Drinking from arboreal water sources by mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray).

Despite occasional trips to the ground and feeding in trees whose canopies touched the river, mantled howling monkeys were never seen to drink from any ground water. Drinking from arboreal cisterns was observed, but only during the wet season (meteorologically the less stressful season but phenologically the more stressful season). The lack of sufficient new leaves during the wet season forced the howlers to ingest more mature leaves which contained significantly less water. To compensate for the lowered amount of water in their food, the monkeys utilized arboreal water cisterns. The cisterns dried up during the dry season, but the howlers maintained their water balance by altering their time of actiivity and selecting a diet comprised largely of succulent new leaves. The effect of plant-produced secondary compounds on drinking also was discussed.

Bacteria localization and chorion thinning among preterm premature rupture of membranes.

OBJECTIVE: Bacterial colonization of the fetal membranes and its role in pathogenesis of membrane rupture is poorly understood. Prior retrospective work revealed chorion layer thinning in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) subjects. Our objective was to prospectively examine fetal membrane chorion thinning and to correlate to bacterial presence in PPROM, preterm, and term subjects. STUDY DESIGN: Paired membrane samples (membrane rupture and membrane distant) were prospectively collected from: PPROM = 14, preterm labor (PTL = 8), preterm no labor (PTNL = 8), term labor (TL = 10), and term no labor (TNL = 8), subjects. Sections were probed with cytokeratin to identify fetal trophoblast layer of the chorion using immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed using broad range 16 s ribosomal RNA probe. Images were evaluated, chorion and choriodecidua were measured, and bacterial fluorescence scored. Chorion thinning and bacterial presence were compared among and between groups using Student's t-test, linear mixed effect model, and Poisson regression model (SAS Cary, NC). RESULTS: In all groups, the fetal chorion cellular layer was thinner at rupture compared to distant site (147.2 vs. 253.7 µm, p<0.0001). Further, chorion thinning was greatest among PPROM subjects compared to all other groups combined, regardless of site sampled [PPROM(114.9) vs. PTL(246.0) vs. PTNL(200.8) vs. TL(217.9) vs. TNL(246.5)]. Bacteria counts were highest among PPROM subjects compared to all other groups regardless of site sampled or histologic infection [PPROM(31) vs. PTL(9) vs. PTNL(7) vs. TL(7) vs. TNL(6)]. Among all subjects at both sites, bacterial counts were inversely correlated with chorion thinning, even excluding histologic chorioamnionitis (p<0.0001 and p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fetal chorion was uniformly thinner at rupture site compared to distant sites. In PPROM fetal chorion, we demonstrated pronounced global thinning. Although cause or consequence is uncertain, bacterial presence is greatest and inversely correlated with chorion thinning among PPROM subjects.

Impact of a Point-of-Care Rapid Influenza Test on Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns in Southern Sri Lanka

Background: Acute febrile respiratory illnesses, including influenza, account for a large proportion of ambulatory care visits worldwide. In the developed world, these encounters commonly result in unwarranted antibiotic prescriptions; data from more resource-limited settings are lacking. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of influenza among outpatients in southern Sri Lanka and to determine if access to rapid influenza test results was associated with decreased antibiotic prescriptions.

Methods: In this pretest- posttest study, consecutive patients presenting from March 2013- April 2014 to the Outpatient Department of the largest tertiary care hospital in southern Sri Lanka were surveyed for influenza-like illness (ILI). Patients meeting World Health Organization criteria for ILI-- acute onset of fever ≥38.0°C and cough in the prior 7 days--were enrolled. Consenting patients were administered a structured questionnaire, physical examination, and nasal/nasopharyngeal sampling. Rapid influenza A/B testing (Veritor System, Becton Dickinson) was performed on all patients, but test results were only released to patients and clinicians during the second phase of the study (December 2013- April 2014).

Results: We enrolled 397 patients with ILI, with 217 (54.7%) adults ≥12 years and 188 (47.4%) females. A total of 179 (45.8%) tested positive for influenza by rapid testing, with April- July 2013 and September- November 2013 being the periods with the highest proportion of ILI due to influenza. A total of 310 (78.1%) patients with ILI received a prescription for an antibiotic from their outpatient provider. The proportion of patients prescribed antibiotics decreased from 81.4% in the first phase to 66.3% in the second phase (p=.005); among rapid influenza-positive patients, antibiotic prescriptions decreased from 83.7% in the first phase to 56.3% in the second phase (p=.001). On multivariable analysis, having a positive rapid influenza test available to clinicians was associated with decreased antibiotic use (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05- 0.82).

Conclusions: Influenza virus accounted for almost 50% of acute febrile respiratory illness in this study, but most patients were prescribed antibiotics. Providing rapid influenza test results to clinicians was associated with fewer antibiotic prescriptions, but overall prescription of antibiotics remained high. In this developing country setting, a multi-faceted approach that includes improved access to rapid diagnostic tests may help decrease antibiotic use and combat antimicrobial resistance.

The spatiotemporal dynamics of autobiographical memory: neural correlates of recall, emotional intensity, and reliving.

We sought to map the time course of autobiographical memory retrieval, including brain regions that mediate phenomenological experiences of reliving and emotional intensity. Participants recalled personal memories to auditory word cues during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants pressed a button when a memory was accessed, maintained and elaborated the memory, and then gave subjective ratings of emotion and reliving. A novel fMRI approach based on timing differences capitalized on the protracted reconstructive process of autobiographical memory to segregate brain areas contributing to initial access and later elaboration and maintenance of episodic memories. The initial period engaged hippocampal, retrosplenial, and medial and right prefrontal activity, whereas the later period recruited visual, precuneus, and left prefrontal activity. Emotional intensity ratings were correlated with activity in several regions, including the amygdala and the hippocampus during the initial period. Reliving ratings were correlated with activity in visual cortex and ventromedial and inferior prefrontal regions during the later period. Frontopolar cortex was the only brain region sensitive to emotional intensity across both periods. Results were confirmed by time-locked averages of the fMRI signal. The findings indicate dynamic recruitment of emotion-, memory-, and sensory-related brain regions during remembering and their dissociable contributions to phenomenological features of the memories.

