Increasing fruit and vegetable intake has no effect on retinal vessel caliber in adults at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Retinal vessel abnormalities are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. To date, there are no trials investigating the effect of dietary factors on the retinal microvasculature. This study examined the dose response effect of fruit and vegetable (FV) intake on retinal vessel caliber in overweight adults at high CVD risk.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Following a 4 week washout period, participants were randomized to consume either 2 or 4 or 7 portions of FV daily for 12 weeks. Retinal vessel caliber was measured at baseline and post-intervention. A total of 62 participants completed the study. Self-reported FV intake indicated good compliance with the intervention, with serum concentrations of zeaxanthin and lutein increasing significantly across the groups in a dose-dependent manner (P for trend < 0.05). There were no significant changes in body composition, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure or fasting blood lipid profiles in response to the FV intervention. Increasing age was a significant determinant of wider retinal venules (P = 0.004) whereas baseline systolic blood pressure was a significant determinant of narrower retinal arterioles (P = 0.03). Overall, there was no evidence of any short-term dose-response effect of FV intake on retinal vessel caliber (CRAE (P = 0.92) or CRVE (P = 0.42)).

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated no effect of increasing FV intake on retinal vessel caliber in overweight adults at high risk of developing primary CVD.

Treatment of aqueous effluents contaminated with ionic liquids

Ionic liquids are a class of solvents that, due to their unique properties, have been proposed in the past few years as alternatives to some hazardous volatile organic compounds. They are already used by industry, where it was possible to improve different processes by the incorporation of this kind of non-volatile and often liquid solvents. However, even if ionic liquids cannot contribute to air pollution, due to their negligible vapour pressures, they can be dispersed thorough aquatic streams thus contaminating the environment. Therefore, the main goals of this work are to study the mutual solubilities between water and different ionic liquids in order to infer on their environmental impact, and to propose effective methods to remove and, whenever possible, recover ionic liquids from aqueous media. The liquid-liquid phase behaviour of different ionic liquids and water was evaluated in the temperature range between (288.15 and 318.15) K. For higher melting temperature ionic liquids a narrower temperature range was studied. The gathered data allowed a deep understanding on the structural effects of the ionic liquid, namely the cation core, isomerism, symmetry, cation alkyl chain length and the anion nature through their mutual solubilities (saturation values) with water. The experimental data were also supported by the COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), and for some more specific systems, molecular dynamics simulations were also employed for a better comprehension of these systems at a molecular level. On the other hand, in order to remove and recover ionic liquids from aqueous solutions, two different methods were studied: one based on aqueous biphasic systems, that allowed an almost complete recovery of hydrophilic ionic liquids (those completely miscible with water at temperatures close to room temperature) by the addition of strong salting-out agents (Al2(SO4)3 or AlK(SO4)2); and the other based on the adsorption of several ionic liquids onto commercial activated carbon. The first approach, in addition to allowing the removal of ionic liquids from aqueous solutions, also makes possible to recover the ionic liquid and to recycle the remaining solution. In the adsorption process, only the removal of the ionic liquid from aqueous solutions was attempted. Nevertheless, a broad understanding of the structural effects of the ionic liquid on the adsorption process was attained, and a final improvement on the adsorption of hydrophilic ionic liquids by the addition of an inorganic salt (Na2SO4) was also achieved. Yet, the development of a recovery process that allows the reuse of the ionic liquid is still required for the development of sustainable processes.

Heritability and The Units of Selection: A defense of Genic Selectionism

Tesina elaborada para obtener el MPhil en la Universidad de Cambridge, Inglaterra, 1987

Satisfação do cliente na área da restauração

Dissertação de Mestrado , Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

An efficient parallel implementation of a least squares problem

Least squares solutions are a very important problem, which appear in a broad range of disciplines (for instance, control systems, statistics, signal processing). Our interest in this kind of problems lies in their use of training neural network controllers.

