Ensaios de tratabilidade aplicados a determinação de parâmetros para dimensionamento de processos de tratamento de água de manancial eutrofizado

Eutrophication is a growing process present in the water sources located in the northeast of Brazil. Among the main consequences of these changes in trophic levels of a water source, stands out adding complexity to the treatment to achieve water standards. By these considerations, this study aimed to define, on a laboratory scale, products and operational conditions to be applied in the processing steps using raw water from Gargalheiras dam, RN, Brazil. The dam mentioned shows a high number of cyanobacteria, with a concentration of cells / ml higher than that established by Decree No. 518/04 MS. The same source was also considered by the state environmental agency in 2009 as hypereutrophic. The static tests developed in this research simulated direct filtration (laboratory filters) and pre-oxidation with chlorine and powdered activated carbon adsorption. The research included the evaluation of the coagulants aluminum hydrochloride (HCA) and alum (SA). The development of the research investigated the conditions for rapid mixing, the dosages of coagulants and pHs of coagulation by the drawing of diagrams. The interference of filtration rate and particle size of filtering means were evaluated as samples and the time of contact were tested with chlorine and activated carbon. By the results of the characterization of the raw water source it was possible to identify the presence of a high pH (7.34). The true color was significant (29 uH) in relation to the apparent color and turbidity (66 uH and 13.60 NTU), reflecting in the measurement of organic matter: MON (8.41 mg.L-1) and Abs254 (0.065 cm-1). The optimization of quick mix set time of 17", the speed gradient of 700 s-1 in the coagulation with HCA and the time of 20" with speed gradient of 800 s-1 for SA. The smaller particle sizes of sand filtering means helped the treatment and the variation in filtration rate did not affect significantly the efficiency of the process. The evaluation of the processing steps found adjustment in standard color and turbidity of the Decree nº 518/04 MS, taking in consideration the average values found in raw water. In the treatment using the HCA for direct filtration the palatable pattern based on the apparent color can be achieved with a dose of 25 mg L-1. With the addition of pre-oxidation step, the standard result was achieved with a reduced dose for 12 mgHCA.L-1. The turbidity standard for water was obtained by direct filtration when the dose exceeds 25 mg L-1 of HCA. With pre-oxidation step there is the possibility of reducing the dose to 20 mg L-1.The addition of CAP adsorption, promoted drinking water for both parameters, with even lower dosage, 13 mg L-1 of HCA. With coagulation using SA removal required for the parameter of apparent color it was achieved with pre-oxidation and 22 mgSA.L-1. Despite the satisfactory results of treatment with the alum, it was not possible to provide water with turbidity less than 1.00 NTU even with the use of all stages of treatment

Avaliação de clones de borracha natural crua por ensaios padrão e análise dinâmico-mecânica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos de campos aleatórios e de anisotropias em vidros de spins

Ising and m-vector spin-glass models are studied, in the limit of infinite-range in-teractions, through the replica method. First, the m-vector spin glass, in the presence of an external uniform magnetic field, as well as of uniaxial anisotropy fields, is consi-dered. The effects of the anisotropics on the phase diagrams, and in particular, on the Gabay-Toulouse line, which signals the transverse spin-glass ordering, are investigated. The changes in the Gabay-Toulouse line, due to the presence of anisotropy fields which favor spin orientations along the Cartesian axes (m = 2: planar anisotropy; m = 3: cubic anisotropy), are also studied. The antiferromagnetic Ising spin glass, in the presence of uniform and Gaussian random magnetic fields, is investigated through a two-sublattice generalization of the Sherrington-Kirpaktrick model. The effects of the magnetic-field randomness on the phase diagrams of the model are analysed. Some confrontations of the present results with experimental observations available in the literature are discussed

Efeitos de acoplamentos biquadráticos e campos aleatórios em vidros de spins

In this work we have studied the effects of random biquadratic and random fields in spin-glass models using the replica method. The effect of a random biquadratic coupling was studied in two spin-1 spin-glass models: in one case the interactions occur between pairs of spins, whereas in the second one the interactions occur between p spins and the limit p > oo is considered. Both couplings (spin glass and biquadratic) have zero-mean Gaussian probability distributions. In the first model, the replica-symmetric assumption reveals that the system presents two pha¬ses, namely, paramagnetic and spin-glass, separated by a continuous transition line. The stability analysis of the replica-symmetric solution yields, besides the usual instability associated with the spin-glass ordering, a new phase due to the random biquadratic cou¬plings between the spins. For the case p oo, the replica-symmetric assumption yields again only two phases, namely, paramagnetic and quadrupolar. In both these phases the spin-glass parameter is zero. Besides, it is shown that they are stable under the Almeida-Thouless stability analysis. One of them presents negative entropy at low temperatures. We developed one step of replica simmetry breaking and noticed that a new phase, the biquadratic glass phase, emerge. In this way we have obtained the correct phase diagram, with.three first-order transition lines. These lines merges in a common triple point. The effects of random fields were studied in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model consi¬dered in the presence of an external random magnetic field following a trimodal distribu¬tion {P{hi) = p+S(hi - h0) +Po${hi) +pS(hi + h0))- It is shown that the border of the ferromagnetic phase may present, for conveniently chosen values of p0 and hQ, first-order phase transitions, as well as tricritical points at finite temperatures. It is verified that the first-order phase transitions are directly related to the dilution in the fields: the extensions of these transitions are reduced for increasing values of po- In fact, the threshold value pg, above which all phase transitions are continuous, is calculated analytically. The stability analysis of the replica-symmetric solution is performed and the regions of validity of such a solution are identified

