Share and Strife - The Strait of Melaka and the Portuguese (16th and 17th centuries)

The Strait of Melaka is the longest strait in the world, stretching for about 800 km from the northern tip of Sumatra to Singapore. It exhibits a dual character like no other, being simultaneously a privileged linking passage of two seas and two knots of human civilization – India and China – and a »bottleneck« that constrains the maritime connections between them. Today, the latter aspect is globally dominant. The strait is considered and analysed mostly as an obstacle rather than a linking point: how to reach China from the West or elsewhere is no longer an issue, but securing the vital flows that pass into the strait on a daily basis undoubtedly is. Accidents, natural catastrophes, political local crises or terrorist attacks are permanent dangers that could cut this umbilical cord of world trade and jeopardize a particularly sensitive and vulnerable area; piracy and pollution are the most common local threats and vulnerabilities.

Ion-beam sources based on superionic solid electrolytes

An ion emitter consisting of a sharp silver tip covered in RbAg4I5 solid electrolyte film has been developed and studied. An accelerating potential is applied and Ag+ ions are emitted from the tip’s apex by field evaporation. The emitted ions are collected by a Faraday cup, producing a current on the pico/nanoampere level which is read by an electrometer. The tips were produced mechanically by sandpaper polishing. The sharpest tip produced had a 2:4 m apex radius. Two deposition methods were studied: thermal vacuum and pulsed laser deposition. The best tip produced a peak current value of 96nA at 180oC, and a quasi-stable 4nA emission current at 160oC, both using an extraction potential of 10kV . The emission dependence on time, temperature and accelerating potential has been studied. Deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), profilometry, optical and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements. Several ion emitters were developed, the latter ones were all able to maintain stable high ion emissions for long periods of time. This investigation was a continuation of an ongoing project backed by the European Space Agency, with the objective of making a proof of concept of this kind of ion emitter with potential application on ion thrusters for orbiting satellites. Going forward, it would be interesting to make a finer analysis of the electrolyte’s conductivity at high temperatures, explore Wien Effect-based emission and to further develop a multi-tip ion emitter prototype.

US fiscal dynamics in political perspective

Given the importance of fiscal balance for ensuring a sustainable fiscal policy, we conduct an empirical examination of fiscal dynamics in the United States in response to unsustainable budget deviations. We concentrate on the role of political factors, namely the Republican - Democrat presidential divide, in determining the fiscal response to budget disequilibria. Making use of an asymmetric cointegration framework, we explore politically motivated fiscal asymmetries in the US, from Eisenhower to Obama. We conclude that political factors such as the government’s political quadrant and the timing of elections are important determinants of the fiscal response to unsustainable budget deviations.

Critical analysis of the allocation policy for liver transplantation in Brazil

Liver transplantation is now the standard treatment for end-stage liver disease. Given the shortage of liver donors and the progressively higher number of patients waiting for transplantation, improvements in patient selection and optimization of timing for transplantation are needed. Several solutions have been suggested, including increasing the donor pool; a fair policy for allocation, not permitting variables such as age, gender, and race, or third-party payer status to play any role; and knowledge of the natural history of each liver disease for which transplantation is offered. To observe ethical rules and distributive justice (guarantee to every citizen the same opportunity to get an organ), the "sickest first" policy must be used. Studies have demonstrated that death has no relationship with waiting time, but rather with the severity of liver disease at the time of inclusion. Thus, waiting time is no longer part of the United Network for Organ Sharing distribution criteria. Waiting time only differentiates between equally severely diseased patients. The authors have analyzed the waiting list mortality and 1-year survival for patients of the State of São Paulo, from July 1997 through January 2001. Only the chronological criterion was used. According to "Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo" data, among all waiting list deaths, 82.2% occurred within the first year, and 37.6% within the first 3 months following inclusion. The allocation of livers based on waiting time is neither fair nor ethical, impairs distributive justice and human rights, and does not occur in any other part of the world.

Relatório de estágio curricular Federação Portuguesa de Futebol

This report aims to present the work that has been developed throughout the internship in the Portuguese Football Federation. First it is presented a characterization of the host institution, not only on its legal framework, but also on how it works. Then it´s revealed the work done during the internship, which consisted mainly in the preparation of a study about the opened / litigated cases in season 2012/2013 in what football concerns, that is to say, those cases where the Portuguese Football Federation Disciplinary Board, which is always the decision-making body, had direct intervention. The study is separated into two sections (one regards the professional football and the other the non-professional football) because each one have their own competence, and the processes obey to different formalities in the two sections. Within each section are defined all process forms, and it’s made an evaluation about their decisions and the timing of each procedural stage. What is expected with this work is that it can clarify and promote some aspects of the functioning of the sports justice in what football concerns.

