LUT or already graduated. Response rate from questionnaire to questionnaire varied, however, still close to average and was considered as good and relevant enough. The study was initially meant as qualitative, however, a number of quantitative data analysis methods were used as well. Most of students’ expectations appear to become true, majority of students are satisfied with their experiences. Results show that teaching quality in LUT is evaluated as ‘good’. Nevertheless, students prefer particular courses to the other ones. In conclusion, it can be said that culture does affect students’ expectations, experiences, perception of the world, however, cultural differences do not cause any serious problems.

La adquisición de la interrogación: las interrogativas parciales en catalán y castellano = The acquisition of interrogatives:Wh-questions in Catalan and Spanish

En este trabajo se describe la naturaleza y secuencia de adquisición de las preguntas interrogativas parcialesen niños de habla catalana y/o castellana dentro de un marco de análisis según el cual la adquisición de lasestructuras lingüísticas se construye gradualmente desde estructuras concretas hasta estructuras más abstractas.La muestra utilizada se compone de 10 niños y niñas procedentes de corpus longitudinales cuyas edades van delos 17 meses a los 3 años. El análisis se ha realizado atendiendo a la estructura sintáctica de la oración, loserrores, los pronombres y adverbios interrogativos, y la tipología verbal. Los resultados muestran que la secuenciade adquisición pasa por un momento inicial caracterizado por producciones estereotipadas o fórmulas,durante el cual sólo aparecen algunas partículas interrogativas en estructuras muy concretas. Posteriormente lainterrogación aparece con otros pronombres y adverbios y se diversifica a otros verbos, además, no se observanerrores en la construcción sintáctica. Estos resultados suponen un hecho diferencial respecto de estudios previos enlengua inglesa

Analyzing the Background Information of an Activity-Based Costing System

The aim of this thesis was to analyze the background information of an activity-based costing system, which is being used in a domestic forest industry company. The reports produced by the system have not been reliable, and this has caused the utilization of the system to diminish. The study was initiated by examining the theory of activity-based costing. It was also discovered, that the system produces management accounting information and therefore also that theory was introduced briefly. Next the possible sources of errors were examined. The significance of these errors was evaluated and waste handling was chosen as a subject of further study. The problem regarding waste handling was that there is no waste compensation in current model. When paper or board machine produces waste, it can be used as raw material in the process. However, at the moment the product, which is being produced, at the time does not get any compensation. The use of compensation has not been possible due to not knowing the quantity of process waste. As a result of the study a calculatory model, which enables calculating the quantity of process waste based on the data from the mill system, was introduced. This, for one, enables starting to use waste compensation in the future.

Lengua, escuela e inmigración

A lo largo de la última década, la heterogeneidad identitaria, lingüística, religiosa, cultural y étnica ha crecido de manera significativa en España debido a la llegada de inmigrantes, lo cual está planteando al Sistema Educativo problemas hasta ahora desconocidos. En este artículo se discuten las relaciones entre lengua, escuela e inmigración con un énfasis especial en los factores implicados en la adquisición de la lengua de uso escolar. Se discute tanto el tiempo que el alumnado inmigrante tarda en aprender dicha lengua como el papel de su lengua inicial en dicha adquisición. La discusión se realiza a partir del análisis de datos provenientes de evaluaciones internacionales, así como de trabajos de investigación realizados en situaciones escolares multilingües y se reflexiona sobre su pertinencia para el establecimiento de una política educativa que tenga en cuenta las dificultades de las y los inmigrantes con la adquisición y el dominio de la lengua de la escuela. Finalmente, se abordan las nuevas necesidades de los sistemas educativos en relación con alguno de los retos que plantea la educación intercultural y se enfatiza la importancia de la práctica educativa para encontrar soluciones a los problemas que se derivan de la nueva situación escolar

Mecanismos químicos e mineralógicos de transformação da magnesioferrita de solo derivado de tufito, da região do Alto Paranaíba, MG

Magnetic soils forming on tuffite of the region of Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, usually contain iron-rich spinels exceptionally rich in magnesium and titanium. In this work, samples of the magnetically separated portion from the sand fraction of a Brunizém (Chernossolo) and from its mother-rock material were analyzed with synchrotron X-ray diffraction and 57Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy. Magnesioferite (MgFe2O4) and maghemite (its pure non-stoichiometric spinel structure, Fe8/3 ⊕ 1/3 O4, where ⊕ = cation vacancy, corresponds to γFe2O3) were the magnetic iron oxides so identified. Basing on these data, a consistent chemical-mineralogical model is proposed for the main transformation steps involving these iron oxides in the pedosystem, starting on magnesioferrite to finally render hematite (αFe2O3), passing through maghemite as an intermediate specie.

