Estudio biológico pesquero del perico en Huacho durante el mes de diciembre 1997 y enero 1998

Presenta información que permite mejorar el conocimiento de la biología y pesquería del recurso perico en la zona de Huacho. Presenta datos básicos que contribuye al ordenamiento pesquero del recurso.

Estructura del subsistema demersal durante el crucero de evaluación del recurso Merluza, BIC Humboldt 9705-06, Callao a Puerto Pizarro

Presenta la estructura especiológica, distribución, espacio temporal y captura de peces e invertebrados accesibles a redes tipo Granton 130/400 y Engel 998/400, empleadas durante el Crucero de Evaluación del recurso merluza BIC Humboldt 9705-06. Así como el análisis de comunidades de peces del fondo de la fauna acompañante. Se capturó 134 especies: 99 fueron peces, 19 crustáceos, 12 moluscos, 2 equinodermos, 1 cnidario, 1 sipuncúlido y un cordado. En comparación con los dos últimos cruceros BIC SNP-1 9505-06 y 9607-08, la diversidad íctica se incrementó hasta 43%, aún sin haberse constatado presencia de la típica diversidad íctica tropical costera y estuarina. Al sur de los 6°S se encontró distribuida más del 50% de la riqueza íctica. La captura total fue 45.368,59 kg, de los cuales 40.106,04 se obtuvo en 63 lances de fondo y 5.262,55 kg con 20 lances de media agua. El falso volador Prionotus stephanophrys y la merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus fueron las especies más frecuentes y abundantes con 21.259,21 kg y 14.190,51 kg de captura total, respectivamente.

Biología y pesquería de tiburones de las Islas Lobos, Perú

Pemite conocer los resultados del estudio realizado entre el 18 de setiembre y el 02 de octubre de 1995 al oeste de las islas Lobos de Tierra y Lobos de Afuera. El informe indica que sí es posible el desarrollo de la pesquería comercial de tiburones y sugiere la necesidad de elaborar estudios de mercadeo y comercialización para la utilización de este recurso. Asimismo, aporta mayor información del recurso tiburón con la finalidad de tener mayor conocimiento de su biología y pesquería, permitiendo así su mejor administración mediante la intervención de organismos que desarrollen Programas Regionales y Mundiales de manejo y conservación del recurso.

Evaluación de la merluza y otros recursos demersales durante el otoño 2000. Resultados generales del crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra 0004-05

Las principales concentraciones de la merluza se presentaron dispersas y las mayores localizadas entre Zorritos y Punta Sal con mayores densidades en el estrato III de la Sub área A y el estrato II de la Sub área D.

Estructura del subsistema demersal en otoño 2003. Crucero BIC Olaya 0305-06

Se informa sobre la captura y distribución espacial de peces e invertebrados accesibles a la red de arrastre Granton 300/160 utilizada en la segunda etapa del Crucero BIC Olaya 0305-06, del 4 al 17 junio 2003. En 13 días efectivos de pesca con 76 operaciones de arrastre se capturó un total de 21.805 kg de peces e invertebrados. Cuatro especies representaron el 86,8% de esta captura: la merluza, Merluccius gayi peruanus (14.390 kg, 66%); el bereche con barbo, Ctenosciaena peruviana (2.557 kg, 11,7%); el chiri, Peprilus medius (1.235 kg, 5,7%) y la pota Dosidicus gigas (733 kg, 3,4%). Se identificaron 136 especies marinas: 85 peces, 33 crustáceos, 10 moluscos, 6 equinodermos y 2 cnidarios. Esta diversidad fue menor que la encontrada en otoño de los anteriores años 2001 y 2002. En estos tres años sucesivos, la mayor riqueza íctica se encontró al norte de Punta Aguja (6°S), donde se registró entre el 70-92% de las especies, como consecuencia de las condiciones de normalidad en el medio marino.

Estructura del subsistema demersal durante el verano 2004.Crucero BIC Olaya 0401-02.

El Crucero BIC Olaya 0401-02 se efectuó del 14 enero al 7 febrero 2004, de Puerto Pizarro (3°29’S) a Punta Pacasmayo (7°23’S). Se utilizó la red de arrastre Granton 300/160. Se efectuaron 87 arrastres de fondo, la captura total fue 42.015,8 kg, constituida por 169 especies: peces (102), crustáceos (32), moluscos (21), equinodermos (9), cnidarios (4) y anélidos (1). Las especies más importantes fueron: merluza peruana, Merluccius gayi peruanus (31.429,42 kg; 75% del total); bereche con barbo, Ctenosciaena peruviana (2815,67 kg; 6,7%); pota, Dosidicus gigas (1.777,27 kg; 4,2%); lenguado oj��n, Hippoglossina macrops (611,82 kg; 1,5%); chiri Peprilus medius (543,67 kg; 1,3%); y el pampanito, Peprilus snyderi (497,54 kg; 1,2%). En conjunto, estas seis especies, representaron el 90% del monto total. Esta diversidad es similar al verano 2003 y también la distribución de los peces, cuya mayor diversidad específica se encontró al norte de Punta Aguja (6°S), indicando condiciones de normalidad.

