La Constitución ecuatoriana de 1861: el debate (Estudios)

El artículo analiza el proceso de elaboración de la Constitución ecuatoriana de 1861, sus principales innovaciones y los debates que suscitó. Esta carta constitucional amplió el sufragio y modificó la estructura administrativa territorial, y sustituyó la división geográfica del Ecuador en departamentos por provincias. También revisa los impactos regionales que produjo la nueva estructura administrativa. Además, el estudio realiza una descripción de la coyuntura en que ascendió Gabriel García Moreno a la jefatura del Estado ecuatoriano y las discrepancias en torno a las libertades individuales, las políticas económicas y las relaciones entre la Iglesia y el Estado católico.

Los viajes de los indios de Portoviejo a la Corte española: conflictos interétnicos y territoriales (Estudios)

El artículo ofrece una caracterización general de los indios de Portoviejo, en la zona central de la Costa ecuatoriana, a lo largo del período colonial. Se analizan las reacciones de las parcialidades indígenas ante las regulaciones de la administración colonial y las frecuentes disputas con los sectores blancos y mestizos de la región por el control del territorio y la mano de obra. Seguidamente, el artículo describe algunos de los viajes que algunas autoridades étnicas emprendieron hacia España, en procura de que sus quejas y demandas fuesen oídas directamente por el Rey y su corte. Palabras clave: Indígenas, caciques, poderes locales, Colonia, comercio, redes de sociabilidad, tributo, faccionalismo, viajes, Corte española.

Auge y decadencia de la fábrica de hilados y tejidos de algodón La Industrial, 1935-1999 (Estudios)

Este artículo presenta una aproximación general al mundo obrero de Quito, tomando como estudio de caso una de las fábricas de textiles e hilados de la ciudad, entre los años treinta y noventa del siglo XX. El autor presenta, en primer lugar, una descripción sobre la industria en la ciudad, para centrar, luego, su atención en la Fábrica La Industrial, su producción textil, ambiente de trabajo y dinámicas internas, la vida de los obreros, su organización sindical y relaciones con los propietarios de la fábrica. Las fuentes que alimentan el análisis son documentación proveniente de los acervos administrativos de la fábrica, litigios, notas de prensa relacionadas con las protestas y movilizaciones sociales de los trabajadores en reivindicación de sus demandas salariales y laborales, así como testimonios de exobreros de La Industrial.

The effect of term-time employment on UK higher education students

In the UK, participation in higher education has risen over the past two decades, along with a shift of the costs of higher education onto the individual and a move to widening participation among previously underrepresented groups. This has led to changes in the way individuals fund their higher education, in particular a rise in the incidence of term time employment. Term time employment potentially plays a much bigger role than in the past, both as a means for individuals to fund their education and reduce debt, and as a way to gain valuable work experience and increase employability. With the increase in the number of graduates in the UK labour market it is now more important for individuals to be able to differentiate themselves in the labour market.

Who adopts Green Revolution (GR) technology in Ghana?

Sub-Saharan Africa in general and Ghana in particular, missed out on the Green revolution. Efforts are being made to re-introduce the revolution, and this calls for more socio-economic research into the factors influencing the adoption of new technologies, hence, this study. The study sought to find out how socio-economic factors contribute to adoption of Green revolution technology in Ghana. The method of analysis involved a maximum likelihood estimation of a probit model. The proportion of Green revolution inputs was found to be greater for the following: households whose heads had formal education, households with higher levels of non-farm income, credit and labor supply as well as those living in urban centers. It is recommended that levels of complementary inputs such as credit, extension services and infrastructure are increased. Also, households must be encouraged to form farmer-groups as an important source of farm labor. Furthermore, the fundamental problems of illiteracy must be addressed through increasing the levels of formal and non-formal education; and the gap between the rural and urban centers must be bridged through infrastructural and rural development. However, care must be taken to ensure that small-scale farmers are not marginalized, in terms of access to these complementary inputs that go with effective adoption of new technology. With these policies well implemented, Ghana can catch up with her Asian counterparts in this re-introduction of the revolution.

The development of the Virtual Construction Simulator 3: an interactive simulation environment for construction management education

This paper discusses the development of the Virtual Construction Simulator (VCS) 3 - a simulation game-based educational tool for teaching construction schedule planning and management. The VCS3 simulation game engages students in learning the concepts of planning and managing construction schedules through goal driven exploration, employed strategies, and immediate feedback. Through the planning and simulation mode, students learn the difference between the as-planned and as-built schedules resulting from varying factors such as resource availability, weather and labor productivity. This paper focuses on the development of the VCS3 and its construction physics model. Challenges inherent in the process of identifying variables and their relationships to reliably represent and simulate the dynamic nature of planning and managing of construction projects are also addressed.

