Understanding Recreational Services of Urban Riverfront Space for Planning Purposes

In the process of urbanization, natural and semi-natural landscapes are increasingly cherished as open space and recreational resource. Urban rivers are part of this kind of resource and thus play an important role in managing urban resilience and health. Employing the example of Tianjin, this doctoral dissertation research aims at learning to understand how to plan and design for the interface zones between urban water courses and for the land areas adjacent to such water courses. This research also aims at learning how to link waterfront space with other urban space in order to make a recreational space system for the benefit of people. Five questions of this dissertation are: 1) what is the role of rivers in spatial and open space planning? 2) What are the human needs regarding outdoor open space? 3) How do river and water front spatial structures affect people's recreational activities? 4) How to define the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space? 5) How might answering these question change planning and design of urban open space? Quantitative and qualitative empirical approaches were combined in this study for which literature review and theoretical explorations provide the basis. Empirical investigations were conducted in the city of Tianjin. The quantitative approach includes conducting 267 quantitative interviews, and the qualitative approach includes carrying out field observations and mappings. GIS served to support analysis and visualization of empirical information that was generated through this study. By responding to the five research questions, findings and lessons include the following: 1) In the course of time rivers have gained importance in all levels and scales of spatial planning and decision making. Regarding the development of ecological networks, mainly at national scale, rivers are considered significant linear elements. Regarding regional and comprehensive development, river basins and watersheds are often considered as the structural link for strategic ecological, economic, social and recreational planning. For purposes of urban planning, particularly regarding recreational services in cities, the distribution of urban open spaces often follows the structure of river systems. 2) For the purpose of classifying human recreational needs that relate to outdoor open space Maslow's hierarchy of human needs serves as theoretical basis. The classes include geographical, safety, physiological, social and aesthetic need. These classes serve as references while analyzing river and waterfront open space and other kinds of open space. 3) Regarding the question how river and waterfront spatial structures might affect people's recreational activities, eight different landscape units were identified and compared in the case study area. Considering the thermal conditions of Tianjin, one of these landscape units was identified as affording the optimal spatial arrangement which mostly meets recreational needs. The size and the shape of open space, and the plants present in an open space have been observed as being most relevant regarding recreational activities. 4) Regarding the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space the results of this research suggest that the recreational service is felt less intensively as the distances between water 183 front and open space user’s places of residence are increasing. As a method for estimating this ‘Service Distance Effect’ the following formula may be used: Y = a*ebx. In this equation Y means the ‘Service Distance’ between homes and open space, and X means the percentage of the people who live within this service distance. Coefficient "a" represents the distance of the residential area nearest to the water front. The coefficient "b" is a comprehensive capability index that refers to the size of the available and suitable recreational area. 5) Answers found to the questions above have implications for the planning and design of urban open space. The results from the quantitative study of recreational services of waterfront open space were applied to the assessment of river-based open space systems. It is recommended that such assessments might be done employing the network analysis function available with any GIS. In addition, several practical planning and designing suggestions are made that would help remedy any insufficient base for satisfying recreational needs. The understanding of recreational need is considered helpful for the proposing planning and designing ideas and for the changing of urban landscapes. In the course of time Tianjin's urban water system has shrunk considerably. At the same time rivers and water courses have shaped Tianjin's urban structure in noticeable ways. In the process of urbanization water has become increasingly important to the citizens and their everyday recreations. Much needs to be changed in order to improve recreational opportunities and to better provide for a livable city, most importantly when considering the increasing number of old people. Suggestions made that are based on results of this study, might be implemented in Tianjin. They are 1) to promote the quality of the waterfront open space and to make all linear waterfront area accessible recreational spaces. Then, 2), it is advisable to advocate the concept of green streets and to combine green streets with river open space in order to form an everyday recreational network. And 3) any sound urban everyday recreational service made cannot rely on only urban rivers; the whole urban structure needs to be improved, including adding small open space and optimize the form of urban communities, finally producing a multi-functional urban recreational network.

The Architect's Collaborator: Toward Intelligent Tools for Conceptual Design

In early stages of architectural design, as in other design domains, the language used is often very abstract. In architectural design, for example, architects and their clients use experiential terms such as "private" or "open" to describe spaces. If we are to build programs that can help designers during this early-stage design, we must give those programs the capability to deal with concepts on the level of such abstractions. The work reported in this thesis sought to do that, focusing on two key questions: How are abstract terms such as "private" and "open" translated into physical form? How might one build a tool to assist designers with this process? The Architect's Collaborator (TAC) was built to explore these issues. It is a design assistant that supports iterative design refinement, and that represents and reasons about how experiential qualities are manifested in physical form. Given a starting design and a set of design goals, TAC explores the space of possible designs in search of solutions that satisfy the goals. It employs a strategy we've called dependency-directed redesign: it evaluates a design with respect to a set of goals, then uses an explanation of the evaluation to guide proposal and refinement of repair suggestions; it then carries out the repair suggestions to create new designs. A series of experiments was run to study TAC's behavior. Issues of control structure, goal set size, goal order, and modification operator capabilities were explored. In addition, TAC's use as a design assistant was studied in an experiment using a house in the process of being redesigned. TAC's use as an analysis tool was studied in an experiment using Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie houses.

Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language

This paper describes a system for the computer understanding of English. The system answers questions, executes commands, and accepts information in normal English dialog. It uses semantic information and context to understand discourse and to disambiguate sentences. It combines a complete syntactic analysis of each sentence with a "heuristic understander" which uses different kinds of information about a sentence, other parts of the discourse, and general information about the world in deciding what the sentence means. It is based on the belief that a computer cannot deal reasonably with language unless it can "understand" the subject it is discussing. The program is given a detailed model of the knowledge needed by a simple robot having only a hand and an eye. We can give it instructions to manipulate toy objects, interrogate it about the scene, and give it information it will use in deduction. In addition to knowing the properties of toy objects, the program has a simple model of its own mentality. It can remember and discuss its plans and actions as well as carry them out. It enters into a dialog with a person, responding to English sentences with actions and English replies, and asking for clarification when its heuristic programs cannot understand a sentence through use of context and physical knowledge.

Understanding Subsystems in Biology through Dimensionality Reduction, Graph Partitioning and Analytical Modeling

Biological systems exhibit rich and complex behavior through the orchestrated interplay of a large array of components. It is hypothesized that separable subsystems with some degree of functional autonomy exist; deciphering their independent behavior and functionality would greatly facilitate understanding the system as a whole. Discovering and analyzing such subsystems are hence pivotal problems in the quest to gain a quantitative understanding of complex biological systems. In this work, using approaches from machine learning, physics and graph theory, methods for the identification and analysis of such subsystems were developed. A novel methodology, based on a recent machine learning algorithm known as non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), was developed to discover such subsystems in a set of large-scale gene expression data. This set of subsystems was then used to predict functional relationships between genes, and this approach was shown to score significantly higher than conventional methods when benchmarking them against existing databases. Moreover, a mathematical treatment was developed to treat simple network subsystems based only on their topology (independent of particular parameter values). Application to a problem of experimental interest demonstrated the need for extentions to the conventional model to fully explain the experimental data. Finally, the notion of a subsystem was evaluated from a topological perspective. A number of different protein networks were examined to analyze their topological properties with respect to separability, seeking to find separable subsystems. These networks were shown to exhibit separability in a nonintuitive fashion, while the separable subsystems were of strong biological significance. It was demonstrated that the separability property found was not due to incomplete or biased data, but is likely to reflect biological structure.

Output from the 1998 Product Development Value Stream Workshop: A Framework for Understanding Information Flow in the Product Development Process

The descriptions below and the attached diagrams are outputs of the 1998 LAI Product Development Focus Team workshop on the Value Chain in Product Development. A working group at that workshop was asked to model the product development process: in terms of the phases of product development and their interfaces, boundaries and outputs. Their work has proven to be generally useful to LAI researchers and industry members, and so is formalized here.

Introducción a la Educación Especial, evolución conceptual, aspectos jurídico-legales y didáctico-organizativos.

Desarrollar un amplio marco conceptual por el que habrá que transitar para poder llegar a una definición de un modo personal de entender la atención a las Necesidades Educativas Especiales, que en cualquier caso deberá de ser flexible y abierto. Evolución del pensamiento sobre los problemas de las Necesidades Educativas Especiales en los distintos momentos que marcan la evolución histórica de esta dimensión de la educación. El trabajo se estructura en tres núcleos: 1) la Educación Especial en su evolución histórica y conceptual; 2) situación jurídica y legal de la Educación Especial en España; 3) aspectos didáctico-organizativos de la escolarización de los alumnos con Necesidades Educativas Especiales. Se realiza una breve revisión histórica sobre el concepto y el desarrollo de la Educación Especial y se analiza la situación actual de la misma en Europa Occidental y en América del Norte. Se definen algunos conceptos relacionados con normalidad y anormalidad: normalidad y patología, teorías y modelos explicativos de la deficiencia, terminología utilizada y consecuencias, rehabilitación y Necesidades Educativas Especiales. Con respecto a la situación jurídica de la Educación especial en España, se analiza su tratamiento en la Ley General de Educación de 1970, en la Constitución de 1978 y en la LOGSE. Se abordan también algunos aspectos que han de ser considerados desde un punto de vista didáctico y organizativo de la integración de los alumnos con Necesidades Educativas Especiales. Entre otros se habla de la dimensión socio-cultural de la deficiencia, el entorno de los procesos de integración, las funciones que debe cumplir la escuela (ser mecanismo de socialización y control y ser agente de innovación y cambio social), la necesidad de adaptación e individualización de los diseños curriculares, los criterios de escolarización a aplicar a estos niños, como implementar programas de aplicación individualizada, y metodología a aplicar. Se añade un anexo con las disposiciones legales vigentes que ordenan el tratamiento de las Necesidades Educativas Especiales.

