Survey of transportation of liquid bulk chemicals in the Baltic Sea

This study is made as a part of the Chembaltic (Risks of Maritime Transportation of Chemicals in Baltic Sea) project which gathers information on the chemicals transported in the Baltic Sea. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of handling volumes of liquid bulk chemicals (including liquefied gases) in the Baltic Sea ports and to find out what the most transported liquid bulk chemicals in the Baltic Sea are. Oil and oil products are also viewed in this study but only in a general level. Oils and oil products may also include chemical-related substances (e.g. certain bio-fuels which belong to MARPOL annex II category) in some cargo statistics. Chemicals in packaged form are excluded from the study. Most of the facts about the transport volumes of chemicals presented in this study are based on secondary written sources of Scandinavian, Russian, Baltic and international origin. Furthermore, statistical sources, academic journals, periodicals, newspapers and in later years also different homepages on the Internet have been used as sources of information. Chemical handling volumes in Finnish ports were examined in more detail by using a nationwide vessel traffic system called PortNet. Many previous studies have shown that the Baltic Sea ports are annually handling more than 11 million tonnes of liquid chemicals transported in bulk. Based on this study, it appears that the number may be even higher. The liquid bulk chemicals account for approximately 4 % of the total amount of liquid bulk cargoes handled in the Baltic Sea ports. Most of the liquid bulk chemicals are handled in Finnish and Swedish ports and their proportion of all liquid chemicals handled in the Baltic Sea is altogether over 50 %. The most handled chemicals in the Baltic Sea ports are methanol, sodium hydroxide solution, ammonia, sulphuric and phosphoric acid, pentanes, aromatic free solvents, xylenes, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethanol and ethanol solutions. All of these chemicals are handled at least hundred thousand tonnes or some of them even over 1 million tonnes per year, but since chemical-specific data from all the Baltic Sea countries is not available, the exact tonnages could not be calculated in this study. In addition to these above-mentioned chemicals, there are also other high volume chemicals handled in the Baltic Sea ports (e.g. ethylene, propane and butane) but exact tonnes are missing. Furthermore, high amounts of liquid fertilisers, such as solution of urea and ammonium nitrate in water, are transported in the Baltic Sea. The results of the study can be considered indicative. Updated information about transported chemicals in the Baltic Sea is the first step in the risk assessment of the chemicals. The chemical-specific transportation data help to target hazard or e.g. grounding/collision risk evaluations to chemicals that are handled most or have significant environmental hazard potential. Data gathered in this study will be used as background information in later stages of the Chembaltic project when the risks of the chemicals transported in the Baltic Sea are assessed to highlight the chemicals that require special attention from an environmental point of view in potential marine accident situations in the Baltic Sea area.

Pienten säiliöalusten luotsinkäyttövelvollisuus

Suomen voimassaolevan luotsauslain mukaan aluksen on käytettävä luotsia, jos aluksen koko tai lastin vaarallisuus sitä edellyttää. Alus voidaan vapauttaa luotsinkäyttövelvollisuudesta, jos aluksen päällikkö suorittaa linjaluotsin tutkinnon tai hänelle on myönnetty erivapaus. Luotsinkäyttövapautusta ei kuitenkaan voida myöntää, jos lastina on vaarallista tai haitallista lastia. Suomessa luotsaus on poikkeuksellisen haasteellista matalien ja mutkaisten väylien ja satamien jokavuotisen jäätymisen vuoksi. Luotsauksessa kyse on ennen kaikkea meriympäristön turvallisuudesta, minkä vuoksi kaikki öljytuotteita ja kemikaaleja irtolastina kuljetettavat alukset ovat luotsausvelvollisia. Luotsauksesta aiheutuu aina liikennöintikustannuksia varustamolle tai aluksen aikarahtaajalle. Luotsauskustannusten suhteellinen suuruus muihin kustannuksiin nähden riippuu mm. aluksen koosta, liikenteen luonteesta ja lastista. Luotsinkäyttövelvollisuus tekee liikenteen esimerkiksi alusten bunkrauspalvelua tarjoaville pienille säiliöaluksille erittäin haasteelliseksi Suomessa. Vaikka myös jääolosuhteet asettavat merkittäviä haasteita aluksella tehtävälle bunkrauspalvelulle, nähdään luotsinkäyttövelvollisuus tätäkin ratkaisevampana esteenä palvelutarjonnan syntymiselle Suomessa. Kysyntää tällaiselle palvelulle uskotaan kuitenkin olevan lähinnä Suomenlahdella ja Saaristomerellä. Tässä Liikenteen turvallisuusviraston toimeksiannosta toteutetussa selvityksessä on kartoitettu, millaisia riskejä ja edellytyksiä mahdollisella pienille säiliöaluksille myönnettävällä luotsinkäyttövapautuksella olisi. Selvityksessä on vertailtu luotsaus- ja bunkrauskäytäntöjä eräissä Euroopan maissa kirjallisuustutkimuksella ja keskeisille organisaatioille kohdistetulla sähköpostitiedustelulla. Aluksille sattuneita onnettomuuksia ja havereita selvitettiin HELCOMin tietokannan avulla. Käytäntöjä ja tarvetta pienellä säiliöaluksella toteutettavalle liikenteelle Suomessa selvitettiin satamille kohdistetulla kyselyllä. Luotsinkäyttövapautuksen arviointiin liittyen tehtiin useita asiantuntijahaastatteluja luotsauksen ja meriliikenteen kannalta keskeisissä organisaatioissa. Taustaselvityksen ja asiantuntijahaastattelujen perusteella esitetään, millaisia edellytyksiä luotsauslain muutosta harkittaessa tulee ottaa huomioon. Selvityksen perusteella todetaan, että luotsauslakia voidaan muuttaa niin, että luotsinkäyttövapautuksen myöntäminen pienille säiliöaluksille tehdään mahdolliseksi tietyillä ehdoilla, joilla varmistetaan, että meriliikenteen ja -ympäristön turvallisuus ei vaarannu. Luotsinkäyttövapautuksen tulee edellyttää väyläkohtaista linjaluotsin tutkintoa ja aluksen maksimikoon rajoittamista, ja se voidaan myöntää öljytuotteille, lievästi haitallisille kemikaaleille ja LNG:lle. Vapautukseen johtavassa tutkinnossa tulisi erityistä huomiota kiinnittää reittisuunnitelman ymmärtämiseen ja toteutukseen käytännössä sekä kykyyn kommunikoida sujuvasti muun liikenteen kanssa myös poikkeustilanteissa. Erityishuomiota tulee kiinnittää turvallisuuden varmistamiseen sekä aluspäällystön työaikojen noudattamiseen, jotta vältytään väsymisen aiheuttamilta inhimillisiltä virheiltä.