Competição entre caminhantes aleatórios

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Conceitos e técnicas da mecânica estatística e termodinâmica aplicados ao estudo dos grafos aleatórios

This dissertation briefly presents the random graphs and the main quantities calculated from them. At the same time, basic thermodynamics quantities such as energy and temperature are associated with some of their characteristics. Approaches commonly used in Statistical Mechanics are employed and rules that describe a time evolution for the graphs are proposed in order to study their ergodicity and a possible thermal equilibrium between them

Desfechos clínicos e mortalidade de sujeitos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica no Rio Grande do Norte

Introduction: Actually the obesity is a public health problem throughout the world. Bariatric surgery has been an efficient method of weight reduction body in severe obesity, reducing its associated effects and presenting low levels of immediate and late postoperative complications. In Brazil, bariatric surgery asa recent therapeutic that has been growing recently. Being Brazil a country with continental dimensions and with a huge diversity socioeconomic and cultural, it is essential to understand the reality of patients undergoing bariatric surgery in less economically privileged regions of Brazil. Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiological, clinical outcomes and mortality of patients undergoing videolaparoscopic bariatric surgery through the public health system in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte- Brazil. Methods: Observational descriptive study of a prospective, carried out from February 2009 to February 2011, the Clinic Obesity and Bariatric Surgery at Universitary Hospital Onofre Lopes - Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (HUOL-UFRN). Anthropometric measures, comorbidity and deaths register were made in the postoperative period. Results: Seventy patients (54 women) with low income aged 22 to 63 years completed the study. We recorded the death of three patients during the study period. The results show significant decrease anthropometric parameters, especially in relation to body weight, waist circumference and hipin both sexes. Only Waist / Hip ratio showed no difference after intervention in male patients It had a resolution of comorbidities. No significant differences in reports of daily sleepiness and the snoring male patients. Conclusion: Our findings attest laparoscopic bariatric surgery as an effective method reducing weight and comorbidities in morbidly obese patients

Efeitos do ultrassom terapêutico sobre parâmetros morfométricos e clínicos e método de extração de metaloproteinases em sujeitos com úlceras venosas

Venous wounds cause physical, psychological and financial problems that impact the quality of life of patients. Treatment alternatives are investigated in order to reduce healthcare costs and improve quality of life of people affected by this problem. Physical resources, such as therapeutic ultrasound (US), are being considered in the treatment of ulcers as a potential healing agent. This study aimed to investigate the application of US as a treatment for venous ulcers. Subjects were divided into two groups: US group, where treatment consisted of 5 sessions of pulsed US (3 MHz, 1W/cm²) associated with compression and kinesiotherapy; and sham group, where individuals went through the same procedures, but with sham US therapy. Subjects were evaluated for wound size by planimetry and digital photography, visual analogue scale for pain, quality of life by the questionnaires SF- 36 and VEINES-QoL/Sym and enzymatic activity of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 by zymography. It was observed mean reduction in wound area of 41.58±53.8% for the US group and 63.47±37.2% for the placebo group, maintenance of quality of life scores in the US group and significant improvement (p<0.05) in the placebo group by VEINES questionnaire. It was observed decreased perception of pain in the placebo group. Sample feasibility for analysis of the protein activity of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 by zymography collected by swab method was also confirmed. Our data did not give us evidence to support the theory that the US accelerates healing of venous ulcers in a short-term analysis. However, we observed that standard care associated with compression therapy and kinesiotherapy were able to significantly shorten the progression of chronic venous ulcers

Aspectos clínicos, radiográficos e histológicos da superfície oclusal de molares decíduos com e sem lesão de cárie: estudo in vitro

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Imunoexpressão da IL-17 e RORγt em carcinomas de células escamosas de lábio e língua