PANA V : Evaluation of a Literacy Project

PANA V Evaluation of a Literacy ProjectSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThis evaluation set out to explore the impact of the literacy work carried out through PANA V. It focussed on clarifying effects such as empowerment and poverty reduction in relation to the civil society. Two specific objectives were to evaluate the methodological approach and the didactic materials and to evaluate the sustainability of the project.Although the focus of the evaluation has been PANA V, the project has been evaluated in its context, as one in a series of five projects located in Rwanda ten years after the war and genocide. The conclusion will consider future plans in this field.The evaluator has striven to create a holistic picture of the effects of the project, although the given time for the evaluation was short. Only three weeks were spent in the field study and only ten days in the actual field. Although there were some organisational and logistic problems, as is common when carrying out a study like this in a poor country, many literacy sites were visited and quite many participators were interviewed. The overall impression from the study is overwhelmingly positive. So many people commit themselves in this task of teaching Rwandans reading, writing and numeracy. Despite harsh conditions learners strive to learn and group leaders devote themselves to the task. Many leaders on different levels try their very best to manage their difficult and demanding task. The main objective was to explore the impact of the project on poverty reduction, particularly on empowerment and strategies for everyday life. Women were to be regarded particularly. From the results it is clear that the project has a strong, positive impact both on poverty reduction and empowerment of marginalised groups. Among those who have benefited from the alphabetisation are mainly women. Unfortunately, when it comes to leaders in PANA, who may also be said to have benefited from the project, only a small minority is women. This is something that is recommended that it be reconsidered inside the organisation. As a majority of the targeted learners are women, and as the economic and social situation of women in Rwanda is generally weak, this is a question that I recommend the Pentesostal church and ADEPR to look particularly into. With many women being single breadwinners of their households, it is important that also women get access to positions that may bring benefits of different kind.It is also clear that the project has positive effects for the civil society. In the present situation in Rwanda, during the process of reconciliation and rapid progress, basic education for the poor majority is a democratic issue. In a country with a plethora of internet-cafés in the capital and a small minority that use cars and mobile-telephones to communicate nation-wide, it is of outmost importance that the majority acquires basic education, of which literacy is a central part. To strengthen the civil society in Rwanda literacy is important. One central issue is then that Rwanda develops toward becoming a country where literacy is used for the benefit of the citizens and it is a democratic issue that all citizens get an opportunity to participate. Crucial for this is that strong efforts are put into primary schools nation-wide. Literacy projects for adults, like PANA, may only complement these efforts, but they constitute important and necessary complements. Other relevant ways to promote literacy are campaigns in Radio and TV and through cultural events such as festivals, music and theatre. News papers, magazines and books are natural parts of such campaigns as well as adult education. As stated under the results not much can be said about the didactics in this evaluation. On the whole the methodology and the materials fill their function well and receive a high reputation. As people learn to read and write under very simple conditions, obviously the approach is appropriate. A few suggestions may be given from the study:•Focus groups leaders’ attention on clearness, that they show very clearly what is to be read. Good structuring is probably of great importance for many learners.•Make clear what is tested in the tests and consider the possibility to use a holistic test that would be more congruent with the methodology. The possibility to use only one grade, pass, would enable a more practical test, such as reading a short, relevant text, writing something relevant and solving practical mathematic problems. Avoid tests that demand school knowledge.•Avoid using methaphors such as “fight against illiteracy” and connections between illiteracy/literacy and darkness/light. It is not true that illiteracy causes bad things and that literacy only brings good. •Be prepared that it may be more difficult in the future to achieve the goals as it may be the case that the early learners where the ones who achieved easily. The goal of “literacy in six month” in PANA will probably hold only for some learners but also those who do not manage in six months need literacy skills.A third objective was to secure sustainability. As for sustainability of the project in itself, and of the literacy process, the main conclusion is that there is a good potential. The commitment and devotedness among many involved in PANA proves good. One weakness is individual leaders in ADEPR who do not see this as an important task for the Pentecostal church in Rwanda. Other weaknesses are the unwillingness to mention explicitly the wish, for example among group leaders, to get some kind of incentive and the fear of loosing believers by cooperation with other organisations. A higher degree of transparency in this issue would probably solve some irritations and tensions.As for the sustainability of the literacy skills much may be done to improve. The acquired skills seem to be comparably relevant. The level achieved, and the level tested, may be defined as basic literacy skills, consisting of basic reading, writing and numeracy skills. However, these skills are very restricted and there is a high risk that the skills will decline, which means that there is a high risk that people will forget how to read and write because of lack of exercising. From these conclusions a few suggestions for future development will be given.