Automatic verification of linear controller software

© 2015 IEEE.We consider the problem of verification of software implementations of linear time-invariant controllers. Commonly, different implementations use different representations of the controller's state, for example due to optimizations in a third-party code generator. To accommodate this variation, we exploit input-output controller specification captured by the controller's transfer function and show how to automatically verify correctness of C code controller implementations using a Frama-C/Why3/Z3 toolchain. Scalability of the approach is evaluated using randomly generated controller specifications of realistic size.

Platelet Counts, Acute Kidney Injury, and Mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with platelet activation. Because platelets are increasingly recognized as important effectors of ischemia and end-organ inflammatory injury, the authors explored whether postoperative nadir platelet counts are associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. METHODS: The authors evaluated 4,217 adult patients who underwent CABG surgery. Postoperative nadir platelet counts were defined as the lowest in-hospital values and were used as a continuous predictor of postoperative AKI and mortality. Nadir values in the lowest 10th percentile were also used as a categorical predictor. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models examined the association between postoperative platelet counts, postoperative AKI, and mortality. RESULTS: The median postoperative nadir platelet count was 121 × 10/l. The incidence of postoperative AKI was 54%, including 9.5% (215 patients) and 3.4% (76 patients) who experienced stages II and III AKI, respectively. For every 30 × 10/l decrease in platelet counts, the risk for postoperative AKI increased by 14% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.20; P < 0.0001). Patients with platelet counts in the lowest 10th percentile were three times more likely to progress to a higher severity of postoperative AKI (adjusted proportional odds ratio, 3.04; 95% CI, 2.26 to 4.07; P < 0.0001) and had associated increased risk for mortality immediately after surgery (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.46; 95% CI, 3.79 to 7.89; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The authors found a significant association between postoperative nadir platelet counts and AKI and short-term mortality after CABG surgery.

Efectos del pastoreo y la inundación salina en marismas dominadas por Spartina densiflora

Las marismas son ecosistemas de pastizal ubicados en la interfase marino-terrestre, regulados por procesos físicos relacionados con la posición relativa en el relieve y los movimientos de las mareas. En los últimos años el corrimiento de la frontera agrícola llevó a la ganadería hacia estas áreas marginales, de alto valor intrínseco por brindar servicios ecosistémicos y ser sustento de una gran biodiversidad. El objetivo general de la tesis fue estudiar los efectos del pastoreo y las mareas sobre el suelo y la vegetación de estos ecosistemas en tres posiciones del gradiente topográfico: alto, medio y bajo. Se utilizó como sistema de estudio una marisma ubicada al sur de la Bahía de Samborombón. Se observó que el pastoreo (0.6 animales.ha-1) favoreció los procesos de compactación del suelo en todo el gradiente y aumentó la salinidad de las posiciones medias y bajas. Asimismo, modificó la composición florística en las posiciones altas y medias y disminuyó la calidad forrajera en todo el gradiente. Los cambios en la composición florística se debieron a una disminución en la cobertura de la especie dominante de la comunidad (Spartina densiflora) y de especies de alta calidad forrajera y un aumento de la cobertura de pastos rastreros y dicotiledóneas en la posición alta y de especies tolerantes a la salinidad en la posición media. A su vez, se encontraron poblaciones de la especie dominante S. densiflora localmente adaptadas a las posiciones altas y bajas en relación a la respuesta a ciclos diarios de inundación salina (simulando la marea). La población proveniente de la posición baja resultó más tolerante a la inundación salina al mantener una baja relación Na+/K+, retrasar la senescencia y mantener la elongación de sus láminas. En conjunto, los resultados encontrados aportan nuevos conocimientos sobre la estructura y funcionamiento de ecosistemas de marisma en relación a los principales disturbios que las afectan. En el aspecto práctico, la información generada servirá como base para plantear objetivos de manejo sustentables compatibles con objetivos de producción y conservación.

Phitotoxicity of Crhomium over Phaseolus vulgaris L.

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Variación de la temperatura máxima diaria primaveral en un espacio verde de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y su relación con la brotación de las plantas

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Phitotoxicity of Crhomium over Phaseolus vulgaris L.

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Horas con helada y su peligrosidad en seis localidades de la Argentina

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Respuesta a la selección en dos etapas mediante un método de generaciones superpuestas en un núcleo caprino

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Evaluación económica de las decisiones sobre fertilidad del suelo mediante el uso de modelos dinámicos

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Selección de soportes para la producción de inoculantes para leguminosas

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Matemática aplicada y relaciones de proporcionalidad

En el presente artículo se considera el tema de la proporcionalidad en distintos niveles y dentro de ámbitos diferentes. En primer lugar, se trata la proporción en el campo de las ecuaciones mediante unos ejemplos extraídos de la historia de las matemáticas. En segundo lugar, se presentan ejemplos relativos a las proporciones en temas de geometría plana y medida de ángulos dentro de un contexto astronómico. En dicho marco, se elabora una maqueta del sistema solar y, posteriormente, se estudian los movimientos de la Tierra para determinar su periodo de rotación y calcular, según la precesión terrestre, estrellas candidatas a ser "la polar del futuro", esto es, la estrella más próxima al polo norte celeste. En general, el artículo muestra diversas actividades que cabe desarrollar dentro del aula, en un ambiente de taller, con miras a potenciar la interdisciplinariedad y el contacto de las matemáticas con el mundo real.