Constituintes químicos das folhas de Riedeliella graciliflora Harms (Leguminosae)

A new salicylic acid derivative, pentacosanyl salicylate, was isolated from the leaves of the plant toxic to cattle, Riedeliella graciliflora, in addition to a digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), 1,2-di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-glycerol, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, rutin, (+)-catechin and the dimer (+)-catechin-(4β-8)-catechin, glutinol, squalene, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, phytol, β-carotene, α-tocopherol and ficaprenol-12. Their structures were determined using spectral techniques (MS, IR, and NMR-1D and 2D) and based on literature data.

Estudo por espectrometria de massas de soluções de hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno: propostas para mecanismos de desproporção

Solutions of [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene (HTIB or Koser's reagent) in acetonitrile were analyzed using high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) under different conditions. Several species were characterized in these analyses. Based on these data, mechanisms were proposed for the disproportionation of the iodine(III) compounds in iodine(V) and iodine(I) species.

Aspectos estruturais de algumas neolignanas hidrobenzofurânicas

The neolignans are defined as dimers of allylphenol and propenylphenol between itself or crossed, whose bond does not occur by the 8-8' carbons like lignans. This review centered on stereochemical aspects of the hydrobenzofuran type, a widespread skeleton among neolignans. The chemical structures established based on spectrometric data are registered in the literature. The absolute configurations reported previously were determined by chiroptical techniques. Some chemical transformations with neolignans, performed in previous studies, afforded products which are accumulated in other vegetal species and contributed to assign the unknown stereochemistry of these natural compounds. Possible biosynthetic pathways are also proposed.

Isolation and antitrichomonal activity of the chemical constituents of the leaves of Maytenus phyllanthoides Benth. (Celastraceae)

Cyclolignan (+)-lyoniresinol (1), veratric acid (2), vanillic acid (3), lupeol, oleanolic acid, 3β-hydroxy-urs-11-en-28,13β-lactone (4), the mixture of α- and β-amyrin, trans-polyisoprene, and β-sitosterol were isolated from the leaves of Maytenus phyllanthoides. The structures of the isolated compounds were established based on spectroscopic data, mainly ¹H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Compound 1, its acetate analog 1a, and compounds 2, 3, and 4 were tested against Trichomonas vaginalis. (+)-Lyoniresinol showed activity corresponding to IC50 17.57 µM. This is the first report on the occurrence of 3β-hydroxy-urs-11-en-28,13β-lactone (4) in the Celastraceous family and lyoniresinol in the Maytenus genus, and on the antitrichomonal activity of lyoniresinol.

Análise exploratória aplicada a espectros de reflexão total atenuada no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (ATR-FTIR) de blendas de biodiesel/diesel

In this study, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to classify blends produced from diesel S500 and different kinds of biodiesel produced by the TDSP methodology. The different kinds of biodiesel studied in this work were produced from three raw materials: soybean oil, waste cooking oil and hydrogenated vegetable oil. Methylic and ethylic routes were employed for the production of biodiesel. HCA and PCA were performed on the data from attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, showing the separation of the blends into groups according to biodiesel content present in the blends and to the kind of biodiesel used to form the mixtures.

The Methods of Possible Joint Treatment of Manure and Sewage Sludge in the Leningrad Region

The nutrient load to the Gulf of Finland has started to increase as a result of the strong economic recovery in agriculture and livestock farming in the Leningrad region. Also sludge produced from municipal wastewater treatment plant of the Leningrad region causes the great impact on the environment, but still the main options for its treatment is disposal on the sludge beds or Landfills. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of possible joint treatment methods of manure form livestock and poultry enterprises and sewage sludge produced from municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Leningrad region. The study is based on published data. The most attention was put on the anaerobic digestion and incineration methods. The manure and sewage sludge generation for the whole Leningrad region and energy potential produced from their treatment were estimated. The calculations showed that total amount of sewage sludge generation is 1 348 000 t/a calculated on wet matter and manure generation is 3 445 000 t/a calculated on wet matter. The potential heat release from anaerobic digestion process and incineration process is 4 880 000 GJ/a and 5 950 000 GJ/a, respectively. Furthermore, the work gives the overview of the general Russian and Finnish legislation concerning manure and sewage sludge treatment. In the Gatchina district it was chosen the WWTP and livestock and poultry enterprises for evaluation of the centralized treatment plant implementation based on anaerobic digestion and incineration methods. The electricity and heat power of plant based on biogas combustion process is 4.3 MW and 7.8 MW, respectively. The electricity and heat power of plant based on manure and sewage sludge incineration process is 3.0 MW and 6.1 MW, respectively.