Friskfaktorer på en enhet : Identifiera & fortsatt bevara

Detta är en kvalitativ studie med syftet att inom en enhet på Stockholms Stad identifiera friskfaktorer och undersöka vad som krävs för att fortsatt bevara dessa. Vidare är syftet att undersöka vilket stöd som är nödvändigt för bevarandet samt HR-funktionens roll i detta avseende. Enheten är, sett till sjukfrånvaro, en välmående grupp som står inför förändringar inom marknaden och målsättning då de påverkas av det nyligen genomförda regeringsskiftet. Ett frågeverktyg användes för att framställa de åtta viktigaste dimensionerna av det attraktiva arbetet och en fördjupad diskussion kring dessa fördes sedan under en fokusgruppsintervju tillsammans med enhetens medarbetare. Resultatet visade att de viktigaste dimensionerna var bland annat arbetstid och relationer. Vidare påvisades att en balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv är av stor vikt för medarbetarnas hälsa och välmående. För att fortsatt bevara det attraktiva i arbetet visade empirin att gruppens relationer och ledaren var nyckelfaktorer och att HR-funktionen, den personalstrategiska avdelningen, enbart bidrar med en administrativ och vägledande roll i frågan om stöd. Arbetets slutsatser innefattar att bevarandet av friskfaktorer kräver att tillvaron måste vara begriplig, hanterlig och meningsfull men även att medarbetarna behöver rimliga krav i relation till deras handlingsutrymme. En vidare slutsats är behovet av en förändring i ledarskapsbeteendet i kommande stadier då gruppen eventuellt kommer att hamna i en ny mognadsfas på grund förändrade omständigheter. Författarna drar även slutsatsen att friskfaktorer är till viss del individuellt beroende på livssituation men att balansen mellan arbetsliv och privatliv är betydande för de flesta. HR-funktionen, den personalstrategiska avdelningen, har en informativ och administrativ roll i frågan om stöd och författarna anser att det ligger en logik i denna roll. Sett till organisationens storlek är det lättare att vända psykosociala frågor till företagshälsovård eller en psykologgrupp och få det arbetsrättsliga stödet eller information från HR-funktionen.

The Schwarmgeister: The Development of Ecclesiastical Doctrine Through Schismatic Movements

Throughout the Christian story, Church doctrine and ecclesiology have been shrouded in controversy. From the Council of Nicea in 325, when are early Church fathers debated about the Trinity of Christ all the way to the modern day with Vatican II theological controversies have been important in the molding of Christian doctrine on the structure, role, and function of the Church. What makes those controversies different from the ones I treat in my thesis is that the previously mentioned controversies did not lead to schismatic divisions in the Church. The Donatist controversy and Luther's theological battle with Karlstadt were major movements that endangered the unity of the Church. These controversies propagated crucial writings and teachings in two major areas. The first area is the spiritual power and validity of the sacraments. Second is the role, function, and ecclesiology of the Church, with particular attention to the authority of the ministry. I want to demonstrate that these controversies refined the Church's thinking on sacramental issues such as baptism and Eucharist, as well as address the question of who has the power in the Church? And to what extent do they have the power to press reforms?

Income inequality in a job-search model with heterogeneous time preferences

This paper explores the use of an intertemporal job-search model in the investigation of within-cohort and between-cohort income inequality, the latter being generated by the heterogeneity of time preferences among cohorts of homogenous workers and the former by the cross-sectional turnover in the job market. It also offers an alternative explanation for the empirically-documented negative correlation between time preference and labor income. Under some speciÖc distributions regarding wage offers and time preferences, we show how the within-cohort and between-cohort Gini coe¢ cients of income distribution can be calculated, and how they vary as a function of the parameters of the model.

Alceu Amoroso Lima e o regime militar: 1964-1968

Este trabalho busca analisar um breve, mas rico, período da trajetória de Alceu Amoroso Lima, ou Tristão de Athayde, seu pseudônimo, considerado um dos principais pensadores católicos do século XX. Os anos compreendidos entre 1964 e 1968 servem como um ensaio para aquela que chamamos aqui de fase de radicalização, quando o escritor, por meio de seus artigos publicados semanalmente no Jornal do Brasil, desfere duras críticas ao regime militar implantado em 1964. Durante estes anos, a política, que sempre permeou seus livros e colunas nos jornais, passa a ser a tônica de tudo o que escreve, junto com os acontecimentos que marcaram a Igreja Católica e a sociedade brasileira. A análise desta pesquisa é feita tendo como fontes principais as cartas trocadas diariamente entre o jornalista e sua filha, madre Maria Teresa, e os artigos que publicava semanalmente no Jornal do Brasil. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com personalidades que conviveram com Alceu e analisadas entrevistas concedidas por ele e depois publicadas em livros.