Die Generation Y : Arbeitnehmer der Zukunft. Herausforderungen für das Personalmanagement

Die Generation der ab den 1980er Jahren Geborenen, genannt Generation Y, tritt seit einiger Zeit als Arbeitnehmer in die Arbeitsmärkte ein. Im Jahr 2020 wird diese Gruppe die Hälfte der Arbeitnehmer in der Bundesrepublik ausmachen. Lebensstil, Globalisierung, kulturelles und mediales Angebot führen bei dieser Generation auch in der Arbeitswelt zu anderen Erwartungen und Ansprüchen als dies bei vorherigen Generationen der Fall war. In Literatur und Studien wird diese Generation fast ausschließlich als selbstbewusst, ehrgeizig, aufstrebend, sozial engagiert und mobil beschrieben. Vor dem Hintergrund des zu erwartenden Fachkräftemangels widmet sich diese Arbeit unter anderem der Frage, mit welchen Instrumenten das Personalmanagement der Unternehmen auf diese Situation reagieren kann, um bei der Gewinnung und Bindung von Mitarbeitern erfolgreich zu sein.

A Taxonomy for Developing Cultural Competence

This paper proposes a taxonomy to develop culturally competent practitioners. Arguments about what this might mean and how this could be achieved are discussed first, identifying problems with multicultural and antiracist approaches. The model follows the cognitive, emotional and behavioural levels of Steinaker and Bell's experiential taxonomy. Five elements are proposed: cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural understanding, cultural sensitivity and cultural competence. These could address, in increasingly sophisticated and increasingly praxis-oriented ways, issues of power and the construction of meanings and identities which go beyond essentialist notions of ethnicity.

What Attitude Changes Are Needed to Cause SMEs to Take a Strategic Approach to Information Security?

Spending on security in an SME usually has to compete with demands for hardware, infrastructure, and strategic applications. In this paper, the authors seek to explore the reasons why smaller SMEs in particular have consistently failed to see securing information as strategic year-on-year spending, and just regard as part of an overall tight IT budget. The authors scrutinise the typical SMEs reasoning for choosing to see non-spending on security as an acceptable strategic risk. They look particularly at possible reasons why SMEs tend not to take much notice of "scare stories" in the media based on research showing they are increasingly at risk, whilst larger businesses are taking greater precautions and become more difficult to penetrate. The results and their analysis provide useful pointers towards broader business environment changes that would cause SMEs to be more risk-averse and ethical in their approach to securing their own and their clients’ information.

Adaptação na transição do pré-escolar para o 1º ano de escolaridade : delineamento e avaliação da eficácia de um programa de intervenção

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia da Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2015

A Educação em Direitos Humanos através da discussão e ação sociopolítica sobre controvérsias sociocientíficas e socioambientais

A sociedade atual, marcada por dilemas morais e políticos suscitados pelo crescimento científico e tecnológico, só será verdadeiramente democrática quando as decisões sobre as opções científicas e tecnológicas deixarem de ser entendidas como responsabilidade exclusiva de especialistas, de governos nacionais ou instâncias internacionais. A ignorância e o medo da ciência e da tecnologia podem escravizar os cidadãos na servidão do século XXI, tornando-os estranhos na sua própria sociedade e completamente dependentes da opinião de especialistas (Prewitt, 1983). Torna-se vital a passagem progressiva do conceito de cidadão passivo, governado por uma elite iluminada, para um conceito de cidadão ativo predisposto e apto a participar em processos de decisão sobre as opções de desenvolvimento que lhe são apresentadas. É neste contexto que surge o projeto “We Act”, focado na capacitação de professores e alunos para a realização de ações coletivas sobre controvérsias sociocientíficas e socioambientais (Reis, 2014a,b). Perante a gravidade das problemáticas que afetam o mundo atual, considera-se que não basta envolver os alunos na identificação e na discussão destas questões, tornando-se indispensável capacitá-los para ações coletivas fundamentadas que possam contribuir para a resolução desses problemas. Esta capacitação passa pelo desenvolvimento de competências de cidadania ativa e de consciência e eficácia políticas. Torna-se necessário que tanto professores como alunos (independentemente da sua idade) se sintam com o direito e a capacidade (o poder) de intervenção social. Com este projeto, pretende-se contrariar práticas de educação em ciência que promovem a conformidade relativamente ao conhecimento autorizado e ao discurso científico e encorajam os alunos a procurarem a aprovação de uma autoridade legitimada para validar as suas ações, em vez de os implicarem em discurso e ação críticos e democráticos (Désautels e Larochelle, 2003; Roth e Lee, 2002). Para tal, o projeto “We Act” baseia-se nos pilares da investigação, da discussão e da ação.