Performance-Driven Microfabrication-Oriented Methodology for MEMS Conceptual Design with Application in Microfluidic Device Design

Performance and manufacturability are two important issues that must be taken into account during MEMS design. Existing MEMS design models or systems follow a process-driven design paradigm, that is, design starts from the specification of process sequence or the customization of foundry-ready process template. There has been essentially no methodology or model that supports generic, high-level design synthesis for MEMS conceptual design. As a result, there lacks a basis for specifying the initial process sequences. To address this problem, this paper proposes a performance-driven, microfabrication-oriented methodology for MEMS conceptual design. A unified behaviour representation method is proposed which incorporates information of both physical interactions and chemical/biological/other reactions. Based on this method, a behavioural process based design synthesis model is proposed, which exploits multidisciplinary phenomena for design solutions, including both the structural components and their configuration for the MEMS device, as well as the necessary substances for the chemical/biological/other reactions. The model supports both forward and backward synthetic search for suitable phenomena. To ensure manufacturability, a strategy of using microfabrication-oriented phenomena as design knowledge is proposed, where the phenomena are developed from existing MEMS devices that have associated MEMS-specific microfabrication processes or foundry-ready process templates. To test the applicability of the proposed methodology, the paper also studies microfluidic device design and uses a micro-pump design for the case study.

Aproximaci??n al marco conceptual en el que se definen las relaciones familia-centro en educaci??n infantil en la reforma educativa

Estudiar y analizar la relaci??n entre la familia y la escuela en el nivel de educaci??n infantil, que son los dos primeros contextos en los que los ni??os se desenvuelven, y de ah?? su importancia. Fuentes documentales sobre la materia. Consta de dos partes, la primera orientada a analizar las bases te??ricas de la familia, su contextualizaci??n, el marco educativo de la instituci??n familiar y el marco legislativo de la relaci??n familia-escuela. Y la segunda parte se orienta al estudio de la relaci??n familia escuela en educaci??n infantil, su importancia, los problemas de la relaci??n, los niveles de participaci??n y las implicaciones educativas. Se termina con unas conclusiones generales deducidas de los diferentes cap??tulos de la investigaci??n. En el ??ltimo cap??tulo se enumeran estas conclusiones: el concepto de familia ha cambiado, la formaci??n de los distintos componentes de la familia resulta imprescindible para educar correctamente a los ni??os/as, es preciso investigar la tem??tica familiar, es evidente la importancia que tiene la relaci??n entre la familia y la escuela aunando criterios que repercuten positivamente en el alumnado, la etapa de la educaci??n infantil es la m??s id??nea para iniciar dichos contactos, no es suficiente tener una legislaci??n que contemple la importancia de las relaciones entre la familia y la escuela, sino que es necesario una sensibilizaci??n social y un gran esfuerzo por parte de ambos contextos, en nuestro pa??s no existe una tradici??n en la relaci??n familia centro, el centro escolar debe poner todos los medios a su alcance para facilitar los contactos entre ambos ??mbitos, es necesario establecer las v??as de participaci??n familia centro, tanto en el proyecto curricular del centro como en la programaci??n general anual, debiendo elegirse en cada momento las que m??s se ajusten a los objetivos espec??ficos.