Puupohjaisten kuitukomposiittien materiaalitekniset mahdollisuudet veneteollisuudessa

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää puupohjaisten kuitukomposiittimateriaalien soveltuvuutta veneteollisuuden valmistusmateriaaliksi. Huviveneiden rakennusta säätelee huvivenedirektiivi ja lukuisat standardit. Standardien mukaan uusien materiaalien käyttö veneenrakennuksessa on mahdollista, mikäli materiaalin ominaisuudet todetaan muun muassa laboratoriotesteissä soveltuviksi kyseiseen käyttötarkoitukseen. Tutkimusta varten valmistettiin kuusi erilaista kuitukomposiittimateriaalia. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin myös neljän kaupallisen puumuovikomposiittivalmistajan materiaalia. Vertailumateriaaleiksi valittiin puuraaka-aineista mänty, saarni ja mahonki sekä muoviraakaaineista ABS – muovi. Tarkisteltaville materiaaleille määriteltiin standardien mukaisin testein taivutuslujuus, vetolujuus, Charpy – iskulujuus, Brinell – kovuus, veden absorptio sekä paksuusturpoama. Saatuja arvoja vertailtiin vertailumateriaalien kirjallisuudessa mainittuihin arvoihin. Puupohjaisten kuitukomposiittien ominaisuudet jäivät vertailumateriaalien vastaavista lukuun ottamatta Brinell – kovuutta. Taivutus- ja vetolujuuden osalta eräiden kaupallisten puumuovikomposiittivalmistajien ilmoittamat lujuusarvot olivat lähellä veneenrakennuksessa käytettyjen materiaalien vastaavia. Suurimpana yksittäisenä haasteena puukuitupohjaisilla kuitukomposiiteilla havaittiin Charpy – iskulujuus. Myös veden absorption saattaminen alhaiseksi havaittiin tärkeäksi veneilysovelluksissa. Ominaisuuksien kehittäminen on kuitenkin käytettävissä olevan tutkimustiedon perusteella mahdollista. Diplomityössä saatujen tulosten perusteella on puupohjaisilla kuitukomposiiteilla potentiaalia veneteollisuudessa. Jatkotutkimusta tulisikin kohdistaa materiaalin ominaisuuksien kehittämiseen.

Customer knowledge processing in key account management

The ability of the supplier firm to generate and utilise customer-specific knowledge has attracted increasing attention in the academic literature during the last decade. It has been argued the customer knowledge should treated as a strategic asset the same as any other intangible assets. Yet, at the same time it has been shown that the management of customer-specific knowledge is challenging in practice, and that many firms are better at acquiring customer knowledge than at making use of it. This study examines customer knowledge processing in the context of key account management in large industrial firms. This focus was chosen because key accounts are demanding and complex. It is not unusual for a single key account relationship to constitute a complex web of relationships between the supplier and the key account – thus easily leading to the dispersion of customer-specific knowledge in the supplier firm. Although the importance of customer-specific knowledge generation has been widely acknowledged in the literature, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the processes through which firms generate, disseminate and use such knowledge internally for enhancing the relationships with their major, strategically important key account customers. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part comprises a theoretical overview and draws together the main findings of the study, whereas the second part consists of five complementary empirical research papers based on survey data gathered from large industrial firms in Finland. The findings suggest that the management of customer knowledge generated about and form key accounts is a three-dimensional process consisting of acquisition, dissemination and utilization. It could be concluded from the results that customer-specific knowledge is a strategic asset because the supplier’s customer knowledge processing activities have a positive effect on supplier’s key account performance. Moreover, in examining the determinants of each phase separately the study identifies a number of intra-organisational factors that facilitate the process in supplier firms. The main contribution of the thesis lies in linking the concept of customer knowledge processing to the previous literature on key account management. Moreover, given than this literature is mainly conceptual or case-based, a further contribution is to examine its consequences and determinants based on quantitative empirical data.

Physical Realization of an Optical Automatic Target Recognition System

In the modern warfare there is an active development of a new trend connected with a robotic warfare. One of the critical elements of robotics warfare systems is an automatic target recognition system, allowing to recognize objects, based on the data received from sensors. This work considers aspects of optical realization of such a system by means of NIR target scanning at fixed wavelengths. An algorithm was designed, an experimental setup was built and samples of various modern gear and apparel materials were tested. For pattern testing the samples of actively arm engaged armies camouflages were chosen. Tests were performed both in clear atmosphere and in the artificial extremely humid and hot atmosphere to simulate field conditions.