Claves para la elaboraci��n de un art��culo cient��fico

La meta final de la profesi��n de enfermer��a es mejorar la actitud pr��ctica de sus miembros de modo que los servicios prestados a la comunidad tengan la m��xima calidad, por lo que para garantizar su status profesional debe apostar por el desarrollo constante de un conjunto de conocimientos cient��ficos que son fundamentales para su pr��ctica, y esto s��lo puede conseguirse mediante la investigaci��n. La publicaci��n de un art��culo cient��fico...

Strat��gies de communication au service de la formation: quelques outils pratiques [Effective communication strategies to frame the trainer-trainee dialogue in the clinical setting].

Communication between trainer and trainee plays a central role in teaching and learning in the clinical environment. There are various strategies to frame the dialogue between trainee and trainer. These strategies allow trainers to be more effective in their supervision, which is important in our busy clinical environment. Communication strategies are well adapted to both in- and out-patient settings, to both under- and postgraduate contexts. This article presents three strategies that we think are particularly useful. They are meant to give feedback, to ask questions and to present a case.

Spinal cord injury affects the interplay between visual and sensorimotor representations of the body.

The brain integrates multiple sensory inputs, including somatosensory and visual inputs, to produce a representation of the body. Spinal cord injury (SCI) interrupts the communication between brain and body and the effects of this deafferentation on body representation are poorly understood. We investigated whether the relative weight of somatosensory and visual frames of reference for body representation is altered in individuals with incomplete or complete SCI (affecting lower limbs' somatosensation), with respect to controls. To study the influence of afferent somatosensory information on body representation, participants verbally judged the laterality of rotated images of feet, hands, and whole-bodies (mental rotation task) in two different postures (participants' body parts were hidden from view). We found that (i) complete SCI disrupts the influence of postural changes on the representation of the deafferented body parts (feet, but not hands) and (ii) regardless of posture, whole-body representation progressively deteriorates proportionally to SCI completeness. These results demonstrate that the cortical representation of the body is dynamic, responsive, and adaptable to contingent conditions, in that the role of somatosensation is altered and partially compensated with a change in the relative weight of somatosensory versus visual bodily representations.

Gestion et communication de l'information en surveillance biologique. Une approche ��thique et interdisciplinaire [Biomonitoring information management and communication: an ethical and interdisciplinary perspective]

This study explores biomonitoring communication with workers exposed to risks. Using a qualitative approach, semi-directive interviews were performed. Results show that occupational physicians and workers share some perceptions, but also point out communication gaps. Consequently, informed consent is not guaranteed. This article proposes some recommendations for occupational physicians' practices.

Com explicar un sistema CLIL: un model din��mic newtoni��

En la implementaci�� del CLIL a l���educaci�� superior, apart d���estudis sobre el nivell de l���estudiantat i la disponibilitat del professorat, i de l���elaboraci�� de material educatiu interdisciplinari, el repte actual ��s aconseguir que s���involucrin activament en CLIL els professors de contingut d���un ventall ampli de disciplines. En aquesta comunicaci�� es presenten les bases d���un model per un sistema CLIL, utilitzant la din��mica newtoniana. Pot ser un model interessant i plausible en un context universitari cient��fic i tecnol��gic, on fins ara el CLIL s���ha implementat nom��s lleugerament.

Early childhood constraint therapy for sensory/motor impairment in cerebral palsy: a randomised clinical trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability in childhood. It is a disorder resulting from sensory and motor impairments due to perinatal brain injury, with lifetime consequences that range from poor adaptive and social function to communication and emotional disturbances. Infants with CP have a fundamental disadvantage in recovering motor function: they do not receive accurate sensory feedback from their movements, leading to developmental disregard. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is one of the few effective neurorehabilitative strategies shown to improve upper extremity motor function in adults and older children with CP, potentially overcoming developmental disregard. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study is a randomised controlled trial of children 12-24 months corrected age studying the effectiveness of CIMT combined with motor and sensory-motor interventions. The study population will comprise 72 children with CP and 144 typically developing children for a total of N=216 children. All children with CP, regardless of group allocation will continue with their standard of care occupational and physical therapy throughout the study. The research material collected will be in the form of data from high-density array event-related potential scan, standardised assessment scores and motion analysis scores. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02567630.