E-PORT. Improving efficiency of Finnish port community by intelligent systems Final report of the Mobile Port project

The management of port-related supply chains is challenging due to the complex and heterogeneous operations of the ports with several actors and processes. That is why the importance of information sharing is emphasised in the ports. However, the information exchange between different port-related actors is often cumbersome and it still involves a lot of manual work and paper. Major ports and port-related actors usually have advanced information systems in daily use but these systems are seldom interoperable with each other, which prevents economies of scale to be reached. Smaller ports and companies might not be equipped with electronic data transmission at all. This is the final report of the Mobile port (MOPO) project, which has sought ways to improve the management and control of port-related sea and inland traffic with the aid of ICT technologies. The project has studied port community systems (PCS) used worldwide, evaluated the suitability of a PCS for the Finnish port operating environment and created a pilot solution of a Finnish PCS in the port of HaminaKotka. Further, the dry port concept and its influences on the transportation system have been explored. The Mobile Port project comprised of several literature reviews, interviews of over 50 port-related logistics and/or ICT professionals, two different kinds of simulation models as well as designing and implementing of the pilot solution of the Finnish PCS. The results of these multiple studies are summarised in this report. Furthermore, recommendations for future actions and the topics for further studies are addressed in the report. The study revealed that the information sharing in a typical Finnish port-related supply chain contains several bottlenecks that cause delays in shipments and waste resources. The study showed that many of these bottlenecks could be solved by building a port community system for the Finnish port community. Almost 30 different kinds of potential services or service entities of a Finnish PCS were found out during the study. The basic requirements, structure, interfaces and operation model of the Finnish PCS were also defined in the study. On the basis of the results of the study, a pilot solution of the Finnish PCS was implemented in the port of HaminaKotka. The pilot solution includes a Portconnect portal for the Finnish port community system (available at https://www.portconnect.fi) and two pilot applications, which are a service for handling the information flows concerning the movements of railway wagons and a service for handling the information flows between Finnish ports and Finland-Russian border. The study also showed that port community systems can be used to improve the environmental aspects of logistics in two different ways: 1) PCSs can bring direct environmental benefits and 2) PCSs can be used as an environmental tool in a port community. On the basis of the study, the development of the Finnish port community system should be continued by surveying other potential applications for the Finnish PCS. It is also important to study if there is need and resources to extend the Finnish PCS to operate in several ports or even on a national level. In the long run, it could be reasonable to clarify whether there would be possibilities to connect the Finnish PCS as a part of Baltic Sea wide, European-wide or even worldwide maritime and port-related network in order to get the best benefit from the system

Indicent reporting in shipping. Experiences and best practices for the Baltic Sea