Dinâmica regional no Brasil: convergência ou divergência

A pesquisa visa a examinar as conseqüências da dinâmica de (sub)desenvolvimento econômico espacial brasileiro sobre o grau de disparidades regionais. O trabalho objetiva avaliar se as diferentes intensidades e velocidades das transformações produtivas nos sistemas econômicos regionais levaram a uma situação de maior convergência ou divergência entre os respectivos níveis de desenvolvimento observados na atualidade brasileira. A análise abrangerá um período a partir de meados da década de 80 até o período mais recente, para o qual estão disponíveis as informações estatísticas. A finalidade da análise é verificar também as mudanças setoriais no contexto das realidades econômicas regionais, a partir de vários enfoques, isto é, enquanto geração de produto e absorção de mão-de-obra.

O emprego na teoria econômica

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é a teoria do emprego segundo os modelos macroeconômicos mais conhecidos. No início, abordamos a controvérsia sobre o conceito de desemprego no contexto dos mercados em equilíbrio, enfoque que consideramos inadequado para explicar as atuais taxas de desemprego, inclusive nos países desenvolvidos. De nossa parte, consideremos o desemprego, mais um problema social, cujas raízes se encontram no conflito de classes e no tipo de organização da sociedade, do que uma simples disfunção do sistema econômico. A teoria econômica sempre teve grande dificuldade em lidar com a variável trabalho e a economia do trabalho não possui uma estrutura básica. Este ensaio explora a vertente da economia do trabalho contida nos modelos macroeconômicos sem a preocupação de obter conclusões definitivas.

Aspectos humanos e trabalhistas: códigos de conduta do setor de gás e petróleo

A presença de uma empresa internacionalmente significa também a disseminação mundial de seu Código de Conduta de Responsabilidade Social (Código de CRS). É portanto necessário um certo controle do conteúdo desses Códigos. As regras e padrões internacionais podem desempenhar este papel. O setor de gás e petróleo causa grande impacto nas comunidades em que as empresas exercem suas atividades. O mesmo se pode afirmar em relação aos seus Códigos de CRS. Este estudo examina, então, duas vertentes distintas mas convergentes. De um lado, o estudo comparativo de como os Códigos de CRS das empresas do setor de gás e petróleo tratam dos humanos e trabalhistas. De outro, examina-se a conformidade ou falta de conformidade dos Códigos de CRS com os tratados, convenções, normas e padrões internacionais. Estratégias podem então ser propostas ao setor de gás e petróleo, para a melhoria dos direitos humanos e trabalhistas de seus Códigos de CRS. Com isso atende-se às necessidades das comunidades envolvidas e, também, cria-se valor para as empresas do setor de gás e petróleo.

Sofrimento psíquico nas organizações: um estudo exploratório junto ao corpo médico de um hospital público no município de Niterói

Essa dissertação foi escrita com o objetivo de promover a discussão sobre o sofrimento psíquico no trabalho. Tema atual, presente na vida de todos os trabalhadores, sejam quais forem suas nacionalidades, sexo, raça, faixa etária, nível de escolaridade, enfim, sujeitos possuidores de subjetividade e de desejo. Contudo, muitas vezes o sofrimento é negado pelas organizações produtivas públicas ou privadas. O sofrimento no trabalho é vivido no quotidiano das organizações como uma carga psíquica responsável por doenças físicas e psicológicas, desajustes emocionais, conflitos interpessoais dentro e fora do ambiente de trabalho, vícios, violência familiar e urbana. O polimorfismo do sofrimento aliado a sua negação pelas organizações e sindicatos confunde e envergonha o trabalhador, que passa a vivê-lo de forma individualizada e solitária. A investigação do tema teve como substrato teórico os estudos sobre psicopatologia do trabalho desenvolvidos por Christophe Dejours e seus seguidores. Além da literatura específica, buscou-se recorrer aos estudos da psicanálise e da teoria geral da administração com o objetivo de proporcionar uma ampla análise do fenômeno abordado. Finalmente, foi realizado um estudo exploratório em uma organização pública, o Hospital Getúlio Vargas Filho, com o objetivo de ilustrar o tema, abordando as questões mais significativas a ele relacionadas.