Communication skills in diagnostic pathology.

Communication is an essential element of good medical practice also in pathology. In contrast to technical or diagnostic skills, communication skills are not easy to define, teach, or assess. Rules almost do not exist. In this paper, which has a rather personal character and cannot be taken as a set of guidelines, important aspects of communication in pathology are explored. This includes what should be communicated to the pathologist on the pathology request form, communication between pathologists during internal (interpathologist) consultation, communication around frozen section diagnoses, modalities of communication of a final diagnosis, with whom and how critical and unexpected findings should be communicated, (in-)adequate routes of communication for pathology diagnoses, who will (or might) receive pathology reports, and what should be communicated and how in case of an error or a technical problem. An earlier more formal description of what the responsibilities are of a pathologist as communicator and as collaborator in a medical team is added in separate tables. The intention of the paper is to stimulate reflection and discussion rather than to formulate strict rules.

Savoir-faire communicationnels et communication des comp��tences en Master de sp��cialisation ��s Lettres

Notre article porte sur la mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif de portfolio en ligne (ePortfolio) dans le cadre d'un Master de sp��cialisation ��s lettres en Analyse des discours et de la communication publics. Dans le but d'am��liorer la transf��rabilit�� de comp��tences acad��miques vers les contextes professionnels, l'��quipe enseignante de ce Master a cr���� un ensemble d'activit��s permettant �� l'��tudiant de prendre conscience des comp��tences qu'il a d��velopp��es et d'apprendre �� mieux communiquer celles-ci. La d��marche articule deux dimensions : r��flexive et communicative. Sur le premier point, le projet se focalise sur le d��veloppement de l'attitude r��flexive de l'��tudiant par rapport �� son apprentissage. Sur le second point, le projet se concentre sur le d��veloppement d'une aptitude �� communiquer ses comp��tences. Vu la nature du cursus, communiquer �� propos de ses comp��tences refl��te pr��cis��ment des comp��tences �� communiquer et ce type de savoir-faire discursif repr��sente une distinction essentielle par rapport �� d'autres fili��res de formation en communication.

Power line communication in motor cables of variable-speed electric drives ��� analysis and

Data transmission between an electric motor and a frequency converter is required in variablespeed electric drives because of sensors installed at the motor. Sensor information can be used for various useful applications to improve the system reliability and its properties. Traditionally, the communication medium is implemented by an additional cabling. However, the costs of the traditional method may be an obstacle to the wider application of data transmission between a motor and a frequency converter. In any case, a power cable is always installed between a motor and a frequency converter for power supply, and hence it may be applied as a communication medium for sensor level data. This thesis considers power line communication (PLC) in inverter-fed motor power cables. The motor cable is studied as a communication channel in the frequency band of 100 kHz���30 MHz. The communication channel and noise characteristics are described. All the individual components included in a variable-speed electric drive are presented in detail. A channel model is developed, and it is verified by measurements. A theoretical channel information capacity analysis is carried out to estimate the opportunities of a communication medium. Suitable communication and forward error correction (FEC) methods are suggested. A general method to implement a broadband and Ethernet-based communication medium between a motor and a frequency converter is proposed. A coupling interface is also developed that allows to install the communication device safely to a three-phase inverter-fed motor power cable. Practical tests are carried out, and the results are analyzed. Possible applications for the proposed method are presented. A speed feedback motor control application is verified in detail by simulations and laboratory tests because of restrictions for the delay in the feedback loop caused by PLC. Other possible applications are discussed at a more general level.