Incident and near miss reporting is one of the proactive tools of safety management. By analyzing incidents and near misses and by corrective actions, severe accidents can potentially be avoided. Near miss and incident reporting is widely used in many riskprone industries such as aviation or chemical industry. In shipping incident and near miss reporting is required by the mandatory safety management system International Safety Management Code (ISM Code). However, in several studies the conclusion has been that incidents are reported poorly in the shipping industry. The aim of this report is to highlight the best practices for incident reporting in shipping and to support the shipping industry in the better utilization of incident reporting information. The study consists of three parts: 1) voluntary, shared reporting systems in shipping (international experiences), 2) interview study at four shipping companies in Sweden and in Finland (best practices), 3) expert workshop on incident reporting (problems and solutions). Preconditions for a functional reporting system are an existing no blame culture, commitment of the top management, feedback, good communication, training and an easy-to-use system. Although preconditions are met, problems can still appear, for example due to psychological, interpersonal or nationality-related reasons. In order to keep the reporting system functioning, the shipping company must be committed to maintain and develop the system and to tackle the problems. The whole reporting process from compiling, handling and analyzing a report, creating corrective actions and implementing them has to be handled properly in order to gain benefits from the reporting system. In addition to avoiding accidents, the functional reporting system can also offer other benefits by increasing safety awareness, by improving the overall safety and working conditions onboard, by enhancing team work and communication onboard and between ships and the land-based organization of shipping companies. Voluntary shared reporting systems are supported in the shipping industry in principle, but their development in the Baltic Sea is still in its infancy and the potential benefits of sharing the reports have not been realized. On the basis of this study we recommend that a common reporting system be developed for the Baltic Sea area which all the ships operating in the area could use regardless of their flag. Such a wider system could prevent some of the problems related to the current national systems. There would be more incident cases available in the database and this would support anonymity and thus encourage shipping companies to report to a shared database more frequently. A shared reporting system would contribute to the sharing of experiences and to the wider use of incident information in the shipping industry.

Kuljetusvahingot tilastoissa ja asenteet niiden takana

Suomessa vakuutusyhtiöt korvaavat vuosittain kuljetuksen tavaravahinkoja noin 30 mil-joonan euron arvosta, mutta monien yritysten pienemmät vahingot jäävät tilastoimatta yritysten hoitaessa vahinkotilanteet itse. Suurin osa kuljetusvahingoista aiheutuu inhimillisestä syystä, minkä vuoksi kuljetusketjussa toimivien henkilöiden asenteilla ja toiminnalla ja yrityksen toimintakulttuurilla on suuri vaikutus siihen, kuinka paljon vahin-koja syntyy. Tämän KUMI -hankkeen toisen väliraportin tarkoituksena on syventyä kuljetusvahinkojen syihin ja seurauksiin sekä siihen, miten kuljetusvahinkoihin suhtaudutaan yrityksissä. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kuljetusvahinkojen syitä ja seurauksia analysoimalla vakuu-tustilastoja. Vakuutustilastoja kerättiin kolmelta eri vakuutusyhtiöltä, joiden tilastot kattavat noin 70 % vakuutusyhtiöille raportoiduista kuljetusvahingoista vuosien 2005–2009 aikana. Tilastot sisältävät osin tietoa myös muista Pohjoismaista. Tilastollisen analyysin keinoin vakuutusyhtiöiden datasta selvitettiin esimerkiksi yleisimmät vahinkolajit ja vahinkojen syyt, yleisimmät vahinkolajit riippuen kuljetusmuodosta ja lastista sekä erilaisia vahinkokustannuksia. Esimerkiksi vahinkojen jakaantumista, prosenttiosuuksia, tapahtumamääriä, korvausmääriä, keskiarvoja ja keskijakaumia sekä vuosijakaumia tutkittiin tilastoluokittain. Tilastotutkimusta täydennettiin syvähaastatteluilla, joilla päästään tilastotietoa syvemmälle ilmiön olemukseen. Tutkimusta varten tehtiin 18 syvähaastattelua kolmessa yrityksessä kuljetusvahinkojen kanssa tekemisissä olevalle henkilöstölle. Haastatteluilla pyrittiin pääsemään kiinni logistiikka-alalla vallitseviin lastiturvallisuutta koskeviin asenteisiin. Syvähaastattelut täydentävät tilastoanalyysiä tuomalla mukaan yksittäisten toimijoiden näkemyksiä tapauksista. Tässä tutkimuksessa ei tehty asennemittausta, vaan keskityttiin siihen, miten kuljetusvahinkojen kanssa tekemisiin joutuvien henkilöiden asenteet ilmenevät heidän puheestaan. Tilastotutkimuksen perusteella särkymisvahingot ovat sekä tapahtumamäärältään yleisin että korvausmäärältään suurin vahinkolaji. Käsittelyvirheet taas ovat yleisin tunnettu kuljetusvahinkojen syy. Yleisin kuljetusmuoto kuljetusvahingoissa oli maantiekuljetus. Maantiekuljetuksissa aiheutuu yleisimmin särkymisvahinkoja. Kuljetusvahingot voivat riippua myös kuljetettavasta lastista. Tilastoanalyysin perusteella tunnetuista lastityypeistä yleisimmin kuljetusvahingoista kärsivät ajoneuvot. Suurin yhteenlaskettu korvaussumma taas oli maksettu koneille, moottoreille ja niiden osille aiheutuneista vahin-goista. Tilastotutkimuksen tuloksista voidaan huomata, että myös vuodenajat voivat vaikuttaa kuljetusvahinkojen yleisyyteen. Tutkimuksessa haastatelluissa yrityksissä vahinkojen vähentämiseen ja ennaltaehkäisemiseen kiinnitetään huomiota, minkä vuoksi kuljetusvahinkoja todettiin tapahtuvan käsiteltäviin tavaramääriin nähden melko vähän. Vahinkojen vähentäminen on osa yritysten riskienhallintaa ja laatutyötä. Kuljetusvahinkojen vähäisyys nähdään keskeisenä kilpailuvalttina sekä logistiikkapalveluyrityksille että niiden asiakkaille – kuljetusvahinkojen vähäisyys säästää yrityksen vahingoista aiheutuvilta kustannuksilta ja vaikuttaa myös yrityksen maineeseen. Vahinkojen epäsuorien vaikutusten arviointi koettiin yrityksissä hyvin haasteelliseksi. Vahinkojen ennaltaehkäisemisen kannalta keskeisinä nähdään henkilöstön koulutus ja yhteistyö kuljetusketjun osapuolien kanssa. Suuri osa inhimillisistä vahingoista olisi estettävissä ennaltaehkäisemällä vääriä toimintatapoja ja pyrkimällä vaikuttamaan työntekijöiden asenteisiin. Asenteisiin voidaan vaikuttaa kou-lutuksen ja motivoinnin kautta, mutta sen tulisi olla jatkuvaa ja tulosten mitattavissa. Kun ymmärrys oman toiminnan merkityksestä koko ketjulle lisääntyy, kasvaa myös vastuuntunto. Haastatteluissa korostui työnjohtajien rooli työntekijöiden motivoijana, mitä tulisi nykyistä enemmän korostaa. Yhteistyöllä ja avoimella tiedonvaihdolla sekä organisaation sisällä että koko kuljetusketjussa voidaan vaikuttaa kuljetusvahinkoihin. Näin saadaan näkemyksiä monipuolisesti kuljetusketjun osapuolilta, huomataan epäkohtia ketjussa ja voidaan kiinnittää huomiota näiden korjaamiseen.