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwaveassisted extraction and liquid chromatography

A methodology based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and LC with fluorescence detection (FLD) was investigated for the efficient determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) regarded as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene in atmospheric particulate samples. PAHs were successfully extracted from real outdoor particulate matter (PM) samples with recoveries ranging from 81.4±8.8 to 112.0±1.1%, for all the compounds except for naphthalene (62.3±18.0%) and anthracene (67.3±5.7%), under the optimum MAE conditions (30.0 mL of ACN for 20 min at 110ºC). No clean-up steps were necessary prior to LC analysis. LOQs ranging from 0.0054 ng/m3 for benzo( a)anthracene to 0.089 ng/m3 for naphthalene were reached. The validated MAE methodology was applied to the determination of PAHs from a set of real world PM samples collected in Oporto (north of Portugal). The sum of particulate-bound PAHs in outdoor PM ranged from 2.5 and 28 ng/m3.

CuxSnSx+1 (x = 2, 3) thin films grown by sulfurization of metallic precursors deposited by dc magnetron sputtering

We report the results of the growth of Cu-Sn-S ternary chalcogenide compounds by sulfurization of dc magnetron sputtered metallic precursors. Tetragonal Cu2SnS3 forms for a maximum sulfurization temperature of 350 ºC. Cubic Cu2SnS3 is obtained at sulfurization temperatures above 400 ºC. These results are supported by XRD analysis and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The latter analysis shows peaks at 336 cm-1, 351 cm-1 for tetragonal Cu2SnS3, and 303 cm-1, 355 cm-1 for cubic Cu2SnS3. Optical analysis shows that this phase change lowers the band gap from 1.35 eV to 0.98 eV. At higher sulfurization temperatures increased loss of Sn is expected in the sulphide form. As a consequence, higher Cu content ternary compounds like Cu3SnS4 grow. In these conditions, XRD and Raman analysis only detected orthorhombic (Pmn21) phase (petrukite). This compound has Raman peaks at 318 cm-1, 348 cm-1 and 295 cm-1. For a sulfurization temperature of 450 ºC the samples present a multi-phase structure mainly composed by cubic Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. For higher temperatures, the samples are single phase and constituted by orthorhombic (Pmn21) Cu3SnS4. Transmittance and reflectance measurements were used to estimate a band gap of 1.60 eV. For comparison we also include the results for Cu2ZnSnS4 obtained using similar growth conditions.

