Logistiikkavaraston henkilöstökustannusten optimointi

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on case-esimerkin kautta tutkia, kuinka hyvin vähittäiskaupan logistiikkavarastossa pystytään sovittamaan yhteen työn kysyntä ja tarjonta ja mikä on vuokratyövoiman rooli tässä yhtälössä. Diplomityössä käsitellään logistiikkavaraston työmäärän ennustettavuutta, työvoiman joustavuutta, lasketaan vertailukelpoiset kustannukset eri henkilöstöryhmille sekä esitetään ehdotuksia kokonaiskustannusten optimoimiseksi. Diplomityössä käy ilmi, että tutkittavassa yrityksessä henkilöstöresurssien käyttö ei ole aivan optimaalinen, vaan että tehdyistä työtunneista jopa 21% on ylimääräisiä, mikä aiheuttaa vuosittain 1,0 miljoonan euron kustannushukan. Tämä johtuu sekä työmäärän epätasaisesta jakautumisesta kuukausien kesken, että työvoimatarpeen heikosta suunnittelusta. Työmäärän vaikeasta ennustettavuudesta johtuen turhia työtunteja ei ole mahdollista kokonaan poistaa, mutta hyvällä etukäteissuunnittelulla henkilöstökustannuksia pystytään laskemaan noin 13%. Henkilöstöryhmistä tehtyjen vertailulaskelmien perusteella ylitöiden teettäminen vakituisella henkilökunnalla osoittautuu kannattamattomaksi. Määräaikaisen henkilöstön käyttäminen on kustannuksiltaan edullista, mutta mahdollista vain, jos työvoiman tarve on tilapäinen ja tiedossa hyvissä ajoin etukäteen. Vuokratyövoima on tuntikustannukseltaan kalliimpaa, mutta sen nopea saatavuus mahdollistaa työvoiman entistä paremman sopeuttamisen työn kysynnän mukaan. Kun vuokratyövoimaa on saatavilla, ei varastolla tarvitse pitää ylimääräistä työvoimaa nopeiden työmäärän muutosten varalta.

Diversidade genética de seleções de goiabeiras Cortibel

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de goiaba, Psidium guajava L., do mundo. Pomares de propagação seminal, devido à polinização cruzada, apresentam ampla variabilidade, permitindo a seleção de genótipos ao melhoramento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a diversidade genética de genótipos de goiabeiras selecionadas em pomar de origem seminal (denominadas Cortibel de I a XIII) e compará-las às cultivares Paluma e Pedro Sato, e ao genótipo Roxa, quanto a características morfológicas e de qualidade de frutos. Verificou-se divergência entre os genótipos Cortibel. A Cortibel I, de polpa vermelha, foi o genótipo mais divergente, exibindo o melhor desempenho para as características de frutos. Os genótipos CVIII e CIV apresentaram os melhores desempenhos dentre os genótipos de polpa clara. As seleções de Cortibel apresentaram desempenho semelhante a cultivares comerciais para a qualidade do fruto, sendo bons materiais para o uso como novas cultivares ou para hibridações em programas de melhoramento.

Multiple processes regulate long-term population dynamics of sea urchins on Mediterranean rocky reefs

We annually monitored the abundance and size structure of herbivorous sea urchin populations (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) inside and outside a marine reserve in the Northwestern Mediterranean on two distinct habitats (boulders and vertical walls) over a period of 20 years, with the aim of analyzing changes at different temporal scales in relation to biotic and abiotic drivers. P. lividus exhibited significant variability in density over time on boulder bottoms but not on vertical walls, and temporal trends were not significantly different between the protection levels. Differences in densities were caused primarily by variance in recruitment, which was less pronounced inside the MPA and was correlated with adult density, indicating density-dependent recruitment under high predation pressure, as well as some positive feedback mechanisms that may facilitate higher urchin abundances despite higher predator abundance. Populations within the reserve were less variable in abundance and did not exhibit the hyper-abundances observed outside the reserve, suggesting that predation effects maybe more subtle than simply lowering the numbers of urchins in reserves. A. lixula densities were an order of magnitude lower than P. lividus densities and varied within sites and over time on boulder bottoms but did not differ between protection levels. In December 2008, an exceptionally violent storm reduced sea urchin densities drastically (by 50% to 80%) on boulder substrates, resulting in the lowest values observed over the entire study period, which remained at that level for at least two years (up to the present). Our results also showed great variability in the biological and physical processes acting at different temporal scales. This study highlights the need for appropriate temporal scales for studies to fully understand ecosystem functioning, the concepts of which are fundamental to successful conservation and management.