Oil Transportation in the Gulf of Finland in 2020 and 2030

This study is part of the Minimizing risks of maritime oil transport by holistic safety strategies (MIMIC) project. The purpose of this study is to provide a current state analysis of oil transportation volumes in the Baltic Sea and to create scenarios for oil transportation in the Gulf of Finland for the years 2020 and 2030. Future scenarios and information about oil transportation will be utilized in the modelling of oil transportation risks, which will be carried out as part of the MIMIC project. Approximately 290 million tons of oil and oil products were transported in the Baltic Sea in 2009, of which 55% (160 million tons) via the Gulf of Finland. Oil transportation volumes in the Gulf of Finland have increased from 40 million to almost 160 million tonnes over the last ten years. In Russia and Estonia, oil transportation mainly consists of export transports of the Russian oil industry. In Finnish ports in the Gulf of Finland, the majority of oil traffic is concentrated to the port of Sköldvik, while the remainder mainly consists of different oil products for domestic use. Transit transports to/from Russia make up small volumes of oil transportation. The largest oil ports in the Gulf of Finland are Primorsk, Tallinn, St. Petersburg and Sköldvik. The basis for the scenarios for the years 2020 and 2030 is formed by national energy strategies, the EU`s climate and energy strategies as well other energy and transportation forecasts for the years 2020 and 2030. Three alternative scenarios were produced for both 2020 and 2030. The oil volumes are based on the expert estimates of nine specialists. The specialists gave three volumes for each scenario: the expected oil transport volumes, and the minimum and maximum volumes. Variations in the volumes between the scenarios are not large, but each scenario tends to have rather a large difference between the figures for minimum and maximum volumes. This variation between the minimum and maximum volumes ranges around 30 to 40 million tonnes depending on the scenario. On the basis of this study, no a dramatic increase in oil transportation volumes in the Gulf of Finland is to be expected. Most of the scenarios only forecasted a moderate growth in maritime oil transportation compared to the current levels. The effects of the European energy policy favouring renewable energy sources can be seen in the 2030 scenarios, in which the transported oil volumes are smaller than in the 2020 scenarios. In the Slow development 2020 scenario, oil transport volumes for 2020 are expected to be 170.6 Mt (million tonnes), in the Average development 2020 187.1 Mt and in the Strong development 2020 201.5 Mt. The corresponding oil volumes for the 2030 scenarios were 165 Mt for the Stagnating development 2030 scenario, 177.5 Mt for the Towards a greener society 2030 scenario and 169.5 Mt in the Decarbonising society 2030 scenario.

