Integration of cad/ tool path data for 5-axis step-nc machining of free form / irrregular contoured surfaces

This research paper presents the work on feature recognition, tool path data generation and integration with STEP-NC (AP-238 format) for features having Free form / Irregular Contoured Surface(s) (FICS). Initially, the FICS features are modelled / imported in UG CAD package and a closeness index is generated. This is done by comparing the FICS features with basic B-Splines / Bezier curves / surfaces. Then blending functions are caculated by adopting convolution theorem. Based on the blending functions, contour offsett tool paths are generated and simulated for 5 axis milling environment. Finally, the tool path (CL) data is integrated with STEP-NC (AP-238) format. The tool path algorithm and STEP- NC data is tested with various industrial parts through an automated UFUNC plugin.

O papel da inteligência e da consciência fonológica nas provas piagetianas

Verifica-se efetivamente que os conceitos e estudos de Piaget tal como a inteligência e as operações lógicas, embora pouco estudados atualmente, desempenham, ainda, hoje um papel fundamental para uma melhor compreensão do desenvolvimento infantil, bem como algumas dificuldades por parte da criança que possam surgir ao longo deste desenvolvimento. Quanto à consciência fonológica, o seu estudo é, igualmente, essencial, pois possibilita-nos uma melhor compreensão do desenvolvimento da linguagem na criança. No entanto, ainda são poucas as investigações que realizam uma análise da relação entre a inteligência, a consciência fonológica e as operações lógicas (medidas com as Provas Piagetianas). Neste sentido, e tornando este estudo ainda mais pertinente, pretende-se analisar essa mesma relação. A amostra deste estudo é constituída por 66 crianças que frequentam três escolas do Pré-Escolar de ensino público da Região Autónoma da Madeira. Para a recolha de dados foram utilizados a Prova de Avaliação da Consciência Fonológica - Forma A, as Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven e as Provas Piagetianas de Inclusão, Seriação e Classificação. Quanto à análise dos dados, estes foram sujeitos a um tratamento e análise estatística através do programa S.P.S.S. – Statistical Package for Social Sciences (versão 22 para Windows) tendo em conta a estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a inteligência não influencia os resultados nas provas piagetianas, e a consciência fonológica influencia apenas na prova piagetiana de seriação. Não há diferenças significativas entre género em nenhuma das variáveis. Verificou-se uma tendência das crianças filhas de pais com habilitações mais elevadas obterem melhores resultados nas provas lógicas e na consciência fonológica. Por fim, as crianças mais velhas, nascidas no início do ano, apresentam resultados mais elevados nas operações lógicas e na consciência fonológica do que as crianças mais novas nascidas no fim do ano.

Differential Evolution: A Tool for Global Optimization

This report describes a tool for global optimization that implements the Differential Evolution optimization algorithm as a new Excel add-in. The tool takes a step beyond Excel’s Solver add-in, because Solver often returns a local minimum, that is, a minimum that is less than or equal to nearby points, while Differential Evolution solves for the global minimum, which includes all feasible points. Despite complex underlying mathematics, the tool is relatively easy to use, and can be applied to practical optimization problems, such as establishing pricing and awards in a hotel loyalty program. The report demonstrates an example of how to develop an optimum approach to that problem.

Parental influences and mothers’ experiences on infant and young child feeding practices

The objective of this thesis was to better understand how parental factors influence feeding practices, how mothers experience feeding and what factors mothers perceive influencing feeding in different contexts. This study is largely based on STEPS Study (Steps to Healthy Development of Children), which is a longitudinal cohort of 1797 families. In addition, qualitative data was collected among mothers in Finland and Solomon Islands. The results of this study show that different parental determinants associate with infant and young child feeding behavior and practices. Mothers with high cognitive restraint of eating introduced complementary foods earlier and neophobic mothers’ breastfed exclusively for a shorter time than mothers who ranked lower in these behaviors. Fathers’ poor diet quality associated with shorter total breastfeeding duration. Mothers’ postnatal depressive symptoms associated with shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding, earlier introduction of complementary foods and lower compliance of feeding recommendations. The higher amount of marital distress associated with longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding and better compliance with feeding recommendations. Mothers, who participated in qualitative interviews, described how complex interplay of individual perceptions, significant others and socio-cultural environment influenced feeding practices and behavior. This study showed that several parental factors influence infant and young child feeding practices as well as compliance with the feeding recommendations. Maternal experiences and perceptions on child feeding relate to the context where mother-infant pair lives in. These results highlight the importance of targeting feeding support and, if needed, specific interventions to mothers and families who are in risk of poor feeding practices.