Maatalouden tuloverolain ja elinkeinoverolain välisen rjauksen vaikutus matkailuyrityksen talouteen

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, millaisiin verotuksellisiin ratkaisuihin matkailuyrityksen kannattaisi maatalouden tuloverolain ja elinkeinoverolain välillä pyrkiä minimoidakseen maksettavien verojen määrä. Tutkielmassa vertaillaan maaseutu-matkailuyritystoiminnan mahdollisia vaihtoehtoisia veroratkaisuja. Esimerkkitapauksessa tehdään vaihtoehtolaskelmia matkailuyritystoiminnan verotuksesta todellisen maatalouden tuloverolain mukaan verotetun toiminnan lisäksi elinkeinoverolain mukaan verotettavasta toiminimenä harjoitetusta matkailuyritystoiminnasta sekä elinkeinoverolain mukaan verotettavasta erilliseksi osakeyhtiöksi yhtiöitetystä matkailuyritystoiminnasta. Tutkielmassa on käytetty kvantitatiivista eli määrällistä tukimusta. Tutkimusstrategiana on kokeellinen tutkimus, mikä on toteutettu valitsemalla matkailuyritysjoukosta todellinen matkailuyritys, jonka verotusta on tarkasteltu valittujen muuttujien muuttuessa. Tutkielman esimerkkitapauksessa matkailuyritystoiminnan muodostaman liikevaihdon ollessa pieni on maatalouden tuloverolain mukainen toiminta selvästi edullisempaa kuin elinkeinoverolain mukaan verotettava matkailuyritystoiminta. Matkailuyritystoiminnan noustessa selvästi merkittävämmäksi liiketoiminnan muodostajaksi kuin maatalouden muodostuu matkailuyritystoiminnan osakeyhtiöittäminen elinkeinoverolain piiriin verotuksellisesti yhtä edulliseksi ratkaisuksi kuin maatalouden tuloverolain mukaisesti toimiminen. Verojen määrään keskeisesti vaikuttavia tekijöitä liikevaihdon ja kulurakenteen lisäksi ovat tasausvaraus (maatalouden tuloverolaki), toimintavaraus (elinkeinoverolaki) sekä nettovarallisuustaso.

Multi-institutional validation of the prognostic value of Ki-67 labeling index in patients treated with radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Several smaller single-center studies have reported a prognostic role for Ki-67 labeling index in prostate cancer. Our aim was to test whether Ki-67 is an independent prognostic marker of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in a large international cohort of patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining on prostatectomy specimens from 3,123 patients who underwent RP for prostate cancer was retrospectively performed. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to assess the association of Ki-67 status with BCR. RESULTS: Ki-67 positive status was observed in 762 (24.4 %) patients and was associated with lymph node involvement (LNI) (p = 0.039). Six hundred and twenty-one (19.9 %) patients experienced BCR. The estimated 3-year biochemical-free survivals were 85 % for patients with negative Ki-67 status and 82.1 % for patients with positive Ki-67 status (log-rank test, p = 0.014). In multivariable analysis that adjusted for the effects of age, preoperative PSA, RP Gleason sum, seminal vesicle invasion, extracapsular extension, positive surgical margins, lymphovascular invasion, and LNI, Ki-67 was significantly associated with BCR (HR = 1.19; p = 0.019). Subgroup analysis revealed that Ki-67 is associated with BCR in patients without LNI (p = 0.004), those with RP Gleason sum 7 (p = 0.015), and those with negative surgical margins (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: We confirmed Ki-67 as an independent predictor of BCR after RP. Ki-67 could be particularly informative in patients with favorable pathologic characteristics to help in the clinical decision-making regarding adjuvant therapy and optimized follow-up scheduling.