Driver of Demand in Cargo and Passenger Traffic Between Penta Ports

Maritime transport moves around 6 billion tonnes of freight every year. The freight consists of liquid bulks (45%), dry bulks (23%) and general cargo (32%). Freight traffic and transports chains vary according to region, commodity and the origin and the destination of freight. In the European Union the ports sector handles over 90% of the trade with third countries. The share of intra-EU trade is approximately 30% of the total transportation and the number of passengers is over 200 million every year. The Baltic Sea has more than 50,000 vessels a year pass the Skaw at the northernmost tip of Denmark on their way into or out of the Baltic. Roughly 60% to 70% of these vessels are cargo vessels and 17% to 25% tankers. Ports and maritime transport play a crucial role in global commerce today. Today’s business environment is changing rapidly, and the constant changes create challenges for the transport industry and maritime traffic. Ports have to adapt to continuous changes in economic structures, logistics demands, and people’s travel and leisure patterns. In order to ensure the competitiveness of sea connections, the ports need to fully enhance multilateral cross-border understanding and cooperation. In this report the focus is on liner traffic between five ports in the Central Baltic Region: Stockholm, Tallinn, Helsinki Turku and Naantali. The report defines the drivers of the demand for cargo and passenger traffic and highlights the most important factors. The economic situation and foreign trade of each county are elaborated on with detailed information about the flows of traffic between the five ports. Based on expert interviews, the main characteristics of each port, including strengths and weaknesses, are presented. The report is based on primary and secondary data. Primary data was received through interviews and mail surveys. Secondary data was attained through a literature research, statistics, data given by the PENTA ports and webpages. The report is divided into two main parts: the drivers creating the demand for transport and the results of current cargo and passenger flows between PENTA ports.

Situational awareness concept in a multinational collaboration environment : challenges in the information sharing framework

Technological capabilities are built to support different types of collaboration, and this gives the justification to widely observe, how activity environments are influenced by technology. Technology as an enabler can be addressed from different perspectives, other than merely technological. Dynamic, evolving environment is at the same time interesting but also challenging. As a multinational collaboration environment, the maritime surveillance is an good example of time critical and evolving environment, where technological solutions enable new ways of collaboration. Justification for the inspiration to use maritime environment as the baseline for understanding the challenges in creating and maintaining adequate level of situational awareness, derives from the complexity of the collaboration and information sharing environment elements, needed to be taken into account, when analyzing criticalities related to decision making. Situational awareness is an important element supporting decision making, and challenges related to it can also be observed in the maritime environment. This dissertation describes the structures and factors involved in this complex setting, found from the case studies that should be taken into account when trying to understand, how these elements affect the activities. This dissertation focuses on the gray area that is between a life threatening situation and normal everyday activities. From the multinational experimentation series case studies, MNE5 and MNE6 it was possible to observe situations that were not life threatening for the participants themselves, but not also basic every day activities. These case studies provided a unique possibility to see situations, where gaining of situational awareness and decision making are challenged with time critical crisis situations. Unfortunately organizations do not normally take the benefit from the everyday work to prepare themselves for possible emerging crisis situations. This dissertation focuses on creating a conceptual model and a concept that supports organizations – also outside the maritime community – to improve their ability to support gaining of situational awareness from the individual training level, all the way to changes in organizational structures in aiming for better support for decision making from the individual level to the highest decision making level. Quick changes and unpredictability are reality in organizations and organizations do not have the possibility to control all the factors that affect their functioning. Since we cannot be prepared for everything, and predict every crisis, individual activities inside teams and as a part of organizations, need to be supported with guidance, tools and training in order to support acting in challenging situations. In fact the ideology of the conceptual model created, lies especially in the aim of not controlling everything in beforehand, but supporting organizations with concrete procedures to help individuals to react in different, unpredictable situations, instead of focusing on traditional risk prevention and management. Technological capabilities are not automatically solutions for functional challenges; this is why it is justified to broaden the problem area observation from the technological perspective. This dissertation demonstrates that it is possible to support collaboration in a multinational environment with technological solutions, but it requires the recognition of technological limitations and accepting the possible restrictions related to technological innovations. Technology should not be considered value per se, the value of technology should be defined according to the support of activities, including strategic and operational environment evaluation, identification of organizational elements, and taking into account also the social factors and their challenges. Then we are one step closer to providing technological solutions that support the actual activities by taking into account the variables of the activity environment in question. The multidisciplinary view to approach the information sharing and collaboration framework, is derived especially from the complexity of decision making and building of situational awareness, since they are not build or created in vacuity, but in the organizational framework by the people doing it with the technological capabilities, enabled by the organizational structures. Introduced case studies were related to maritime environment, but according to the research results, it is valid to argue, that based on the lessons learned it is possible to create and further develop conceptual model and to create a general concept to support a wider range of organizations in their attempt to gain better level of situational awareness (SA) and to support decision making. To proof the versatile usage of the developed concept, I have introduced the case study findings to the health care environment and reflected the identified elements from the trauma center to the created concept. The main contribution to complete this adventure is the presented situational awareness concept created in the respect to NATO concept structure. This has been done to tackle the challenge of collaboration by focusing on situational awareness in the information sharing context by providing a theoretical ground and understanding, of how these issues should be approached, and how these elements can be generalized and used to support activities in other environments as well. This dissertation research has been a several year evolving process reflecting and affecting presented case studies and this learning experience from the case studies has also affected the goals and research questions of this dissertation. This venture has been written from a retro perspective according to ideology of process modeling and design rationale to present to the reader how this entire journey took place and what where the critical milestones that affected the end result, conceptual model. Support in a challenging information sharing framework can be provided with the right type of combination of tools, procedures and individual effort. This dissertation will provide insights to those with a new approach to war technology for the organizations to gain a better level of awareness and to improve the capabilities in decision making. This dissertation will present, from the war technology starting point, a new approach and possibility for the organizations to create a better level of awareness and support for decision making with the right combination of tools, procedures and individual effort.