The use of motivational interviews by nurses to promote health behaviors in adolescents: a scoping review protocol

Adolescents - defined as young people between 10 and 19 years of age1 - are, in general, a relatively healthy segment of the population.2 However, the developmental changes that take place during adolescence may affect their subsequent risk for diseases and for a variety of health-related behaviors. In fact, early onset of preventable health problems (e.g. obesity, malnutrition, STDs) and the engagement in health risk behaviors (e.g., sedentary life style, excessive alcohol consumption, unprotected sex) during adolescence, are likely to put them at greater risk for physical and mental health problems at a later stage in life. Moreover, health related problems and health risk behaviors may disrupt adolescents' physical and cognitive development and therefore may affect their ability to think and act in relation to decisions about their health in the future.1 In summary, health-related behaviors in adolescence, apart from their influence on the continuum of "health-disease", they also have the potential to influence future behaviors. In fact, several studies have shown that past behaviors are good predictors of future behaviors .3,4 Thus, promoting healthy practices during adolescence and taking measures to better protect young people from health risks are essential for the prevention of health problems in adulthood.5 According to the World Health Organization, the main problems affecting young people include mental health problems (such as behavioral disorders, eating disorders, suicide, anxiety or depression), the use of substances (illegal substances, alcohol and tobacco), interpersonal violence, nutrition (a proper nutrition consists of healthy eating habits and physical exercise), unintentional injuries (which are a leading cause of death and disability among young people, with road traffic injuries accounting for about 700 deaths per day), sexual and reproductive health (for example, risky sexual behaviors, early pregnancy and childbirth) and HIV (resulting from sexual transmission and drug injection).5,6 On the other hand, the number of children and youth with chronic health conditions has increased dramatically in the past four decades7 as larger numbers of chronically ill children survive beyond the age of 10.8 Despite the lack of data on adolescents' health making it difficult to determine the prevalence of chronic illnesses in this age group9, it is known that one in ten adolescents suffers from a chronic condition worldwide.10 In fact, national population based studies from Western countries show that 20-30% of teenagers have a chronic illness, defined as one that lasts longer than six months.8 The most prevalent chronic illness among adolescents is asthma and the one with the highest incidence is diabetes mellitus, particularly type II.9 Traditionally, healthcare professionals have been mainly investing in health education activities, through the transmission of knowledge with a view to creating habits, customs and behaviors, and promoting healthy lifestyles. However, empowering people does not only consist of giving them the right information11 , i.e. good information is not enough to cause people to make changes.12 The motivation or desire to change unhealthy behaviors and habits depends on many factors, namely intrinsic motivation, control over personal decisions, self-confidence and perception of effectiveness, personal ambivalence, and individualized assistance.12 Many professionals assume that supplying knowledge is sufficient for behavioral changes; however, even very good advice often fails to generate behavioral change. After all, people continue to engage in unhealthy behaviors despite clearly knowing what they should do and how to change. "What is lacking is the motivation to apply that knowledge".13, p.1233 In fact, behavioral change is a complex phenomenon with multiple determinants that also includes motivational variables. It is associated with ambivalent processes expressed in the dilemma between keeping the current status and moving on to new ways of acting. For example, telling adolescents that if they keep on engaging in a certain behavior, they are increasing the risk of developing a long-term condition such as cardiovascular disease, stroke or diabetes is rarely enough to trigger the desired behavioral change; people are more likely to change when they believe that the change is really effective and that they are able to implement it.12 Therefore, it is essential to provide specific training for "healthcare professionals to master motivational techniques, avoid confrontation with the users, and facilitate behavioral changes".14 In this context, motivating patients to make behavioral changes is also an important nursing task where change in lifestyle is a major element of patients' treatment and preventive interventions.15 One of the nurse's goals is to help improve a patient's health or help them to manage existing health conditions. Once nurses are in a position where they have to focus on accomplishing tasks and telling patients what needs to be accomplished16, the role of the nurse is expanding even more into the use of motivational strategies.17 MI is bringing nurses back to therapeutic communication and moving them closer to successful health promotion and disease management, by promoting behavior change and empowering their patients. As the nursing profession evolves, MI is seen as a challenge and the basis of nurse's interactions with individuals, families and communities.16, 17 In the same way, MI may be taken as an essential tool in the provision of nursing care to adolescents, being itself a workspace with