Lipid mobilization and gluconeogenesis in plants: Do glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities constitute a real cycle? A hypothesis

Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes present in various plant organs such as germinating cotyledons or senescing leaves. They are the site of beta-oxidation and of the glyoxylate cycle. These consecutive pathways are essential to the maintenance of gluconeogenesis initiated by the degradation of reserve or structural lipids. In contrast to mitochondrial beta-oxidation, which is prevalent in animal cells, glyoxysomal beta-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle have no direct access to the mitochondrial respiratory chain because of the impermeability of the glyoxysomal membrane to the reduced cofactors. The necessity of NAD(+) regeneration can conceivably be fulfilled by membrane redox chains and/or by transmembrane shuttles. Experimental evidence based on the active metabolic roles of higher plant glyoxysomes and yeast peroxisomes suggests the coexistence of two mechanisms, namely a reductase/peroxidase membrane redox chain and a malate/aspartate shuttle susceptible to transfer electrons to the mitochondrial ATP generating system. Such a model interconnects beta-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle, the respiratory chain and gluconeogenesis in such a way that glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase is an essential and exclusive component of beta-oxidation (NAD(+) regeneration). Consequently, the classical view of the glyoxylate cycle is superseded by a tentative reactional scheme deprived of cyclic character.

Fifty years after Ehrlich and Raven, is there support for plant-insect coevolution as a major driver of species diversification?

Since Ehrlich & Raven's seminal paper 50 years ago, coevolution has been seen as a major driver of species diversification. Here, we review classical and more recent case studies on the coevolution of plants and associated insects, to examine whether the coevolutionary component holds as an explanation of their current diversity. We discuss the main dogmas in coevolution and argue that coevolutionary processes should not be considered as major drivers of diversification in plants and insects. Instead, we suggest that coevolution essentially occurs through relatively short 'interludes', making the pattern difficult to detect. We also criticize the use of comparative phylogenetics to investigate coevolutionary processes, as coevolution may not necessarily produce congruent phylogenies among interacting lineages and, in turn, other processes may produce patterns of codivergence. Finally, we propose new lines of investigation for future research.

Introgressive hybridization of threatened European tree frogs (Hyla arborea) by introduced H. intermedia in Western Switzerland

Hybridization by introduced taxa is a major threat to native species. Characterizing human introductions is thus one of the missions of conservation geneticists. Here we survey a declining population of the regionally endangered European tree frog (Hyla arborea) in the Grangettes natural reserve (Rhone valley, Western Switzerland), where previous evidence indicated human introduction of the Italian taxon H. intermedia. We combined fast-evolving mitochondrial and nuclear markers and an extended sampling to conduct population genetic analyses of the Grangettes and putative source areas. We show that the Grangettes population is a hybrid swarm, with all individuals featuring recent nuclear admixture and mitochondrial DNA of introduced H. intermedia, most likely of proximate south Alpine origin. In contrast, H. arborea and H. intermedia hardly introgress in their natural parapatric ranges, consistent with an advanced reproductive isolation. Thus, potential hybrid incompatibilities may account for the strong decline of this population, despite important conservation efforts. Although their hybrid nature makes them a priori unworthy of any protection, we propose specific measures to recover local H. arborea gene pool and preserve tree frogs in the Grangettes, the last population remaining from this heavily impacted part of the Alps.

Assessing the use of very high resolution data to predict species distribution in a mountain environment