Euroopan unionin merelliset turvallisuushankkeet

Ihmiskunta on tänä päivänä riippuvaisempi merellisten liikennevirtojen turvallisuudesta kuin koskaan aikaisemmin sen historiassa ja Euroopan unionia voidaan hyvällä syyllä kut-sua merelliseksi suurvallaksi. Merellinen toimintaympäristö (engl. Maritime Domain) on erittäin kompleksinen kokonaisuus, jonka osatekijöiden välisiä vuorovaikutussuhteita on hyvin vaikea kattavasti määritellä tai edes tyydyttävällä tasolla kuvata. Kun merellisen toimintaympäristön turvallisuusulottuvuuden yhdistää Euroopan Unionin monitasoisen ja -ulotteisen hallinta- ja hallintojärjestelmän kanssa, on loppuasetelma entistäkin vaikeammin kokonaisvaltaisesti lähestyttävissä ja analysoitavissa. Tämän tutkimustyön tarkoituksena on selvittää, onko yhdennetyn meripolitiikan, yhdenne-tyn rajaturvallisuuden ja yhteisen turvallisuus- ja puolustuspolitiikan rinnakkain etenevissä merellisissä turvallisuushankkeissa huomioitu niiden väliset kytkennät päällekkäisyyksien välttämiseksi, sekä synergiaetujen maksimoimiseksi ja onko Euroopan Unionin yhdenne-tyn meripolitiikan kehittämisessä tunnistettavissa meren ja sen vapaan käytön merkityksen turvallistamista integraation syventämiseen johtavan kehityksen osana? Tutkimustyön johtopäätökset osoittavat selkeän tarpeen EU -tason merellisten turvalli-suushankkeiden nykyistä vahvemmalle koordinoinnille jopa uusin institutionaalisin järjes-telyin Euroopan Unionin merellisen turvallisuusstrategian tukemana. Tutkijan näkemyksen mukaan kyse ei kuitenkaan ole turvallistamisesta sen perinteisessä merkityksessä, vaan strategisen tason poliittisesta päätöksenteosta ylikansallisessa ohjauksessa.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Shipping Views of Baltic Sea Shipping Companies on the Benefits of Responsibility

The safety of shipping operations in the Baltic Sea is an extensively studied issue due to the density of traffic and the ecological sensitivity of the area. The focus has, however, mainly been on ship technology or on traffic control measures and the operative safety aspect of shipping is in a minor position in maritime safety studies and is lacking in terms of solutions. Self-regulatory and voluntary measures could be effective ways to improve the operational safety of shipping. Corporate social responsibility, or CSR, is one example of a voluntary measure that the shipping companies can take. CSR can enhance maritime safety and improve the shipping companies’ competitiveness. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge of CSR in the maritime sector and study its applicability and benefits to the shipping companies. The research comprises of a theory part and a questionnaire study, which examine the significance of corporate social responsibility in shipping companies’ maritime safety and competitiveness. The aim of the questionnaire study is to find out how corporate social responsibility is implemented in the shipping companies. According to the literature review, responsible actions can produce financial and time costs, but due to these actions cost savings in the form of learning and increased efficiency can be achieved. Responsible actions can also produce concrete improvements and a reputation of responsibility that can lead to both cost savings and increase in the company’s income. CSR is recognised as having real business benefits in terms of attracting customers and high-quality employees. In shipping, CSR usually focuses on environmental issues. Environmental social responsibility in shipping is mainly motivated by the need to comply with existing and forthcoming regulation. Shipping companies engage in CSR to gain competitive advantage and to increase maritime safety. The social aspects of CSR take into account the well-being and skills of the employees, corporation and other stakeholders of the company. The questionnaire study revealed that the most common CSR measures in shipping companies are environmental measures, and that environmental concerns are considered to be the most important reason to engage in CSR. From the preliminary question about the concept of CSR it can also be seen that safety issues are commonly considered to be a part of CSR and safety gains are the second most important reason to engage in CSR. From the questionnaire, it can also be extrapolated that gaining a better reputation is one of the most important reasons to engage in CSR in the first place. For example, the main economic benefit was seen to be the increase of customer numbers as a result of a better reputation. Based on the study, it would seem that companies are starting to realise that they might gain competitive advantage and be favoured as shippers if they engage in sustainable, responsible operations and present themselves as “green”.

