C 192 INST-D 2013. 373 Procesos de hilados manuales y con rueca, de la lana y el algodón y organización del material en madejas.

26 fotografías a color.

Supplementary Material: PREMATURE EXPRESSION OF AN AGE-ASSOCIATED MUSCLE SENESCENCE PATHWAY IN HIV INFECTION

Supplement online material

Formation and characterisation of ordered porous vanadium oxide inverse opal materials for Li-ion batteries

This thesis presents several routes towards achieving artificial opal templates by colloidal self-assembly of polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spheres and the use of these template for the fabrication of V2O5 inverse opals as cathode materials for lithium ion battery applications. First, through the manipulation of different experimental factors, several methods of affecting or directing opal growth towards realizing different structures, improving order and/or achieving faster formation on a variety of substrates are presented. The addition of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at a concentration above the critical micelle concentration for SDS to a 5 wt% solution of PMMA spheres before dip-coating is presented as a method of achieving ordered 2D PhC monolayers on hydrophobic Au-coated silicon substrates at fast and slow rates of withdrawal. The effect that the degree of hydrophilicity of glass substrates has on the ordering of PMMA spheres is next investigated for a slow rate of withdrawal under noise agitation. Heating of the colloidal solution is also presented as a means of affecting order and thickness of opal deposits formed using fast rate dip coating. E-beam patterned substrates are shown as a means of altering the thermodynamically favoured FCC ordering of polystyrene spheres (PS) when dip coated at slow rate. Facile routes toward the synthesis of ordered V2O5 inverse opals are presented with direct infiltration of polymer sphere templates using liquid precursor. The use of different opal templates, both 2D and 3D partially ordered templates, is compared and the composition and arrangement of the subsequent IO structures post infiltration and calcination for various procedures is characterised. V2O5 IOs are also synthesised by electrodeposition from an aqueous VOSO4 solution at constant voltage. Electrochemical characterisation of these structures as cathode material for Li-ion batteries is assessed in a half cell arrangement for samples deposited on stainless steel foil substrates. Improved rate capabilities are demonstrated for these materials over bulk V2O5, with the improvement attributed to the shorter Li ion diffusion distances and increased electrolyte infiltration provided by the IO structure.

Toxicity of manufactured nano-ZnO to Lemna minor

The rapid development of nanotechnology has led to a rise in the large-scale production and commercial use of engineered nano-ZnO. Engineered/manufactured nano-ZnO are applied in a broad range of products such as drugs, paints, cosmetics, abrasive agents and insulators. This can result in the unintended exposure of human beings to nano-ZnO and will inevitably result in the release of nano-ZnO in to the environment. Thus, it is necessary to assess the risk of nano-ZnO to the environment. In this thesis the toxicity of nano-ZnO was analysed using the aquatic, primary producer lesser duckweed (Lemna minor), and the mechanism of toxicity was analysed. Both short-term (one week) and long-term (six weeks) toxicity of nano-ZnO (uncoated) were determined. Results show that the toxicity of nano-ZnO added to the aquatic growth medium increases with increasing concentration and that toxicity accumulates with exposure time. A study of nano-ZnO dissolution reveals that the main reason for nano-ZnO toxicity on Lemna minor is the release of Zn ions. Nano-ZnO dissolution is pH dependent, and toxicity matches the release of Zn2+. Functional coating materials are commonly added to nano-ZnO particles to improve specific industrial applications. To test if coating materials contribute to nano-ZnO toxicity on lesser duckweed, the effect of silane coupling agent (KH550) coated nano-ZnO on Lemma minor was investigated. Results show that coating can decrease the release of Zn ions, which reduces toxicity to Lemna minor, in contrast to uncoated particles. Another commonly hypothesized reason for nano-ZnO toxicity is the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on the particles surface. As part of this thesis, the ROS formation induced by nano-ZnO was studied. Results show that nano-ZnO catalyse ROS formation and this can negatively affect duckweed growth. In conclusion, this work has detailed potentially toxic effects of nano-ZnO on Lemna minor. This study has also provides references for future research, and informs regulatory testing for nanoparticle toxicity. Specifically, the outcomes of this study emphasize the importance of exposure time, environmental parameters and coating material when analysing NPs toxicity. Firstly, impacts of longer exposure time should be studied. Secondly, environmental parameters such as pH and medium-composition need to be considered when investigating NPs toxicity. Lastly, coating of NPs should always be considered in the context of NPs toxicity, and similar NPs with different coatings require separate toxicity tests.

Interstitial insertion of varying amounts of ABL-containing genetic material into chromosome 22 in Ph-negative CML.

