Determinação da massa molar por crioscopia: terc-butanol, um solvente extremamente adequado

We intend to divulge an easy experiment that permits the determination of molar masses of various compounds by cryoscopy. The major advantage of this is the use of the tert-butyl alcohol as a solvent, which requires simple apparatus and easy procedures. The melting point of this alcohol is around 25 ºC, which makes it easy to freeze and then melt the solutions. This solvent has a high cryoscopic constant and is miscible with both polar and non-polar compounds. The molar masses of acetone, water, chloroform, dichloro-methane, ethanol, hexane, carbon tetrachloride and toluene were determined. The results were good except for water. Even though there are reliable techniques of molar mass determination nowadays, this method is still frequently taught in undergraduate courses.

Determinação de compostos de massa molecular alta em folhas de plantas da Amazônia

The fractIons of dichloromethane extracts of leaves from andiroba (Carapa guianensis - Meliaceae), caapi (Banisteriopsis caapi - Malpighiaceae), cocoa (Theobroma cacao - Sterculiaceae), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa - Lecytidaceae), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum - Sterculiaceae), marupá (Simaruba amara - Simaroubaceae) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis - Euphorbiaceae), were analyzed by HT-HRGC and HT-HRGC-MS. Esters of homologous series of fatty acids and long chain alcohols, phytol, amyrines and tocopherols were characterized. The characterization of the compounds was based mainly in mass spectra data and in addition by usual spectrometric data (¹H and 13C NMR, IR).

Influência de métodos de digestão e massa de amostra na recuperação de nutrientes em resíduos orgânicos

The influence of nitric-perchloric, aqua regia, dry ashing and microwave digestion methods, in combination with 100 and 200 mg of sample, on the characterization and recovery of nutrients in samples of sludge sewage, poultry, swine, quail and bovine manures, organic compost, organic substrate and humic material were studied. Nitric-perchloric digestion with 200 mg samples recovered the higher nutrient contents. The nitric-perchloric method recovered also low levels of K. Dry ashing caused S volatilization and microwave digestion produced dark color extracts and this impaired S determination. Aqua regia recovered the lowest contents of nutrients in the organic residues evaluated.

Alargamento da distribuição de massa molar de polímeros sintetizados com catalisadores metalocênicos dual-site

The main topics related to the use of dual-site catalysts in the production of polymers with broad molecular weight distribution are reviewed. The polymerization using dual-site catalysts is more economical and allows to produce a higher quality product than other processes, such as polymer blend and multistage reactors. However, the formulation of these catalysts is quite complicated since the same catalyst must produce distinct polymer grades. In addition, the release of patents concerning the combination of metallocenes and new technologies for polymerization shows that polymerization processes using dual-site catalysts are of current industrial interest.

Considerações sobre o papel da comunicação científica na educação em química

In the present work, we provide some considerations about the role of scientific communication in Chemistry Education. Such considerations may subsidize the development of communication in scientific language by Chemistry students. These considerations are based on information collected during a participatory research for the production of didactic material about scientific communication. The meetings were audio recorded and the contents of the participants' speeches were divided into categories. The category analysis supported the elaboration of the considerations.

Relevância de compostos de baixa massa molar produzidos por fungos e envolvidos na biodegradação da madeira

Over the last decade, evidences have been shown that the wood biodegradation by fungi is not only a result of the action of their enzymatic machinery but also of various low molecular weight non-enzymatic compounds, especially in fungi that promote brown and white decay, which in nature are the major wood decaying microorganisms. The present review focuses on the recent theories involving these low molecular weight compounds that act direct or synergistically with lignocellulolytic enzymes to attack the wood main macromolecular constituents, their relevance as potential degradative systems, in the overall wood biodegradation, and also outlines their potential biotechnological applications.

Ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molar em solos e materiais orgânicos

Determination of organic acids in soils and organic materials is important due to the important role they play in improving the soil's physical, chemical and microbiological conditions. This study identified and quantified low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) in soils (dystroferric Red Latosol, dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol and Quartzarenic Neosol) and organic materials (cow, pig, chicken, quail and horse manures, sawdust, coconut fiber, pine bark, coffee husks, biochar, organic substrate, sewage sludges 1 and 2, garbage compost, pig slurry compost). The following acids were identified: acetic, citric, D-malic, formic, fumaric, maleic, malonic, oxalic, quinic, shikimic, succinic and tartaric.

Alterações em medicamentos mal acondicionados: uma estratégia para desenvolver habilidades investigativas, comunicação científica e interdisciplinaridade nas aulas de química

The chemist must master a number of abilities. These include a solid knowledge of theory and the capacity to devise theoretical problems. The chemist is also expected to solve problems. In order to improve these abilities, this work aimed to evaluate several tools, such as the use of contextualization, problem-based learning and the interdisciplinary approach. In the methodology developed, undergraduate students had to investigate and propose a hypothesis, suggesting how physical changes took place in inappropriately stored drugs. The interdisciplinary approach is achieved by connecting public interest, chemistry, biology and pharmacology concepts. The tools can improve these abilities required for a well-prepared chemist.

COMUNICAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NO ENSINO SUPERIOR DE QUÍMICA: UMA REVISÃO

The importance of teaching scientific communication skills in undergraduate chemistry courses is well recognized. This paper provides an overview of didactic activities in which students engage to improve these skills. The study was based on an extensive literature review performed on the Journal of Chemical Education and on the Journal of College Science Teaching, in the years spanning from 1991 to 2010, and on The Chemical Educator, from 1996 to 2010. The findings from the study provided an opportunity to expand the knowledge on the variety of methods and contents used to teach scientific communication skills in undergraduate chemistry education, as well as to deepen our understanding of the effects of different approaches to teaching on performance in practice.

EXTRAÇÃO ASSISTIDA POR ULTRASSOM PARA DETERMINAÇÃO COLORIMÉTRICA DE FERRO EM SOLO: UMA COMPARAÇÃO COM ESPECTROMETRIA DE MASSA COM PLASMA INDUTIVAMENTE ACOPLADO

A simple procedure for ultrasound-assisted extraction and colorimetric determination of iron in soil samples was developed. The iron concentration in the analyzed samples was determined by the colorimetric method and the results compared with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fifteen soil samples were analyzed and the iron concentration results compared with those obtained by ICP-MS using microwave-assisted sample digestion. The proposed procedure showed good efficiency for iron extraction and the results obtained by colorimetric determination exhibited good agreement with ICP-MS. Moreover, ultrasound-assisted extraction and colorimetric determination is a simple, fast and low-cost procedure for application in routine analysis.

BLOGS NO ENSINO DE QUÍMICA: ANÁLISE DE COMENTÁRIOS PUBLICADOS EM DISCIPLINA DE COMUNICAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA

Blogs and other technology tools are commonly used in our society. Although we are familiar with the use of technology for social interaction, its application in the classroom environment is still not fully appreciated by the teaching community as a useful learning tool. This paper sheds light on this use by presenting the analysis of the comments posted on a blog used by undergraduate chemistry students for a scientific communication undergraduate course. On the course, students used the blog to ask questions and discuss assignments. All the comments were monitored by the professor and her teaching assistant, who also posted their comments. We analyzed the content of these comments using the model proposed by Henri and adapted by McKenzie and Murphy. The results show a predominance of administrative comments, followed by course content comments. The findings also indicated that this tool complements classroom discussions, supports the participation of students who would otherwise not take part, and allows a continuous learning process for all the students. We concluded that the use of blogs improved the classroom experience and supported the instructional classroom activities.

Partie orientale de la Lapponie suèdoise. Tirée de celles d’Andr Burae(us) et de Isaac Massa. Par le Sr. Sanson geogr’ ord:re du roy

1 kartta : vär. ; 43,8 x 54,8 cm, lehti 46 x 56,7 cm.

Cajanie, ou Bothnie orientale. Tirée de celles d’Andr Burae et de Isaac Massa. Par le S:r Sanson geogr’ ord:re du roy

1 kartta : vär. ; 43,7 x 58 cm, lehti 45,6 x 60 cm.

Espetáculo, comunicação e comunismo em Guy Debord

O presente trabalho se orienta pela hipótese de que a reflexão sobre a linguagem e a crítica do fetichismo mercantil, de Guy Debord, são aspectos inseparáveis de um único e mesmo ponto de partida da crítica da "sociedade do espetáculo", centrado na crítica da linguagem e da forma-mercadoria. Debord se posiciona por uma transição, no que diz respeito ao horizonte da reflexão estética e social sobre a linguagem, do conceito de expressão ao de comunicação ou diálogo. Ele busca recolher e manter, ultrapassando-a, a natureza crítica da expressão não-comunicativa (e, por isso, refratária à "pseudocomunicação" da sociedade burguesa), tal como concebida e experienciada pela arte moderna e as vanguardas do início do século XX, formulando a perspectiva crítica social da comunicação direta.

Relação de massa e localização do escleródio no solo com germinação carpogênica de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum permitem ao fungo conservar seu poder patogênico por vários anos no solo, todavia, são incipientes os estudos que relacionam a massa e a localização dos escleródios no solo com sua patogenicidade. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar se a massa dos escleródios e a sua localização no solo podem interferir na germinação carpogênica de S. sclerotiorum. Os escleródios foram pesados e classificados em seis classes, (C1) escleródios com massa inferior a 0,01 g, (C2) 0,01<0,02 g, (C3) 0,02<0,03 g, (C4) 0,03<0,04 g, (C5) 0,04<0,05 g e (C6) 0,05<0,06 g. Depois, foram acondicionados em caixas gerbox contendo solo umedecido até 100% da saturação, sendo alocados na superfície do solo e enterrados a uma profundidade de 3 cm. Os gerbox foram incubados em câmara BOD, temperatura de 20ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 h. Notou-se maior percentual de germinação carpogênica nos escleródios colocados na superfície do solo em todas as classes analisadas. Foi observada uma tendência em aumentar a germinação carpogênica com o aumento na massa dos escleródios, constatando-se nos escleródios colocados na superfície, germinação de 37,5; 62,5; 75; 87,5; 100 e 100%, enquanto que para os escleródios enterrados foi de 0; 37,5; 37,5; 62,5; 62,5 e 62,5%, nas classes C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 e C6, respectivamente. Ao final das avaliações, os escleródios enterrados apresentaram menor número de estipes e apotécios. Os escleródios C4, C5 e C6, quando na superfície do solo originaram mais estipes e apotécios, enquanto que para os enterrados, apenas os escleródios C5 e C6 proporcionaram maior número de estipes e apotécios por escleródio.