Suomen satamissa käsiteltävät pakatut vaaralliset aineet ja esimerkkejä niiden vaaraominaisuuksista

Tämä raportti on tehty osana Kymenlaakson ammattikorkeakoulun hallinnoiman NELIn (North European Logistics Institute) esiselvitystä vaarallisten aineiden tunnistamisesta konttiliikenteessä. Tässä Turun yliopiston merenkulkualan koulutus- ja tutkimuskeskuksen Kotkassa toimivan Merenkulun logistiikan tutkimus -yksikön tekemässä selvityk-sessä on tutkittu kansallista satamaliikenteen PortNet-järjestelmää hyödyntäen, mitä pakattuina kuljetettavia vaarallisia aineita ja kuinka suuria määriä Suomen satamissa käsitellään. PortNet-analyysin tulosten pohjalta tutkimuksessa on selvitetty Suomen satamissa eniten käsiteltyjen, pakattuina kuljetettavien vaarallisten aineiden vaaraominaisuuksia sekä ihmisten että ympäristön kannalta. Tutkimuksessa tehdyn PortNet-analyysin perusteella pakattuja vaarallisia aineita käsiteltiin 16:ssa Suomen satamassa vuonna 2012. Käsiteltyjen aineiden kokonaismäärä oli noin 820 000 tonnia, josta viennin osuus oli 53 % ja tuonnin 47 %. Eniten kuljetettuja IMDG-luokkia olivat luokan 3 palavat nesteet (31 %:n osuus), luokan 9 muut vaaralliset aineet ja esineet (25 %) sekä luokan 8 syövyttävät aineet (23 %). Muiden luokkien osuus oli alle 10 %. Suomen satamissa käsiteltiin vuonna 2012 yhteensä noin 1 020 eri-laista, pakattua vaarallista ainetta. Yli 10 000 tonnia käsiteltyjä aineita oli yhteensä 16, 1 000–10 000 tonnia käsiteltyjä aineita 84, 100–1 000 tonnia käsiteltyjä aineita 148 ja alle 100 tonnia käsiteltyjä aineita noin 770. Eniten käsiteltyjä aineita olivat pääasiassa erilaiset aineyhdisteet ja tarkemmin määrittelemättömät aineet, kuten ympäristölle vaarallinen aine n.o.s, maalit, polymeeripelletit, hartsiliuos, kohotetussa lämpötilassa oleva neste n.o.s. ja nikkelimetallihybridiakut. Näitä kaikkia käsiteltiin Suomen satamissa yli 20 000 tonnia vuonna 2012. Varsinaisista yksittäisistä vaarallisista aineista eniten käsiteltyjä olivat muurahaishappo, vetyperoksidin vesiliuos, natriumkloraatti, ammoniumnitraatti, fenoli ja kloorietikkahappoliuos. Näitä kaikkia käsiteltiin yli 10 000 tonnia vuonna 2012. PortNet-analyysin tulosten pohjalta valittiin kymmenen ainetta, joiden vaaraominaisuuksia sekä ihmisten että ympäristön kannalta tarkasteltiin tarkemmin. Tarkasteluun valittiin, tieteellistä harkintaa käyttäen, eniten kuljetettavia vaarallisia yksittäisiä kemikaaleja. Tarkasteluun valitut kemikaalit olivat muurahaishappo, vetyperoksidi, natrium-kloraatti, kloorietikkahappo, fenoli, akryyliamidiliuos, ksyleenit, akryylinitriili, tolueeni ja epikloorihydriini. Tutkituista kemikaaleista ympäristölle haitallisimpia ovat fenoli, kloorietikkahappo ja akryyliamidiliuos. Ihmisen kannalta kaikki 10 tutkittua kemikaalia muodostavat onnettomuustilanteessa riskin ihmisten terveydelle joko syövyttävyytensä, reaktiivisuutensa tai myrkyllisyytensä vuoksi. Osa kemikaaleista voi aiheuttaa ihmisille myös kroonisia haittoja, kuten kohonnutta syöpäriskiä tai muutoksia perimässä, joko suurina kerta-annoksina tai pieninä toistuvina pitoisuuksina. Suomen satamissa käsiteltävien pakattujen kemikaalien erilaisuus ja suuri lukumäärä tekevät niistä vaikeasti hallittavissa olevan riskitekijän. Yleisesti ottaen voidaan sanoa, että pakatuista kemikaaleista aiheutuu pienehköissä vuototilanteissa suurempi uhka ihmisen terveydelle kuin ympäristölle, kun taas irtolastikuljetuksissa tapahtuvien onnettomuuksien yhteydessä vuotaneen aineen määrä on yleensä suurempi ja näin ollen myös ympäristölle koituva uhka voi olla suuri.