Ajustamento pelo risco : da conceptualização à operacionalização

RESUMO - As organizações de saúde, em geral, e os hospitais, em particular, são frequentemente reconhecidos por terem particularidades e especificidades que conferem uma especial complexidade ao seu processo produtivo e à sua gestão (Jacobs, 1974; Butler, 1995). Neste sentido, na literatura hospitalar emergem alguns temas como prioritários tanto na investigação como na avaliação do seu funcionamento, nomeadamente os relacionados com a produção, com o financiamento, com a qualidade, com a eficiência e com a avaliação do seu desempenho. O estado da arte da avaliação do desempenho das organizações de saúde parece seguir a trilogia definida por Donabedian (1985) — Estrutura, Processo e Resultados. Existem diversas perspectivas para a avaliação do desempenho na óptica dos Resultados — efectividade, eficiência ou desempenho financeiro. No entanto, qualquer que seja a utilizada, o ajustamento pelo risco é necessário para se avaliar a actividade das organizações de saúde, como forma de medir as características dos doentes que podem influenciar os resultados de saúde. Como possíveis indicadores de resultados, existem a mortalidade (resultados finais), as complicações e as readmissões (resultados intermédios). Com excepção dos estudos realizados por Thomas (1996) e Thomas e Hofer (1998 e 1999), praticamente ninguém contesta a relação entre estes indicadores e a efectividade dos cuidados. Chamando, no entanto, a atenção para a necessidade de se definirem modelos de ajustamento pelo risco e ainda para algumas dificuldades conceptuais e operacionais para se atingir este objectivo. Em relação à eficiência técnica dos hospitais, os indicadores tradicionalmente mais utilizados para a sua avaliação são os custos médios e a demora média. Também neste domínio, a grande maioria dos estudos aponta para que a gravidade aumenta o poder justificativo do consumo de recursos e que o ajustamento pelo risco é útil para avaliar a eficiência dos hospitais. Em relação aos sistemas usados para medir a severidade e, consequentemente, ajustar pelo risco, o seu desenvolvimento apresenta, na generalidade, dois tipos de preocupações: a definição dos suportes de recolha da informação e a definição dos momentos de medição. Em última instância, o dilema que se coloca reside na definição de prioridades e daquilo que se pretende sacrificar. Quando se entende que os aspectos financeiros são determinantes, então será natural que se privilegie o recurso quase exclusivo a elementos dos resumos de alta como suporte de recolha da informação. Quando se defende que a validade de construção e de conteúdo é um aspecto a preservar, então o recurso aos elementos dos processos clínicos é inevitável. A definição dos momentos de medição dos dados tem repercussões em dois níveis de análise: na neutralidade económica do sistema e na prospectividade do sistema. O impacto destas questões na avaliação da efectividade e da eficiência dos hospitais não é uma questão pacífica, visto que existem autores que defendem a utilização de modelos baseados nos resumos de alta, enquanto outros defendem a supremacia dos modelos baseados nos dados dos processos clínicos, para finalmente outros argumentarem que a utilização de uns ou outros é indiferente, pelo que o processo de escolha deve obedecer a critérios mais pragmáticos, como a sua exequibilidade e os respectivos custos de implementação e de exploração. Em relação às possibilidades que neste momento se colocam em Portugal para a utilização e aplicação de sistemas de ajustamento pelo risco, verifica-se que é praticamente impossível a curto prazo aplicar modelos com base em dados clínicos. Esta opção não deve impedir que a médio prazo se altere o sistema de informação dos hospitais, de forma a considerar a eventualidade de se utilizarem estes modelos. Existem diversos problemas quando se pretendem aplicar sistemas de ajustamento de risco a populações diferentes ou a subgrupos distintos das populações donde o sistema foi originalmente construído, existindo a necessidade de verificar o ajustamento do modelo à população em questão, em função da sua calibração e discriminação.

Fatigue life assessment of endodontic instruments subjected to multi planar curvature

This present study aimed to investigate the fatigue life of unused (new) endodontic instruments made of NiTi with control memory by Coltene™ and subjected to the multi curvature of a mandibular first molar root canal. Additionally, the instrument‟s structural behaviour was analysed through non-linear finite element analysis (FEA). The fatigue life of twelve Hyflex™ CM files was assessed while were forced to adopt a stance with multiple radius of curvature, similar to the ones usually found in a mandibular first molar root canal; nine of them were subjected to Pecking motion, a relative movement of axial type. To achieve this, it was designed an experimental setup with the aim of timing the instruments until fracture while worked inside a stainless steel mandibular first molar model with relative axial motion to simulate the pecking motion. Additionally, the model‟s root canal multi-curvature was confirmed by radiography. The non-linear finite element analysis was conducted using the computer aided design software package SolidWorks™ Simulation, in order to define the imposed displacement required by the FEA, it was necessary to model an endodontic instrument with simplified geometry using SolidWorks™ and subsequently analyse the geometry of the root canal CAD model. The experimental results shown that the instruments subjected to pecking motion displayed higher fatigue life values and higher lengths of fractured tips than those with only rotational relative movement. The finite element non-linear analyses shown, for identical conditions, maximum values for the first principal stress lower than the yield strength of the material and those were located in similar positions to the instrument‟s fracture location determined by the experimental testing results.