Nowadays, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) are a widely used tool. Using different statistical approaches these models reconstruct the realized niche of a species using presence data and a set of variables, often topoclimatic. There utilization range is quite large from understanding single species requirements, to the creation of nature reserve based on species hotspots, or modeling of climate change impact, etc... Most of the time these models are using variables at a resolution of 50km x 50km or 1 km x 1 km. However in some cases these models are used with resolutions below the kilometer scale and thus called high resolution models (100 m x 100 m or 25 m x 25 m). Quite recently a new kind of data has emerged enabling precision up to lm x lm and thus allowing very high resolution modeling. However these new variables are very costly and need an important amount of time to be processed. This is especially the case when these variables are used in complex calculation like models projections over large areas. Moreover the importance of very high resolution data in SDMs has not been assessed yet and is not well understood. Some basic knowledge on what drive species presence-absences is still missing. Indeed, it is not clear whether in mountain areas like the Alps coarse topoclimatic gradients are driving species distributions or if fine scale temperature or topography are more important or if their importance can be neglected when balance to competition or stochasticity. In this thesis I investigated the importance of very high resolution data (2-5m) in species distribution models using either very high resolution topographic, climatic or edaphic variables over a 2000m elevation gradient in the Western Swiss Alps. I also investigated more local responses of these variables for a subset of species living in this area at two precise elvation belts. During this thesis I showed that high resolution data necessitates very good datasets (species and variables for the models) to produce satisfactory results. Indeed, in mountain areas, temperature is the most important factor driving species distribution and needs to be modeled at very fine resolution instead of being interpolated over large surface to produce satisfactory results. Despite the instinctive idea that topographic should be very important at high resolution, results are mitigated. However looking at the importance of variables over a large gradient buffers the importance of the variables. Indeed topographic factors have been shown to be highly important at the subalpine level but their importance decrease at lower elevations. Wether at the mountane level edaphic and land use factors are more important high resolution topographic data is more imporatant at the subalpine level. Finally the biggest improvement in the models happens when edaphic variables are added. Indeed, adding soil variables is of high importance and variables like pH are overpassing the usual topographic variables in SDMs in term of importance in the models. To conclude high resolution is very important in modeling but necessitate very good datasets. Only increasing the resolution of the usual topoclimatic predictors is not sufficient and the use of edaphic predictors has been highlighted as fundamental to produce significantly better models. This is of primary importance, especially if these models are used to reconstruct communities or as basis for biodiversity assessments. -- Ces dernières années, l'utilisation des modèles de distribution d'espèces (SDMs) a continuellement augmenté. Ces modèles utilisent différents outils statistiques afin de reconstruire la niche réalisée d'une espèce à l'aide de variables, notamment climatiques ou topographiques, et de données de présence récoltées sur le terrain. Leur utilisation couvre de nombreux domaines allant de l'étude de l'écologie d'une espèce à la reconstruction de communautés ou à l'impact du réchauffement climatique. La plupart du temps, ces modèles utilisent des occur-rences issues des bases de données mondiales à une résolution plutôt large (1 km ou même 50 km). Certaines bases de données permettent cependant de travailler à haute résolution, par conséquent de descendre en dessous de l'échelle du kilomètre et de travailler avec des résolutions de 100 m x 100 m ou de 25 m x 25 m. Récemment, une nouvelle génération de données à très haute résolution est apparue et permet de travailler à l'échelle du mètre. Les variables qui peuvent être générées sur la base de ces nouvelles données sont cependant très coûteuses et nécessitent un temps conséquent quant à leur traitement. En effet, tout calcul statistique complexe, comme des projections de distribution d'espèces sur de larges surfaces, demande des calculateurs puissants et beaucoup de temps. De plus, les facteurs régissant la distribution des espèces à fine échelle sont encore mal connus et l'importance de variables à haute résolution comme la microtopographie ou la température dans les modèles n'est pas certaine. D'autres facteurs comme la compétition ou la stochasticité naturelle pourraient avoir une influence toute aussi forte. C'est dans ce contexte que se situe mon travail de thèse. J'ai cherché à comprendre l'importance de la haute résolution dans les modèles de distribution d'espèces, que ce soit pour la température, la microtopographie ou les variables édaphiques le long d'un important gradient d'altitude dans les Préalpes vaudoises. J'ai également cherché à comprendre l'impact local de certaines variables potentiellement négligées en raison d'effets confondants le long du gradient altitudinal. Durant cette thèse, j'ai pu monter que les variables à haute résolution, qu'elles soient liées à la température ou à la microtopographie, ne permettent qu'une amélioration substantielle des modèles. Afin de distinguer une amélioration conséquente, il est nécessaire de travailler avec des jeux de données plus importants, tant au niveau des espèces que des variables utilisées. Par exemple, les couches climatiques habituellement interpolées doivent être remplacées par des couches de température modélisées à haute résolution sur la base de données de terrain. Le fait de travailler le long d'un gradient de température de 2000m rend naturellement la température très importante au niveau des modèles. L'importance de la microtopographie est négligeable par rapport à la topographie à une résolution de 25m. Cependant, lorsque l'on regarde à une échelle plus locale, la haute résolution est une variable extrêmement importante dans le milieu subalpin. À l'étage montagnard par contre, les variables liées aux sols et à l'utilisation du sol sont très importantes. Finalement, les modèles de distribution d'espèces ont été particulièrement améliorés par l'addition de variables édaphiques, principalement le pH, dont l'importance supplante ou égale les variables topographique lors de leur ajout aux modèles de distribution d'espèces habituels.