Older consumers adopting information and communication technology: Evaluating opportunities for health care applications

The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse older consumers' adoption of information and communication technology innovations, assess the effect of aging related characteristic, and evaluate older consumers' willingness to apply these technologies in health care services. This topic is considered important, because the population in Finland (as in other welfare states) is aging and thus offers a possibility for marketers, but on the other hand threatens society with increasing costs for healthcare. Innovation adoption has been under research from several aspects in both organizational and consumer research. In the consumer behaviour, several theories have been developed to predict consumer responses to innovation. The present dissertation carefully reviews previous research and takes a closer look at the theory of planned behaviour, technology acceptance model and diffusion of innovations perspective. It is here suggested that there is a possibility that these theories can be combined and complemented to predict the adoption of ICT innovations among aging consumers, taking the aging related personal characteristics into account. In fact, there are very few studies that have concentrated on aging consumers in the innovation research, and thus there was a clear indent for the present research. ICT in the health care context has been studied mainly from the organizational point of view. If the technology is thus applied for the communication between the individual end-user and service provider, the end-user cannot be shrugged off. The present dissertation uses empirical evidence from a survey targeted to 55-79 year old people from one city in Southern-Carelia. The empirical analysis of the research model was mainly based on structural equation modelling that has been found very useful on estimating causal relationships. The tested models were targeted to predict the adoption stage of personal computers and mobile phones, and the adoption intention of future health services that apply these devices for communication. The present dissertation succeeded in modelling the adoption behaviour of mobile phones and PCs as well as adoption intentions of future services. Perceived health status and three components behind it (depression, functional ability, and cognitive ability) were found to influence perception of technology anxiety. Better health leads to less anxiety. The effect of age was assessed as a control variable, in order to evaluate its effect compared to health characteristics. Age influenced technology perceptions, but to lesser extent compared to health. The analyses suggest that the major determinant for current technology adoption is perceived behavioural control, and additionally technology anxiety that indirectly inhibit adoption through perceived control. When focusing on future service intentions, the key issue is perceived usefulness that needs to be highlighted when new services are launched. Besides usefulness, the perception of online service reliability is important and affects the intentions indirectly. To conclude older consumers' adoption behaviour is influenced by health status and age, but also by the perceptions of anxiety and behavioural control. On the other hand, launching new types of health services for aging consumers is possible after the service is perceived reliable and useful.

Recerca avaluativa sobre el programa ���L��MITS���

Des de la comunitat cient��fica s���ha posat de manifest la necessitat d���avaluar els programes d���intervenci�� per a la millora de la parentalitat, especialment en el context de la inf��ncia i adolesc��ncia en risc. En aquesta recerca es presenten els resultats de l���avaluaci�� del programa L��mits aportant evid��ncies d���efic��cia i efectivitat, que permeten identificar i descriure les seves fortaleses, aix�� com tamb�� aquells elements que poden ser objecte de millora. El programa L��mits ��s una proposta estructurada d���intervenci�� preventiva de caire selectiu amb grups de fam��lies de joves d���entre 14 i 18 anys que passen pel circuit de la just��cia juvenil. El programa ha estat funcionant des del 2007, en diverses edicions, a tot el territori catal�� aplegant una experi��ncia i traject��ria remarcable que ha incidit en 351 persones i 245 fam��lies. El programa consta de vuit sessions en grup d���entre dotze i quinze participants, dinamitzat per dos monitors, en les que es treballen diferents estrat��gies a partir de l���abordatge de continguts relacionats amb les relacions i els lligams, la comunicaci��, els conflictes, l���establiment de normes i la disciplina. Per dur a terme l���avaluaci�� del programa L��mits s���ha partit d���un disseny quasi-experimental, pretest���postest aplicat a un grup programa (GP) i a grup col��laborador (GC) i de manera diferida (dos mesos despr��s de la seva finalitzaci��) nom��s al GP per constatar si s���han assolit els resultats previstos. Quan s���analitza l���evoluci�� del GP s���observen millores en les habilitats d���autocontrol de les emocions, el refor�� positiu i les relacions familiars. Tanmateix, des del punt de vista de les fam��lies no s���han observat canvis significatius en la millora de la percepci�� d���auto efic��cia del rol parental respecte el GC abans i despr��s del programa. La percepci�� majorit��ria ��s que els objectius que planteja el programa s��n excessivament ambiciosos i en conseq����ncia, dif��cilment assolibles. Els responsables consideren que, en alguns casos, el perfil de fam��lies derivades al programa no ��s el m��s adequat perqu�� presenten problem��tiques molt m��s agudes a les desitjables per aquest tipus d���intervenci��. Com a punts forts, es destaca que el programa ��s ��til als ulls dels responsables i t��cnics perqu�� genera una presa de consci��ncia del problema i de la necessitat de canvi per part de les fam��lies. Els participants diuen transferir a la vida real algunes habilitats apreses especialment la comunicaci�� i millora de les relacions familiars. Els t��cnics aplicadors coincideixen amb la percepci�� de les fam��lies tot i declarar percentatges lleugerament inferiors. Tamb�� ��s vist com un complement professional a la seva tasca que ajuda a fer un millor seguiment dels casos, i permet seguir treballant amb posterioritat amb les fam��lies.