Seguimiento de las pesquerías y calidad ambiental 2001-2005. IMARPE-Huacho

La pesquería pelágica en total desembarcó 8.970.674 t (25,8% del desembarque nacional), constituido por anchoveta Engraulis ringens (97%) que registró mayor incidencia de juveniles el 2002. La pesquería artesanal desembarcó 8.880,2 t (88,7% fueron peces). El desembarque se incrementó en 44,3% el 2005, revirtiendo la tendencia negativa del período 2001–2003. El caracol Stramonita chocolata presentó alta incidencia de individuos por debajo de la talla mínima legal de extracción. Se determinó que el principal contaminante (carga orgánica) se incrementa en épocas de actividad industrial. El Cadmio superó lo observado en la bahía del Callao.

Bancos naturales entre Punta Herradura y Playa Chica, Huacho. Junio 2002

En junio del 2002 se realizó el estudio de bancos naturales entre Punta Herradura-Playa Chica (11°15’17,6”S a 11°11’10,7”S) dentro de una franja costera de 1mn. Se encontraron aguas costeras frías (ACF), con salinidad entre 35,1 y 34,8 ups y TSM entre 14,8 °C y 15,4 °C; substratos mayormente de arena fina compacta, fondos algosos y duros de roca volcánica. Entre 3,5 y 22 m de profundidad, la fauna bentónica estuvo compuesta por crustáceos: Platyxanthus orbignyi, Romaleon polyodon, Hepatus chiliensis y Pleuroncodes monodon; moluscos: Loligo gahi y Octopus mimus; peces: Odontesthes regia regia y equinodermos.

Mirror extreme BMI phenotypes associated with gene dosage at the chromosome 16p11.2 locus.

Both obesity and being underweight have been associated with increased mortality. Underweight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 18.5 kg per m(2) in adults and ≤ -2 standard deviations from the mean in children, is the main sign of a series of heterogeneous clinical conditions including failure to thrive, feeding and eating disorder and/or anorexia nervosa. In contrast to obesity, few genetic variants underlying these clinical conditions have been reported. We previously showed that hemizygosity of a ∼600-kilobase (kb) region on the short arm of chromosome 16 causes a highly penetrant form of obesity that is often associated with hyperphagia and intellectual disabilities. Here we show that the corresponding reciprocal duplication is associated with being underweight. We identified 138 duplication carriers (including 132 novel cases and 108 unrelated carriers) from individuals clinically referred for developmental or intellectual disabilities (DD/ID) or psychiatric disorders, or recruited from population-based cohorts. These carriers show significantly reduced postnatal weight and BMI. Half of the boys younger than five years are underweight with a probable diagnosis of failure to thrive, whereas adult duplication carriers have an 8.3-fold increased risk of being clinically underweight. We observe a trend towards increased severity in males, as well as a depletion of male carriers among non-medically ascertained cases. These features are associated with an unusually high frequency of selective and restrictive eating behaviours and a significant reduction in head circumference. Each of the observed phenotypes is the converse of one reported in carriers of deletions at this locus. The phenotypes correlate with changes in transcript levels for genes mapping within the duplication but not in flanking regions. The reciprocal impact of these 16p11.2 copy-number variants indicates that severe obesity and being underweight could have mirror aetiologies, possibly through contrasting effects on energy balance.

Genome-wide meta-analysis for serum calcium identifies significantly associated SNPs near the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene.

Calcium has a pivotal role in biological functions, and serum calcium levels have been associated with numerous disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, as well as with cardiovascular mortality. Here we report results from a genome-wide association study of serum calcium, integrating data from four independent cohorts including a total of 12,865 individuals of European and Indian Asian descent. Our meta-analysis shows that serum calcium is associated with SNPs in or near the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene on 3q13. The top hit with a p-value of 6.3 x 10(-37) is rs1801725, a missense variant, explaining 1.26% of the variance in serum calcium. This SNP had the strongest association in individuals of European descent, while for individuals of Indian Asian descent the top hit was rs17251221 (p = 1.1 x 10(-21)), a SNP in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs1801725. The strongest locus in CASR was shown to replicate in an independent Icelandic cohort of 4,126 individuals (p = 1.02 x 10(-4)). This genome-wide meta-analysis shows that common CASR variants modulate serum calcium levels in the adult general population, which confirms previous results in some candidate gene studies of the CASR locus. This study highlights the key role of CASR in calcium regulation.

Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity.

To identify common variants influencing body mass index (BMI), we analyzed genome-wide association data from 16,876 individuals of European descent. After previously reported variants in FTO, the strongest association signal (rs17782313, P = 2.9 x 10(-6)) mapped 188 kb downstream of MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor), mutations of which are the leading cause of monogenic severe childhood-onset obesity. We confirmed the BMI association in 60,352 adults (per-allele effect = 0.05 Z-score units; P = 2.8 x 10(-15)) and 5,988 children aged 7-11 (0.13 Z-score units; P = 1.5 x 10(-8)). In case-control analyses (n = 10,583), the odds for severe childhood obesity reached 1.30 (P = 8.0 x 10(-11)). Furthermore, we observed overtransmission of the risk allele to obese offspring in 660 families (P (pedigree disequilibrium test average; PDT-avg) = 2.4 x 10(-4)). The SNP location and patterns of phenotypic associations are consistent with effects mediated through altered MC4R function. Our findings establish that common variants near MC4R influence fat mass, weight and obesity risk at the population level and reinforce the need for large-scale data integration to identify variants influencing continuous biomedical traits.