We studied the cells from three selected patients with Ph-chromosome-negative chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by Southern blotting, polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization of informative probes to metaphase chromosomes. All three patients had rearrangement of M-BCR sequences in the BCR gene and expression of one or other of the mRNA species characteristic of Ph-positive CML. Leukemic metaphases studied after trypsin-Giemsa banding were indistinguishable from normal. The ABL probe localized both to chromosome 9 and 22 in each case. A probe containing 3' M-BCR sequences localized only to chromosome 22, and not to chromosome 9 as would be expected in Ph-positive CML. Two new probes that recognize different polymorphic regions distal to the ABL gene on chromosome 9 in normal subjects localized exclusively to chromosome 9 in two patients and to both chromosomes 9 and 22 in one patient. These results show that Ph-negative CML with BCR rearrangement is associated with insertion of a variable quantity of chromosome 9 derived material into chromosome 22q11; there is no evidence for reciprocal translocation of material from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9.

Jamming for a 2D granular material

This paper focuses on the nature of jamming, as seen in two-dimensional frictional granular systems consisting of photoelastic particles. The photoelastic technique is unique at this time, in its capability to provide detailed particle-scale information on forces and kinematic quantities such as particle displacements and rotations. These experiments first explore isotropic stress states near point J through measurements of the mean contact number per particle, Z, and the pressure, P as functions of the packing fraction, . In this case, the experiments show some but not all aspects of jamming, as expected on the basis of simulations and models that typically assume conservative, hence frictionless, forces between particles. Specifically, there is a rapid growth in Z, at a reasonable which we identify with as c. It is possible to fit Z and P, to power law expressions in - c above c, and to obtain exponents that are in agreement with simulations and models. However, the experiments differ from theory on several points, as typified by the rounding that is observed in Z and P near c. The application of shear to these same 2D granular systems leads to phenomena that are qualitatively different from the standard picture of jamming. In particular, there is a range of packing fractions below c, where the application of shear strain at constant leads to jammed stress-anisotropic states, i.e. they have a non-zero shear stress, τ. The application of shear strain to an initially isotropically compressed (hence jammed) state, does not lead to an unjammed state per se. Rather, shear strain at constant first leads to an increase of both τ and P. Additional strain leads to a succession of jammed states interspersed with relatively localized failures of the force network leading to other stress-anisotropic states that are jammed at typically somewhat lower stress. The locus of jammed states requires a state space that involves not only and τ, but also P. P, τ, and Z are all hysteretic functions of shear strain for fixed . However, we find that both P and τ are roughly linear functions of Z for strains large enough to jam the system. This implies that these shear-jammed states satisfy a Coulomb like-relation, τ = μP. © 2010 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Improving cold chain technologies through the use of phase change material

Gemstone Team FRESH

An Investigation into the Efficacy of a pH-Sensitive Material for Milk Spoilage Detection

Ambiguous expiration dates on milk cartons can mislead consumers into prematurely disposing unspoiled milk and potentially drinking spoiled milk. These misconceptions can lead to wastage that harms the environment, or potential discomfort and illness. The incorporation of pH-sensitive indicators into plastic milk cartons has the potential to replace stamped expiration dates as the traditional method of milk spoilage indication. We studied the correlation between bacteria count and milk pH to establish pH measurement as an effective indicator of milk quality. We then developed a method for incorporating bromothymol blue, a pH-sensitive color-changing dye, into a hydrogel made of polyacrylamide. This hydrogel can be added to existing packaging for milk or other products with detectable pH changes. Additionally, we conducted a consumer survey and analyzed current food packaging trends in the market. Our research indicates that a spoilage-indicating milk carton could have strong market potential as food industries increasingly adopt intelligent packaging designs.

Establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles : efecto de la edad del material de multiplicación y manejo del pastoreo con bovinos

El establecimiento de un sistema silvopastoril (SSP) en plantaciones de álamo (Populus deltoides `Australiano 106/60´) requiere de nuevas estrategias de manejo. En este contexto, la combinación del tipo de material de multiplicación utilizado y su palatabilidad pueden resultar determinantes del éxito de la instalación del sistema. El objetivo general del estudio fue generar una nueva tecnología para la instalación de un SSP con álamos orientado a la producción de madera para múltiples destinos. El primer objetivo consistió en evaluar los cambios que se producen en diferentes distancias de plantación sobre la dimensión y características morfológicas de las guías de álamo, materiales de multiplicación potencialmente aptos para instalar un SSP, y el segundo, determinar el efecto del tamaño y/o edad de las guías sobre el crecimiento del componente arbóreo y la sensibilidad al daño de las mismas frente al pastoreo de ganado bovino en un SSP de álamo. Los resultados indican que los mayores distanciamientos ensayados produjeron las mejores guías de uno, dos y tres años de edad, con mayor DAP, altura total, biomasa aérea, rectitud, conicidad y estabilidad del fuste. Se determinó además que es posible acelerar el ingreso del ganado de cría al SSP utilizando guías con un DAP igual ó mayor a los 6 cm, con una respuesta positiva durante los primeros años de plantación. Las hojas y ramitas tiernas de álamo, productos de una poda de primavera, constituyeron por su buena disponibilidad de PB, P y K y su DE un buen complemento de la dieta animal. Se concluye finalmente que, utilizando guías de álamo como material de multiplicación, es posible producir anticipadamente madera de álamo para usos múltiples, pasturas naturales espontáneas y carne vacuna en los SSP del bajo Delta del Río Paraná.

Establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles : efecto de la edad del material de multiplicación y manejo del pastoreo con bovinos

El establecimiento de un sistema silvopastoril (SSP)en plantaciones de álamo (Populus deltoides `Australiano 106/60´)requiere de nuevas estrategias de manejo. En este contexto, la combinación del tipo de material de multiplicación utilizado y su palatabilidad pueden resultar determinantes del éxito de la instalación del sistema. El objetivo general del estudio fue generar una nueva tecnología para la instalación de un SSP con álamos orientado a la producción de madera para múltiples destinos. El primer objetivo consistió en evaluar los cambios que se producen en diferentes distancias de plantación sobre la dimensión y características morfológicas de las guías de álamo, materiales de multiplicación potencialmente aptos para instalar un SSP, y el segundo, determinar el efecto del tamaño y/o edad de las guías sobre el crecimiento del componente arbóreo y la sensibilidad al daño de las mismas frente al pastoreo de ganado bovino en un SSP de álamo. Los resultados indican que los mayores distanciamientos ensayados produjeron las mejores guías de uno, dos y tres años de edad, con mayor DAP, altura total, biomasa aérea, rectitud, conicidad y estabilidad del fuste. Se determinó además que es posible acelerar el ingreso del ganado de cría al SSP utilizando guías con un DAP igual ó mayor a los 6 cm, con una respuesta positiva durante los primeros años de plantación. Las hojas y ramitas tiernas de álamo, productos de una poda de primavera, constituyeron por su buena disponibilidad de PB, P y K y su DE un buen complemento de la dieta animal. Se concluye finalmente que, utilizando guías de álamo como material de multiplicación, es posible producir anticipadamente madera de álamo para usos múltiples, pasturas naturales espontáneas y carne vacuna en los SSP del bajo Delta del Río Paraná.

El papel como material didáctico en la construcción de la geometría plana

La geometría en el currículo de secundaria se introduce con la intención de proporcionar al alumno una mayor capacidad de comprensión de la organización espacial del mundo que nos rodea, exigiendo para ello un aprendizaje sistematizado. Con este propósito, el ``Grupo PI' trabaja en el desarrollo de actividades para el aula utilizando un material económico y de fácil adquisición como es el papel. El objetivo es proporcionar al profesor un material eficaz para el trabajo en el aula y aproximar a los alumnos a la Geometría Plana a través de una serie de tareas estructuradas que logran una mayor significatividad del proceso de aprendizaje. Se emplearán axiomas del origami para crear secuencias que permitan la construcción de representaciones significativas en los procesos de aprendizaje. Por último, intentaremos mostrar a los profesores la utilidad del papel como material didáctico en la construcción de conocimiento geométrico.

Uso de material fílmico para el aprendiza cooperativo informal en la clase matemáticas

Que la educación por sí misma es una actividad cooperativa, es una afirmación que hasta los propios estudiantes reconocen en sus mejores experiencias educativas en un marco pleno de cooperación, y con la guía adecuada. Como orientación para el desarrollo de actividades en el marco del aprendizaje cooperativo, la organización y esquematización de prescripciones, la identificación de los procesos de aprendizaje, con la correspondiente función de la enseñanza y la orientación para el docente, es que se propone interesar al alumno por el proceso y por los resultados. Para la etapa de aprestamiento como actividad inicial se pensó en una obra cinematográfica: La habitación de Fermat.

Usos educativos del material Thesaurus para la enseñanza de las matemáticas

En este artículo analizamos los tipos de tareas que se pueden realizar con Thesaurus, un diccionario multimedia de matemáticas en red, utilizando el aula de informática para la clase de matemáticas en la ESO. Asimismo valoramos su influencia en el desarrollo de competencias matemáticas. El estudio se centra en el diseño y puesta en práctica de unidades didácticas de geometría con Thesaurus y en el análisis de los resultados de pruebas piloto realizadas por distintos grupos de alumnos.