Investigaci��n evaluativa sobre el programa "L��MITES"

Desde la comunidad cient��fica se ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de evaluar los programas de intervenci��n para la mejora de la parentalidad, especialmente en el contexto de la infancia y la adolescencia en riesgo. En esta investigaci��n se presentan los resultados de la evaluaci��n del programa L��mites aportando evidencias de eficacia y efectividad, que permiten identificar y describir sus fortalezas, as�� como tambi��n aquellos elementos que pueden ser objeto de mejora. El programa L��mites es una propuesta estructurada de intervenci��n preventiva de car��cter selectivo, con grupos de familias de j��venes de entre 14 y 18 a��os que pasan por el circuito de la justicia juvenil. El programa ha estado funcionando desde 2007 en todo el territorio catal��n, y ha incidido en un total de 351 personas y 245 familias. El programa consta de ocho sesiones en grupo en las que se trabajan contenidos relacionados con las relaciones y los v��nculos, la comunicaci��n, los conflictos, el establecimiento de normas y la disciplina. Para llevar a cabo la evaluaci��n del programa L��mites se ha partido de un dise��o cuasi-experimental, pretest-postest aplicado a un grupo programa (GP) y grupo colaborador (GC) y de manera diferida (dos meses despu��s de su finalizaci��n) s��lo en el GP, para constatar si se han alcanzado los resultados previstos. Cuando se analiza la evoluci��n del GP se observan mejoras en las habilidades de autocontrol de las emociones, el refuerzo positivo y las relaciones familiares. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista de las familias no se han observado cambios significativos en la mejora de la percepci��n de auto eficacia del rol parental respecto al GC antes y despu��s del programa. La percepci��n mayoritaria es que los objetivos que plantea el programa son excesivamente ambiciosos y en consecuencia, dif��cilmente alcanzables. Los responsables consideran que, en algunos casos, el perfil de familias derivadas al programa no es el m��s adecuado puesto que presenten problem��ticas mucho m��s agudas a las deseables para este tipo de intervenci��n. Como puntos fuertes, se destaca que el programa es ��til a los ojos de los responsables y t��cnicos porque genera una toma de conciencia del problema y de la necesidad de cambio por parte de las familias. Los participantes dicen transferir a la vida real algunas habilidades aprendidas, especialmente la comunicaci��n y mejora de las relaciones familiares. Los t��cnicos aplicadores coinciden con la percepci��n de las familias, a pesar de declarar porcentajes ligeramente inferiores. Tambi��n es visto como un complemento profesional a su tarea que ayuda a hacer un mejor seguimiento de los casos, y permite seguir trabajando con posterioridad con las familias.