Portuguese footwear

This case study deals with the reasons why the Portuguese Footwear Cluster evolved from a small industry focused on the Portuguese internal market into a high-tech industry capable of designing and producing some of the best and most expensive shoes in the world. It went from using the low labor costs of an under-developed economy to produce long series of shoes for pre-designated brands in Northern Europe to having the ability to produce some of the highest quality shoes in the world, in small orders, designed and delivered in record timing, while offering a service of excellence. In 1960, when Portugal became a founding member of EFTA, the footwear industry in Portugal was globally irrelevant, producing low quality shoes directed to the puny internal market and its African colonies. The new free trade zone with economies much more developed that itself, led to the transfer of the labor-intensive, low skilled manufacture from the UK and Scandinavian countries to Portugal. Mostly through joint ventures, the industry was able to mechanize itself so it could produce shoes in long series at low prices. It grew based on that model up until the 1990s, when the emergence of the Asian countries meant either a different strategy or extinction. Taking advantage of a clarified leadership of its trade association, it used the European funds made available to it during the 1990s, to modernize its factory floors, so it could become more nimble and flexible, expand its design capabilities and dramatically change its image abroad. The role of the trade association, APICCAPS, was instrumental throughout the process going well beyond what came to be expected of trade associations. It used its privileged position to provide understanding regarding the current situation and competitive landscape, alerting for changes ahead and at the same time providing a strategic vision on how to deal with the challenges. Moreover, it helped companies get the resources they needed by creating a research center in collaboration with a University, by creating a process that allowed companies to learn from each other via the show casing of projects sponsored by the association or by helping industrials traveling to locations where new customers could be found. The case study provides insight on how the trade association leadership, which has no formal authority over its members, was able to guide and motivate an industry through a consistent positive approach. That approach focused on the solutions, on the opportunities and on the success stories of companies in the cluster rather than on what was wrong or needed to be addressed. Based on this case, one could use the leadership role of the trade association to discuss and change leaders’ roles and styles in other sectors or even companies.

Nonlinear optimization for human-like synchronous movements of a dual arm-hand robotic system

In previous work we have presented a model capable of generating human-like movements for a dual arm-hand robot involved in human-robot cooperative tasks. However, the focus was on the generation of reach-to-grasp and reach-to-regrasp bimanual movements and no synchrony in timing was taken into account. In this paper we extend the previous model in order to accomplish bimanual manipulation tasks by synchronously moving both arms and hands of an anthropomorphic robotic system. Specifically, the new extended model has been designed for two different tasks with different degrees of difficulty. Numerical results were obtained by the implementation of the IPOPT solver embedded in our MATLAB simulator.

Balanceamento e redefinição de layouts de células de costura de uma empresa da indústria automóvel

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial

Desenvolvimento de um plano de manutenção preventiva numa empresa de mobiliário

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial

Molecular regulation of flowering induction in Quercus suber

Dissertação de mestrado em Plant Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioentrepeneurship

Early holocenic and historic mtDNA african signatures in the iberian peninsula: The andalusian region as a paradigm

Determining the timing, identity and direction of migrations in the Mediterranean Basin, the role of "migratory routes" in and among regions of Africa, Europe and Asia, and the effects of sex-specific behaviors of population movements have important implications for our understanding of the present human genetic diversity. A crucial component of the Mediterranean world is its westernmost region. Clear features of transcontinental ancient contacts between North African and Iberian populations surrounding the maritime region of Gibraltar Strait have been identified from archeological data. The attempt to discern origin and dates of migration between close geographically related regions has been a challenge in the field of uniparental-based population genetics. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have been focused on surveying the H1, H3 and V lineages when trying to ascertain north-south migrations, and U6 and L in the opposite direction, assuming that those lineages are good proxies for the ancestry of each side of the Mediterranean. To this end, in the present work we have screened entire mtDNA sequences belonging to U6, M1 and L haplogroups in Andalusians--from Huelva and Granada provinces--and Moroccan Berbers. We present here pioneer data and interpretations on the role of NW Africa and the Iberian Peninsula regarding the time of origin, number of founders and expansion directions of these specific markers. The estimated entrance of the North African U6 lineages into Iberia at 10 ky correlates well with other L African clades, indicating that U6 and some L lineages moved together from Africa to Iberia in the Early Holocene. Still, founder analysis highlights that the high sharing of lineages between North Africa and Iberia results from a complex process continued through time, impairing simplistic interpretations. In particular, our work supports the existence of an ancient, frequently denied, bridge connecting the Maghreb and Andalusia.

Válvula rotativa inovadora para motores a 2 tempos possibilitando sobre-expansão

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica

Exploração de dados para soluções de retalho em business intelligence

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia de Gestão e Sistemas de Informação