Kansainvälisten tilinpäätösstandardien mukainen osatuloutus rakennusliiketoiminnassa Venäjällä

Työn tavoitteena on selvittää, miten perustajaurakoitsijan raportointikauden tulos muodostuu yksittäisen rakennusprojektin tasolla ja miten eri tekijät vaikuttavat raportoitavaan tulokseen. Julkisesti noteeratun yhtiön on noudatettava kansainvälisiä tilinpäätösstandardeja. Tällöin perustajaurakointia harjoittavan yrityksen raportointikauden tulokseksi muodostuu tuloutettavan valmistusasteen mukainen osa projektin erilliskatteesta. Tällainen tuloutusmenetelmä perustuu projektin lopputulosennusteisiin kokonaistuotoista ja -kustannuksista. Tutkimuksessa arvioidaan kustannus- ja tuottoennusteiden arviointiepätarkkuuksien vaikutusta raportointikausien tuloksiin rakennusprojektin eri vaiheissa. Analyysityökaluksi kehitetään matemaattinen malli, jolla voidaan erottaa arviointiepätarkkuuksien vaikutus raportointikauden tuloksesta. Mallin avulla epätarkkuuksia arvioidaan herkkyysanalyysillä sekä esimerkeillä. Tutkimus osoittaa tuloutettavan valmistusasteen (IAS%) olevan keskeinen vaikuttaja tuloksen vaihtelulle, kun ennusteita tarkennetaan projektin edetessä. Kustannusennusteen nähdään olevan tuloksen kannalta kriittisempi ennuste, mikä korostaa projektiseurannan merkitystä. Lisäksi tutkimus osoittaa riskivarauksen erinomaisuuden raportointiteknisenä keinona vähentää tuloksen vaihtelua.

Evolution of reduced post-copulatory molecular interactions in Drosophila populations lacking sperm competition.

In many species with internal fertilization, molecules transferred in the male ejaculate trigger and interact with physiological changes in females. It is controversial to what extent these interactions between the sexes act synergistically to mediate the female switch to a reproductive state or instead reflect sexual antagonism evolved as a by product of sexual selection on males. To address this question, we eliminated sexual selection by enforcing monogamy in populations of Drosophila melanogaster for 65 generations and then measured the expression of male seminal fluid protein genes and genes involved in the female response to mating. In the absence of sperm competition, male and female reproductive interests are perfectly aligned and any antagonism should be reduced by natural selection. Consistent with this idea, males from monogamous populations showed reduced expression of seminal fluid protein genes, 16% less on average than in polygamous males. Further, we identified 428 genes that responded to mating in females. After mating, females with an evolutionary history of monogamy exhibited lower relative expression of genes that were up regulated in response to mating and higher expression of genes that were down-regulated - in other words, their post-mating transcriptome appeared more virgin-like. Surprisingly, these genes showed a similar pattern even before mating, suggesting that monogamous females evolved to be less poised for mating and the accompanying receipt of male seminal fluid proteins. This reduced investment by both monogamous males and females in molecules involved in post-copulatory interactions points to a pervasive role of sexual conflict in shaping these interactions.