Interactions of dietary whole-grain intake with fasting glucose- and insulin-related genetic loci in individuals of European descent: a meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies.

Whole-grain foods are touted for multiple health benefits, including enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing type 2 diabetes risk. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in individuals free of diabetes. We tested the hypothesis that whole-grain food intake and genetic variation interact to influence concentrations of fasting glucose and insulin. Via meta-analysis of data from 14 cohorts comprising ∼ 48,000 participants of European descent, we studied interactions of whole-grain intake with loci previously associated in GWAS with fasting glucose (16 loci) and/or insulin (2 loci) concentrations. For tests of interaction, we considered a P value <0.0028 (0.05 of 18 tests) as statistically significant. Greater whole-grain food intake was associated with lower fasting glucose and insulin concentrations independent of demographics, other dietary and lifestyle factors, and BMI (β [95% CI] per 1-serving-greater whole-grain intake: -0.009 mmol/l glucose [-0.013 to -0.005], P < 0.0001 and -0.011 pmol/l [ln] insulin [-0.015 to -0.007], P = 0.0003). No interactions met our multiple testing-adjusted statistical significance threshold. The strongest SNP interaction with whole-grain intake was rs780094 (GCKR) for fasting insulin (P = 0.006), where greater whole-grain intake was associated with a smaller reduction in fasting insulin concentrations in those with the insulin-raising allele. Our results support the favorable association of whole-grain intake with fasting glucose and insulin and suggest a potential interaction between variation in GCKR and whole-grain intake in influencing fasting insulin concentrations.

Meta-analysis identifies multiple loci associated with kidney function-related traits in east Asian populations.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), impairment of kidney function, is a serious public health problem, and the assessment of genetic factors influencing kidney function has substantial clinical relevance. Here, we report a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for kidney function-related traits, including 71,149 east Asian individuals from 18 studies in 11 population-, hospital- or family-based cohorts, conducted as part of the Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network (AGEN). Our meta-analysis identified 17 loci newly associated with kidney function-related traits, including the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine levels (eGFRcrea) (P < 5.0 × 10(-8)). We further examined these loci with in silico replication in individuals of European ancestry from the KidneyGen, CKDGen and GUGC consortia, including a combined total of ∼110,347 individuals. We identify pleiotropic associations among these loci with kidney function-related traits and risk of CKD. These findings provide new insights into the genetics of kidney function.

Genetic variants influencing circulating lipid levels and risk of coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: Genetic studies might provide new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and risk of CAD. We therefore conducted a genome-wide association study to identify novel genetic determinants of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. METHODS AND RESULTS: We combined genome-wide association data from 8 studies, comprising up to 17 723 participants with information on circulating lipid concentrations. We did independent replication studies in up to 37 774 participants from 8 populations and also in a population of Indian Asian descent. We also assessed the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at lipid loci and risk of CAD in up to 9 633 cases and 38 684 controls. We identified 4 novel genetic loci that showed reproducible associations with lipids (probability values, 1.6×10(-8) to 3.1×10(-10)). These include a potentially functional SNP in the SLC39A8 gene for HDL-C, an SNP near the MYLIP/GMPR and PPP1R3B genes for LDL-C, and at the AFF1 gene for triglycerides. SNPs showing strong statistical association with 1 or more lipid traits at the CELSR2, APOB, APOE-C1-C4-C2 cluster, LPL, ZNF259-APOA5-A4-C3-A1 cluster and TRIB1 loci were also associated with CAD risk (probability values, 1.1×10(-3) to 1.2×10(-9)). CONCLUSIONS: We have identified 4 novel loci associated with circulating lipids. We also show that in addition to those that are largely associated with LDL-C, genetic loci mainly associated with circulating triglycerides and HDL-C are also associated with risk of CAD. These findings potentially provide new insights into the biological mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and CAD risk.

Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation.

Common variants at only two loci, FTO and MC4R, have been reproducibly associated with body mass index (BMI) in humans. To identify additional loci, we conducted meta-analysis of 15 genome-wide association studies for BMI (n > 32,000) and followed up top signals in 14 additional cohorts (n > 59,000). We strongly confirm FTO and MC4R and identify six additional loci (P < 5 x 10(-8)): TMEM18, KCTD15, GNPDA2, SH2B1, MTCH2 and NEGR1 (where a 45-kb deletion polymorphism is a candidate causal variant). Several of the likely causal genes are highly expressed or known to act in the central nervous system (CNS), emphasizing, as in rare monogenic forms of obesity, the role of the CNS in predisposition to obesity.