possible therapeutic effects regarding problems, clarification of doubts, and development of skills.18 In fact, MI may be particularly applicable in work with adolescents because of their specific developmental stage. Adolescents attempt to establish their own autonomy and identity while struggling with social interactions and moral issues, which leads to ambivalence.19 Consistent with the developmental challenges during adolescence, "MI explicitly honors autonomy, people's right and irrevocable ability to decide about their own behavior"20 while allowing the person to explore possibilities for change of risky or maladaptive behaviours.19 MI can be defined as a directive, client-centred counselling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. It is most centrally defined not by technique but by its spirit as a facilitative style of interpersonal relationship.21 It is a set of strategies and techniques widely used in clinical practice based on the transtheoretical model of change. The Stages of Change model describes five stages of readiness—precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance—and provides a framework for understanding behavior change.22 The MI has been widely tested and applied in different areas, such as modification of addictive behaviors, interventions with offenders in the context of justice, eating disorders, promotion of therapeutic adherence among chronic patients, promotion of learning in school settings or intervention with adolescents at risk.18,23 In general, clinical practice has been adopting the perspective of motivation as something relatively immutable, i.e., the adolescent is either motivated for change/treatment and, in these conditions, the professional's role is to help him/her, or the adolescent is not motivated and then change/treatment is not feasible. Alternatively the theoretical model underlying the MI technique postulates that the individual's adherence to change/treatment depends on his/her motivation, which can change throughout the therapeutic intervention. As several studies found positive results for effects of MI24-26 and its use by health professionals is encouraged23,27 nurses may play an important role in patients' process of change. As nurses have a crucial role in clinical contexts, they can facilitate the process of ending risk behaviors and/or adopting positive health behaviors through some motivational techniques, namely with adolescents. A considerable number of systematic reviews about MI already exist pointing to some benefits of its use in the treatment of a broad range of behavioral problems and diseases.13,28,29 Some of the current reviews focus on examining the effectiveness of MI for adolescents with diverse health risks/problems 30-32. However, to date there are no reviews that present and assess the evidence for the use of nurse-led MI in adolescents. Therefore, we have little knowledge of what works for whom (which adolescent subpopulation) under what circumstances (in which setting, for what problem) in relation to motivational interviewing by nurses. There is a clear need for scoping or mapping the use of MI by nurses with adolescents to identify evidence gaps and to inform opportunities for future development in nursing practice. On the other hand, information regarding nurse-led implemented and evaluated interventions, techniques and/or strategies used, contexts of application and adolescents subpopulation groups is dispersed in the literature33-36 which impedes the formulation of precise questions about the effectiveness of those interventions conducted by nurses and therefore the realization of a systematic review. In other words, it is known that different kind of motivational interventions have been implemented in different contexts by nurses, however does not exist a map about all the motivational techniques and/or strategies used. Furthermore the literature does not clarify which is the role of nurses at cross professional motivational intervention implemented programs and finally the outcomes and evaluation of interventions are unclear. Thus, the practical implication of this mapping will be clarifying all these aspects. Without this clarification is not possible to proceed to the realization of a systematic review about the effectiveness of the use of motivational interviews by nurses to promote health behaviors in adolescents, in a particular context and/or health risk behavior; or regarding the effectiveness of certain technique and/or strategy of MI. Consequently, there are important questions about the nature of the evidence in this area that need to be answered before formulating a precise question of effectiveness. This scoping review aims to respond to these questions. An initial search of the JBI Database of Systematic Reviews & Implementation Reports, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, , Database of promoting health effectiveness reviews (DoPHER), The Campbell Library, Medline and CINAHL, has revealed that currently there is no Scoping Review (published or in progress) on the subject. In this context, this scoping review will examine and map the published and unpublished research around the use of MI by nurses implemented and evaluated to promote health behaviors in adolescents; to establish its current extent, range and nature and identify its feasibility, outcomes and gaps in the evidence defining research priorities in this field. This scoping review will be informed by the JBI methodology37 that suggests a five stage methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews which includes: identifying the research question, searching for relevant studies, selecting studies, charting data, collating, summarizing and reporting the results.