Scenario-based traffic forecasts for the routes between the PENTA ports in 2020

Maritime transport is the foundation for trade in the Baltic Sea area. It represents over 15% of the world’s cargo traffic and it is predicted to increase by over 100% in the future. There are currently over 2,000 ships sailing on the Baltic Sea and both the number and the size of ships have been growing in recent years. Due to the importance of maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea Region, ports have to be ready to face future challenges and adapt to the changing operational environment. The companies within the transportation industry – in this context ports, shipowners and logistics companies – compete continuously and although the number of companies in the business is not particularly substantial because the products offered are very similar, other motives for managing the supply chain arise. The factors creating competitive advantage are often financial and related to cost efficiency, but geographical location, road infrastructure in the hinterland and vessel connections are among the most important factors. The PENTA project focuses on adding openness, transparency and sharing knowledge and information, so that the challenges of the future can be better addressed with regard to cooperation. This report presents three scenario-based traffic forecasts for routes between the PENTA ports in 2020. The chosen methodology is PESTE, in which the focus in on economic factors affecting future traffic flows. The report further analyses the findings and results of the first PENTA WP2 report “Drivers of demand in cargo and passenger traffic between PENTA ports” and utilises the same material, which was obtained through interviews and mail surveys.

Five Baltic Ports Togehter: Forecasts, Trends and Recommendations

The ports of Stockholm, Tallinn, Helsinki, Naantali and Turku play key roles in making the Central Baltic region accessible. Effective, competitive, eco-friendly and safe port procedures and solutions for the transportation of goods are of major importance for trade in the Baltic Sea region. This report presents the most essential results and recommendations of the PENTA project, which focused on how ports could better comprehend and face current and future challenges facing carriage of goods by sea. Each of the four work packages (WPs) of the PENTA project analysed the changes from a different perspective. WP2 focused on traffic flows between the PENTA ports. Its main emphasis was on the ports, shipowners, and logistics companies that are the key parties in freight transport and on the changes affecting the economy of those ports. In WP3 noise as an environmental challenge for ports was investigated and the analysis also shed light on the relationship between the port and the city. In WP4 procedures related to safety, security and administrative procedures were researched. The main emphasis was on identifying the requirements for the harmonisation of those procedures. Collaboration is highlighted throughout this report. In order to prepare for the future, it was found that ports need to respond to growing competition, increasing costs and shifts in customer demand by strengthening their existing partnerships with other actors in the maritime cluster. Cargo and passenger transport are the main sources of income for most ports. Cargo traffic between the PENTA ports is expected to grow steadily in the future and the outlook for passenger traffic is positive. However, to prepare for the future, ports should not only secure the core activities which generate revenue but also seek alternative ways to make profit. In order to gain more transit traffic, it is suggested that ports conduct a more thorough study of the future requirements for doing business with Russia. The investigation of noise at ports revealed two specific dilemmas that ports cannot solve alone. Firstly, the noise made by vessels and, secondly, the relationship between the port and the surrounding city. Vessels are the most important single noise source in the PENTA ports and also one of the hardest noise sources to handle. Nevertheless, port authorities in Finland and Sweden are held responsible for all noise in the port area, including noise produced by vessels, which is noise the port authority can only influence indirectly. Building housing by waterfront areas close to ports may also initiate disagreements because inhabitants may want quiet areas, whereas port activities always produce some noise from their traffic. The qualitative aspects of the noise question, cooperating with the stakeholders and the communicating of issues related to noise are just as important. We propose that ports should follow the logic of continuous improvement in their noise management. The administrative barriers discussed in this report are mainly caused by differences in international and national legislation, variations in the customs procedures of each country, the incompatibility of the IT systems used in maritime transport, noncompliance with regulations regarding dangerous goods, and difficulties in applying Schengen regulations to vessels from non-EU countries. Improving the situation is out of the hands of the ports to do alone and requires joint action on a variety of levels, including the EU, national authorities and across administrative borders.