Th17 cells have been strongly associated to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, although their influence on the carcinogenesis is still little known, there are reports of anti-tumor and protumoral actions. The objective of this study is to research the presence of Th17 lineage in lip and tongue SCC, using the analysis of the immunoexpression of IL-17 and RORγt, relating this immunoexpression with clinical and morphological findings in the attempt to better comprehend the role of these cells on the tumoral immunity of OSCCs. The results were submitted to non-parametric statistical tests with significance level of 5%. On the histomorphological analysis, it was observed the predominance of low level lesions on lip and high level lesions on tongue (p=0,024). It was not observed statistical significance between clinical stage and histological gradation of malignancy (p=0,644). For the immunohistochemical study, 5 random fields with greater immunoreactivity of the peritumoral inflammatory infiltrate were photomicrographed on the 400x magnification. It was done the count of lymphocytes which showed cytoplasmic and pericytoplasmic staining for the IL-17 cytokine as well as nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for RORγt. It was observed statistical significance difference on the quantity of immunopositive lymphocytes to IL-17 between the groups of SCC of lip and tongue (p=0,028). For the RORγt it was not observed statistical significance difference between the groups of SCC of lip and tongue (p=0,915). It was not observed statistical difference between the immunostaining of IL-17 and RORγt with histological gradation of malignancy and clinical staging. The findings of this research suggest a possible anti-tumor role of IL-17 for cases of lip. The results of the analysis of the RORγt are possibly due to the wide duality of the anti-tumor and protumoral role of the Th17 cells and their plasticity which, in the presence of different cytokines expressed on the tumor microenvironment, can alter its phenotype.

Imunoexpressão de fatores reguladores da osteoclastogênese na doença periodontal em humanos e sua relação com os parâmetros clínicos

Periodontal disease is an infection initiated by oral periodontal pathogens that trigger an immune response culminating in tissue destruction. This destruction is mediated by the host by inducing the production and activation of lytic enzymes, cytokines and the stimulation of osteoclastogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of factors involved in bone resorption, RANKL (Ligand Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kappa B), OPG (Osteoprotegerin) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) between the gingival healthy, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis and correlate them with clinical parameters. The sample consisted of 83 cases and 12 clinically healthy gums, 42 gingivitis and 29 periodontitis, from 74 adolescent and adult patients with a mean age of 35 years, without systemic changes and non-smokers, predominantly female and race brown. There was no statistically significant difference for the expression of anti-RANKL (p = 0.581) and RANKL / OPG ratio (p = 0.334) when comparing the three conditions, but the anti-OPG and anti-TNF-α showed statistically significant between the types of injury (p = 0.001 and p <0.001, respectively), showing greatest expression in periodontitis. In cases of periodontitis, the variable clinical attachment loss (PIC) was statistically significant and positive correlation, respectively, with immunostaining of anti-RANKL (p = 0.002, p = 0.001 and r = 0.642), anti-OPG (p = 0.018, p = 0.014 and r = 0.451), anti-TNF-α (p = 0.032, p = 0.014 and r = 0.453) and the percentage ratio of RANKL / OPG (p = 0.018, p = 0.002 and r = 0.544). The tooth mobility (MB) showed a statistically significant difference only with immunohistochemical anti-RANKL (p = 0.026), and probing depth (PD) was positively correlated with anti-RANKL (p = 0.028 and r = 0.409), both in cases of periodontitis. Only in cases of gingivitis TNF-α was positively correlated with RANKL (p = 0.012 and r = 0.384) and the RANKL / OPG ratio (p = 0.027 and r = 0.341). Given these results, we conclude that the greatest expression of TNF-α in periodontitis demonstrates a relationship with the progression and severity of periodontal disease and the correlation between all antibodies and clinical attachment loss demonstrates their involvement in periodontal bone resorption

Teoria e prática em catalogação de assunto: a sistematicidade do processo em contexto de bibliotecas universitárias pela perspectiva profissional

A natureza subjetiva da catalogação de assunto imprime certas peculiaridades nas ações dos profissionais que realizam a atividade em domínios específicos. Sendo assim, mostra-se necessária à realização de estudos que cerquem as ações dos catalogadores de assunto, ancoradas na realidade do contexto de bibliotecas universitárias, para a obtenção dos fatores influentes do saber e do fazer profissional. Portanto, analisa-se o conhecimento profissional acerca da sistematicidade do processo da catalogação de assunto em perspectiva sociocognitiva. Para tanto, aplica-se a técnica de Protocolo Verbal em Grupo com três catalogadores de assunto de distintas bibliotecas universitárias do estado de São Paulo, a fim de conhecer a realidade do processo da catalogação de assunto pela perspectiva profissional. Os resultados apontam a necessidade de instrumentos metodológicos que propiciem sustentabilidade prática à catalogação de assunto, em contexto de bibliotecas universitárias.

Aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais em ovinos submetidos a dietas com níveis elevados de enxofre com objetivo de indução de polioencefalomalácia

A polioencefalomalacia (PEM) é uma doença neurológica que acomete ruminantes e pode ser desencadeada por diversos fatores, dentre eles o consumo excessivo de enxofre. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre dietas ricas em enxofre, altos níveis de gás sulfídrico ruminal e a ocorrência de polioencefalomalácia em ovinos. Foram utilizados 18 ovinos, divididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3) que receberam diferentes níveis de enxofre na dieta; 0,2%, 0,9% e 1,2%, respectivamente. Exames físicos (frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura retal e motricidade ruminal) e complementares (concentração de sulfeto de hidrogênio ruminal, hemogasometria venosa, pH do fluído ruminal, concentração de cobre sérico e hepático, tomografia computadorizada, necropsia e histopatologia) foram realizados. A temperatura retal, a hemogasometria venosa e o pH do fluido ruminal permaneceram dentro dos valores de referência para a espécie. A motricidade ruminal estava diminuída nos grupos G2 e G3 em comparação com o G1 (controle). Quanto maior a ingestão de enxofre, menores foram os níveis de cobre sérico e hepático. Valores elevados de sulfeto de hidrogênio ruminal foram detectados nos grupos G2 e G3. Nenhum animal apresentou sinais clínicos de PEM. Nos exames de tomografia computadorizada, necropsia e exame histopatológico do sistema nervoso central (SNC), não foram observadas alterações compatíveis com PEM. É provável que algum outro fator esteja associado ao excesso de enxofre na dieta para o desenvolvimento de PEM em ovinos.

Beta-bloqueadores em anestesiologia: aspectos farmacológicos e clínicos

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Informações experimentais e clínicas têm sugerido que os b-bloqueadores apresentam efeitos hemodinâmicos importantes e protetores durante o ato anestésico-cirúrgico. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar as informações farmacológicas e clínicas dos b-bloqueadores para sua utilização adequada na medicina per-operatória. CONTEÚDO: Os b-bloqueadores seletivos inibem preferencialmente os b1-receptores reduzindo a freqüência e inotropismo cardíacos e determinando redução no consumo de oxigênio do miocárdio. Os b-bloqueadores não seletivos inibem também os b2-receptores, aumentando a resistência bronquiolar e vascular periférica. Alguns b-bloqueadores são, também, vasodilatadores. O tratamento prolongado com os b-bloqueadores aumenta a densidade dos b-receptores na membrana celular, o que pode explicar a hiperatividade simpática que pode ocorrer durante a parada do tratamento desses medicamentos. em cirurgia não cardíaca, os efeitos benéficos do b-bloqueadores em pacientes hipertensos ou nos que apresentam doença coronariana têm sido demonstrados, com redução da incidência de isquemia miocárdica no pós-operatório e da mortalidade durante o período de dois anos que se segue à operação. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento com b-bloqueadores deve ser mantido até o período da manhã da operação, exceto nos pacientes com sinais de intolerância à droga, como hipotensão ou bradicardia importante. Os b-bloqueadores exercem efeito benéfico na recuperação pós-operatória de pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares ou nos que apresentam fatores de risco. Por isso, o emprego desses medicamentos é importante na medicina per-operatória e deve ser ampliado.

Alterações hemodinâmicas durante o pneumoperitônio em cães ventilados com volume e pressão controlados

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Não existem estudos que associem os efeitos determinados pelas modalidades ventilatórias às repercussões hemodinâmicas durante o pneumoperitônio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações na hemodinâmica determinadas pelo pneumoperitônio em cães com ventilação por volume e pressão controlados. MÉTODO: Dezesseis cães anestesiados com tiopental sódico e fentanil foram divididos em grupo 1, volume controlado, e grupo 2, pressão controlada, e submetidos ao pneumoperitônio de 10 e 15 mmHg. Foram estudados freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, pressão de átrio direito, pressão de artéria pulmonar ocluída, índice cardíaco, índice de resistência vascular sistêmica e vasopressina plasmática. Os dados foram coletados em 4 momentos. M1 - antes do pneumoperitônio, M2 - 30 minutos após pneumoperitônio com 10 mmHg, M3 - 30 minutos após pneumoperitônio com 15 mmHg, M4 - 30 minutos após a deflação do pneumoperitônio. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram aumento no índice cardíaco, nas pressões de átrio direito e de artéria pulmonar ocluída em M2 e M3, em ambos os grupos. A vasopressina não variou durante o procedimento e o índice de resistência vascular sistêmica não aumentou, proporcionando estabilidade da pressão arterial média em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: As modalidades ventilatórias não determinaram diferenças na resposta hemodinâmica entre os grupos estudados. A técnica anestésica utilizada e as pressões intra-abdominais alcançadas determinaram estabilidade da pressão arterial média, provavelmente decorrente da ausência do aumento no índice da resistência vascular sistêmica.