Primary prevention of neural tube defects: data from the portuguese national registry of congenital anomalies (RENAC)

Background: In Portugal folic acid supplementation is recommended to start at least 2-3 months before conception for primary prevention of Neural Tube Defects. The aim of this study was to evaluate, within gestations with at least one congenital anomaly, possible association between maternal socio-demographic factors and the use of folic acid. Methods: Using data from the Portuguese national registry of congenital anomalies, for the 2004-2013 period, the association between folic acid use during pregnancy and maternal characteristics was studied using the chi-square test. Results: Considering all reported cases with congenital anomaly, the use of folic acid before conception was reported by 12.7% (n = 1233) of the women; 47.8% (n = 4623) started supplementation during the 1st trimester, 7% (n = 680) did not take folic acid and 32.5% (3143) of the records had no information on folic acid use. Women with professions that require higher academic differentiation started the use of supplements before pregnancy (p <0.001); women under 19 years old and with Arab ethnicity (p <0.001) did not take folic acid. Mothers with a previous pregnancy reported less use of folic acid (11.5% versus 14.7%) than mothers without a previous pregnancy (p <0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest some degree of association between maternal characteristics and use of folic acid. To increase the consumption of folic acid before pregnancy new measures are need to promote this primary prevention, among couples and health professionals. This study highlights some maternal characteristics and subgroups of mothers for who the measures should be reinforced.

Społeczno-kulturowe konstrukcje piłki nożnej: męskość, kolektywna tożsamość i japonizacja

The purpose of this article is to present three selected contemporary socio-cultural constructs of football. Due to its immense popularity and media exposure, this sport is an area of expressing and crystallizing many social trends and concerns as well as the diversity of cultural (re-)adaptation. There is no doubt that football is a sport associated with the “male culture”. However, in the context of globalization, adapting football for the local requirements of the Japanese consumer market so unexpectedly has brought its feminization. One can even observe an inversion of traditional gender roles in this field: the female audience evaluates and admires the football players’ male bodies.

O papel da inteligência e da consciência fonológica nas provas piagetianas

Verifica-se efetivamente que os conceitos e estudos de Piaget tal como a inteligência e as operações lógicas, embora pouco estudados atualmente, desempenham, ainda, hoje um papel fundamental para uma melhor compreensão do desenvolvimento infantil, bem como algumas dificuldades por parte da criança que possam surgir ao longo deste desenvolvimento. Quanto à consciência fonológica, o seu estudo é, igualmente, essencial, pois possibilita-nos uma melhor compreensão do desenvolvimento da linguagem na criança. No entanto, ainda são poucas as investigações que realizam uma análise da relação entre a inteligência, a consciência fonológica e as operações lógicas (medidas com as Provas Piagetianas). Neste sentido, e tornando este estudo ainda mais pertinente, pretende-se analisar essa mesma relação. A amostra deste estudo é constituída por 66 crianças que frequentam três escolas do Pré-Escolar de ensino público da Região Autónoma da Madeira. Para a recolha de dados foram utilizados a Prova de Avaliação da Consciência Fonológica - Forma A, as Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven e as Provas Piagetianas de Inclusão, Seriação e Classificação. Quanto à análise dos dados, estes foram sujeitos a um tratamento e análise estatística através do programa S.P.S.S. – Statistical Package for Social Sciences (versão 22 para Windows) tendo em conta a estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a inteligência não influencia os resultados nas provas piagetianas, e a consciência fonológica influencia apenas na prova piagetiana de seriação. Não há diferenças significativas entre género em nenhuma das variáveis. Verificou-se uma tendência das crianças filhas de pais com habilitações mais elevadas obterem melhores resultados nas provas lógicas e na consciência fonológica. Por fim, as crianças mais velhas, nascidas no início do ano, apresentam resultados mais elevados nas operações lógicas e na consciência fonológica do que as crianças mais novas nascidas no fim do ano.

Odwrót od rozwoju: kontrowersyjna czy obiecująca zmiana paradygmatu wczesnej edukacji

The article presents three approaches to the conceptualisation of development as a category which describes the dynamics of the biography of man, which the author defines as: universalisation, contextualisation / relativism, and problematisation / negation. Emphasis is laid on a shift in thinking about the child and childhood, to be observed in the post-structural analyses contingent on the thought of Michel Foucault and a critique of developmental psychology which is developing in the world, but has been absent from Poland so far. The strongest critique of both these perspectives is directed against the standardisation measures for which individuality, specificity and diversity become a deviation from the norm. The article shows how strong arguments showing the controversy of development perceived in this way have been collected and how debatable the category of development as such is.