The pseudo-high-risk prevention strategy

Key Messages: A fundamental failure of high-risk prevention strategies is their inability to prevent disease in the large part of the population at a relatively small average risk and from which most cases of diseases originate. The development of individual predictive medicine and the widening of high-risk categories for numerous (chronic) conditions lead to the application of pseudo-high-risk prevention strategies. Widening the criteria justifying individual preventive interventions and the related pseudo-high-risk strategies lead to treating, individually, ever healthier and larger strata of the population. The pseudo-high-risk prevention strategies raise similar problems compared with high-risk strategies, however on a larger scale and without any of the benefit of population-based strategies. Some 30 years ago, the strengths and weaknesses of population-based and high-risk prevention strategies were brilliantly delineated by Geoffrey Rose in several seminal publications (Table 1).1,2 His work had major implications not only for epidemiology and public health but also for clinical medicine. In particular, Rose demonstrated the fundamental failure of high-risk prevention strategies, that is, by missing a large number of preventable cases.

Economic Methodology: A Historical Introduction.

Ever since the inception of economics over two hundred years ago, the tools at the discipline's disposal have grown more and more more sophisticated. This book provides a historical introduction to the methodology of economics through the eyes of economists. The story begins with John Stuart Mill's seminal essay from 1836 on the definition and method of political economy, which is then followed by an examination of how the actual practices of economists changed over time to such an extent that they not only altered their methods of enquiry, but also their self-perception as economists. Beginning as intellectuals and journalists operating to a large extent in the public sphere, they then transformed into experts who developed their tools of research increasingly behind the scenes. No longer did they try to influence policy agendas through public discourse; rather they targeted policymakers directly and with instruments that showed them as independent and objective policy advisors, the tools of the trade changing all the while. In order to shed light on this evolution of economic methodology, this book takes carefully selected snapshots from the discipline's history. It tracks the process of development through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, analysing the growth of empirical and mathematical modelling. It also looks at the emergence of the experiment in economics, in addition to the similarities and differences between modelling and experimentation. This book will be relevant reading for students and academics in the fields of economic methodology, history of economics, and history and philosophy of the social sciences.

Thoracic fat volume is independently associated with coronary vasomotion.

PURPOSE: Thoracic fat has been associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). As endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity is a surrogate of cardiovascular events and is impaired early in atherosclerosis, we aimed at assessing the possible relationship between thoracic fat volume (TFV) and endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. METHODS: Fifty healthy volunteers without known CAD or major cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) prospectively underwent a (82)Rb cardiac PET/CT to quantify myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest, and MBF response to cold pressor testing (CPT-MBF) and adenosine (i.e., stress-MBF). TFV was measured by a 2D volumetric CT method and common laboratory blood tests (glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, triglyceride, hsCRP) were performed. Relationships between CPT-MBF, TFV and other CRFs were assessed using non-parametric Spearman rank correlation testing and multivariate linear regression analysis. RESULTS: All of the 50 participants (58 ± 10y) had normal stress-MBF (2.7 ± 0.6 mL/min/g; 95 % CI: 2.6-2.9) and myocardial flow reserve (2.8 ± 0.8; 95 % CI: 2.6-3.0) excluding underlying CAD. Univariate analysis revealed a significant inverse relation between absolute CPT-MBF and sex (ρ = -0.47, p = 0.0006), triglyceride (ρ = -0.32, p = 0.024) and insulin levels (ρ = -0.43, p = 0.0024), HOMA-IR (ρ = -0.39, p = 0.007), BMI (ρ = -0.51, p = 0.0002) and TFV (ρ = -0.52, p = 0.0001). MBF response to adenosine was also correlated with TFV (ρ = -0.32, p = 0.026). On multivariate analysis, TFV emerged as the only significant predictor of MBF response to CPT (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: TFV is significantly correlated with endothelium-dependent and -independent coronary vasomotion. High TF burden might negatively influence MBF response to CPT and to adenosine stress, even in persons without CAD, suggesting a link between thoracic fat and future cardiovascular events.

Ebrebiosfera: el paper del patrimoni cultural en la Reserva de la Biosfera

El present estudi pretén posar en valor part del paper de l’Home del Programa MaB (Men and Biosphere). En concret, pretén descobrir la importància i el paper que pot tenir (o que té realment) l’anomenat patrimoni cultural per a la consecució dels objectius de la Reserva de la Biosfera, i les pròpies potencialitats que ofereix aquest patrimoni per al consum del turisme cultural