Os diferentes tipos de resultados nas cooperativas

O objetivo desta comunicação consiste em identificar os tipos de resultados nas cooperativas, compreender o tratamento contabilístico dos mesmos e aferir se o normativo contabilístico em vigor permite evidenciar as especificidades daqueles. Deste modo, utilizando uma metodologia qualitativa, com recurso à análise de conteúdo e a uma análise empírica, procede-se a uma reflexão sobre o regime jurídico e contabilístico dos resultados das cooperativas em Portugal. A informação obtida mostra que o tratamento contabilístico dos resultados não está devidamente adequado à realidade das cooperativas, por duas razões: em primeiro lugar não são claramente identificáveis na lei os diferentes tipos de resultados; em segundo lugar, contata-se que os resultados nas cooperativas têm o mesmo tratamento contabilístico dos resultados nas sociedades comerciais, apesar das diferenças substanciais entre as formas jurídicas. De facto, o objetivo das cooperativas não se traduz na obtenção de um lucro, mas corresponde a um escopo mutualístico, uma vez que estas entidades visam, a título principal a satisfação das necessidades económicas e sociais dos seus membros. Por sua vez, as sociedades comerciais visam, a título principal, a obtenção do lucro. Em conformidade, defendemos a alteração do enquadramento contabilístico aplicável às cooperativas, para que dessa forma se evidencie o real objeto destas, designadamente o seu escopo mutualístico, e deste modo se diferencie nos documentos contabilísticos os diferentes tipos de resultados. Impõe-se designadamente uma contabilização separada dos resultados cooperativos e dos resultados extracooperativos e extraordinários. Esta contabilização separada é essencial desde logo por razões fiscais, uma vez que o regime fiscal aplicável a cada um dos tipos de resultados é diferenciado. A nível contabilístico, as demonstrações financeiras deveriam evidenciar os diferentes tipos de resultados, por forma a refletir a imagem verdadeira e apropriada do desempenho da cooperativa.

Aplicação do modelo escoras e tirantes a vigas parede de acordo com o Eurocódigo 2:2010

O Modelo Escoras e Tirantes surgiu no início do Século XX quando Ritter e Mörsch estabeleceram a analogia entre uma treliça clássica e uma viga de betão armado. Desde então pesquisadores têm estudado esse modelo como método de dimensionamento. A partir dos anos 90 várias normas apresentaram a utilização do modelo escoras e tirantes como relevante no dimensionamento de elementos de betão armado. Os critérios de segurança do Modelo Escoras e Tirantes são neste trabalho explicados de acordo com o Eurocódigo 2:2010, e comparadas com as normas NBR 6118:2014 e ACI 318:2011. É unanime dizer que a utilização do método torna-se mais vantajosa para regiões de descontinuidade. Em todos os elementos de betão armado, o Método Escoras e Tirantes são representações dos campos de tensão idealizados por elementos comprimidos e tracionados. Para a definição destes elementos é proposto o processo de “caminho de carga” em que conhecidas as tensões elásticas e suas direções principais utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos o modelo das escoras e tirantes é de fácil concepção. É também possível a definição deste a partir de modelos padrão já concebidos para determinados tipos de elementos estruturais de betão armado. Para o elemento descontinuo viga-parede estudado foram apresentados cinco modelos de cálculo até otimizar a solução validando as tensões com o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Em todos os modelos foram analisadas a definição do Modelo Escoras e Tirantes, a resistência das escoras, dos tirantes e dos nós até chegar à solução construtiva da viga-parede. Concluiu-se que a definição do modelo é a chave do dimensionamento.

Training medical students to conduct motivational interviewing: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) training among medical students. METHODS: All students (n=131) (year 5) at Lausanne Medical School, Switzerland were randomized into an experimental or a control group. After a training in basic communication skills (control condition), an 8-h MI training was completed by 84.8% students in the exprimental group. One week later, students in both groups were invited to meet with two standardized patients. MI skills were coded by blinded research assistants using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity 3.0. RESULTS: Superior MI performance was shown for trained versus control students, as demonstrated by higher scores for "Empathy" [p<0.001] and "MI Spirit" [p<0.001]. Scores were similar between groups for "Direction", indicating that students in both groups invited the patient to talk about behavior change. Behavior counts assessment demonstrated better performance in MI in trained versus untrained students regarding occurences of MI-adherent behavior [p<0.001], MI non-adherent behavior [p<0.001], Closed questions [p<0.001], Open questions [p=0.001], simple reflections [p=0.03], and Complex reflections [p<0.001]. Occurrences were similar between groups regarding "Giving information". CONCLUSION: An 8-h training workshop was associated with improved MI performance. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: These findings lend support for the implementation of MI training in medical schools.