Krytycznie o metodologicznych przesłankach udziału naukowców w Międzynarodowym Programie PISA/OECD

My article is a succinct overview of macro-Polish governments’ evolution over 25 years of political transformation. It is presented from the perspective of education for democracy, in a democracy and not about democracy. I explain how Poles, after they got rid of the monistic doctrine of the totalitarian state, have become subjected to a covert process of democratization of education and the school system. I analyze public education, mechanisms and structures for its management in a way that counteracts democratic change. The school is subjected to political game-makers. It becomes an institution which is painfully ineffective and without a face. This institution destroys tradition and causes intellectual regression. There are threats to educational reforms which lie not only in the sociopolitical mechanisms, but also and perhaps primarily within the education system, which has not created procedures to eliminate Pharisees of innovation from it. After 25 years of transformation, the Polish educational system is not only partially reprivatized but highly bureaucratic and fully involved in political parties.

Technologizacja życia i tożsamości w kulturze współczesnej

The author of article considers the growing role of technology in contemporary society in the context of its role in creating identity and shaping the daily life. Various aspects of Elllul’s conception of technological determinism are reconstructed, including the problem (lack) of freedom in relationships between the individual and technology as well as the problem of annihilation of time and space. The main problem of article is analysed both on the micro and the macro levels, considering the possible contradictions in the use of modern technology devices.

Młodzież w relacji do kariery jako „własności” zawodu albo „roli zawodowej” – perspektywa funkcjonalno-strukturalna

In her article the Author refers to the tradition that places the studies in the subject of career in the structural and functional orientation that treats career as an external system, an objective phenomenon. “Objective careers” reflect more or less publically visible positions and statuses. According to the highlighted perspective, a “career” is a sequence of a subject’s professional roles which may mean promotion, stability or degradation. In this sense, one has to recognize that all subjects present on the job market pursue a career, which means that they take part in the career domain. The originality of this perspective makes us perceive a career in terms of social mobility, which most often means individuals’ vertical mobility. In this article, the Author discusses careers that embody a wide spectrum of contexts invoking the reflection on how the academic youth perceives the career domain and to what degree and extent these young people are oriented towards careers in the objective sense, realized through prestige, power, money, and promotion.

Jak sprostać wymaganiom neoliberalizmu w poradnictwie?

The article discusses changes which neoliberal ideologies have triggered in counselling. Meeting the demands of liberalism in counselling is a challenge both to organisation and to people. As far as people are concerned, the argument is driven by such questions as: What is the human being of this system (homo consultans) like? What is his world? How does he relate to this world? The questions about counselling as organisation pertain to its objectives and goals. In the industrial era, counselling goals were of paternalistic nature, but in economy-dominated neoliberalism they are certainly different. At a time of neoliberalism, the counsellor faces the following dilemmas: How to gain the client? How to satisfy the client? How to reconcile ethical demands inscribed in the counselling mission with the economic preoccupations of neo-positivist ideologies? In response, three kinds of counselling emerge. Rehabilitative counselling is organised for people severely damaged by adversity. Existential counselling is organised for people whose biographical trajectory is disturbed by temporary problems. Career counselling is organised for people who chose their life-paths in the neoliberal realities.

Kariera według młodych, czyli nowy paradygmat kariery na dysonansowym rynku pracy

A Career According to Young People, or a New Career Paradigm in the Dissonant Labour Market is an attempt at answering a question about an extent to which a narrative surrounding the specific features of the postmodern careers has been shared by the young adults who, being in the process of moving from the educational to the labour markets, have experienced these changes, to what extent they have internalised the career patterns emerging in the free-market reality that are different from those existent in Poland twenty-five years ago, and about what (new?) career paradigm is developed by the students. The paper presents preliminary results of a sampling carried out among young university students of the humanities who expressed their opinions on how vocational careers are defined and what associations they evoke. The article moreover provides personal examples of career development and discusses vocational catalysts and inhibitors of a career. The young university students did not, however, fully internalise the postmodern patterns of the mosaic careers prevailing in the competitive labour market, and simultaneously noticed a number of ambivalences and dissonances present in this market reality.