Measuring Value in Product Development

“What is value in product development?” is the key question of this paper. The answer is critical to the creation of lean in product development. By knowing how much value is added by product development (PD) activities, decisions can be more rationally made about how to allocate resources, such as time and money. In order to apply the principles of Lean Thinking and remove waste from the product development system, value must be precisely defined. Unfortunately, value is a complex entity that is composed of many dimensions and has thus far eluded definition on a local level. For this reason, research has been initiated on “Measuring Value in Product Development.” This paper serves as an introduction to this research. It presents the current understanding of value in PD, the critical questions involved, and a specific research design to guide the development of a methodology for measuring value. Work in PD value currently focuses on either high-level perspectives on value, or detailed looks at the attributes that value might have locally in the PD process. Models that attempt to capture value in PD are reviewed. These methods, however, do not capture the depth necessary to allow for application. A methodology is needed to evaluate activities on a local level to determine the amount of value they add and their sensitivity with respect to performance, cost, time, and risk. Two conceptual tools are proposed. The first is a conceptual framework for value creation in PD, referred to here as the Value Creation Model. The second tool is the Value-Activity Map, which shows the relationships between specific activities and value attributes. These maps will allow a better understanding of the development of value in PD, will facilitate comparison of value development between separate projects, and will provide the information necessary to adapt process analysis tools (such as DSM) to consider value. The key questions that this research entails are: · What are the primary attributes of lifecycle value within PD? · How can one model the creation of value in a specific PD process? · Can a useful methodology be developed to quantify value in PD processes? · What are the tools necessary for application? · What PD metrics will be integrated with the necessary tools? The research milestones are: · Collection of value attributes and activities (September, 200) · Development of methodology of value-activity association (October, 2000) · Testing and refinement of the methodology (January, 2001) · Tool Development (March, 2001) · Present findings at July INCOSE conference (April, 2001) · Deliver thesis that captures a formalized methodology for defining value in PD (including LEM data sheets) (June, 2001) The research design aims for the development of two primary deliverables: a methodology to guide the incorporation of value, and a product development tool that will allow direct application.

Visibilidad de la investigación en Educación Matemática en España : análisis cienciométrico, conceptual y metodológico de la producción de artículos científicos (1999-2008).

Analizar longitudinalmente la investigación en Educación Matemática en España en el período comprendido entre 1999 y 2008, a través del estudio cienciométrico y conceptual de las revistas de educación españolas más representativas que publican artículos sobre Educación Matemática. De forma complementaria se abordará el estudio cienciométrico y de redes de colaboración y autoría de los simposios de la Sociedad Española de Investigación en Educación Matemática (SEIEM). El estudio se plantea básicamente como una revisión del estado de la Educación Matemática en España como disciplina científica a modo de auditoría. Se pretende obtener una 'radiografía' actualizada de dicha área de conocimiento, un 'espejo' en el que podrán verse reflejados tanto los investigadores como los departamentos y grupos de investigación. Se utiliza la metodología científica propia de los estudios cienciométricos, orientada a obtener información general a partir del análisis de casos individuales, se considera un estudio de tipo inductivo, basado en técnicas observacionales que tienen como objetivo la descripción sistemática de hechos y características de una población o muestra, de forma objetiva y comprobable en el que a partir del análisis de una muestra importante de revistas científicas españolas se obtiene una perspectiva más general de la investigación en Educación Matemática en España. Por otro lado, se trata de un estudio analítico-documental (más concretamente, bibliográfico) y de desarrollo, puesto que analiza el fenómeno de la investigación a través de artículos científicos y estudia sus patrones de desarrollo en un periodo de tiempo concreto. A la vez posee un carácter de síntesis o estudio secundario revisional, ya que los objetos a estudiar son fuentes primarias (artículos científicos) tratados mediante una metodología cienciométrica. Se trata de un trabajo de campo, ya que las revistas se analizan in situ. Según la naturaleza de los datos y su tratamiento estadístico, se trata de un estudio basado en una metodología cuantitativa que aplica procedimientos característicos de la investigación en ciencias físico-naturales. En él se utilizan datos cuantitativos y se calculan frecuencias, porcentajes, promedios y estadísticos inferenciales y correlacionales para su interpretación. Las conclusiones extraídas de este trabajo, afirmar que el objetivo central de la investigación se ha alcanzado en su totalidad. Así, tras analizar diacrónicamente la producción de todos los artículos científicos publicados durante el periodo 1999-2008 en la muestra seleccionada a través de una variada y completa colección de variables de naturaleza cienciométrica y conceptual, concluye que la Educación Matemática es en la actualidad una disciplina científica con un alto nivel de consolidación en España. Más concretamente, los objetivos específicos relativos a aspectos cienciométricos tales como la productividad y la citación pueden considerarse cumplidos a través del estudio de 27 variables que han permitido denotar patrones de productividad tanto desde un punto de vista cuantitativo como cualitativo, estudiar la productividad según el género de los autores, analizar el comportamiento de la productividad institucional, delimitar las fuentes más utilizadas y las pautas de citación en cuanto a cantidad, antigüedad, autocitación e idioma. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos y las limitaciones del estudio comentadas, se recomienda la reflexión acerca de posibles aperturas a futuras investigaciones.

Resoluci??n de problemas aritm??ticos : conocimiento conceptual y nivel de competencia en matem??ticas

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Esquema conceptual y procedimientos para analizar la validez de las consecuencias del uso de los test

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Resumen tambi??n en ingl??s

Un ensayo de aplicaci??n del mapa conceptual al comentario de textos hist??ricos y a su evaluaci??n

Resumen basado en el del autor

Aproximación a un marco conceptual y teórico sobre la interculturalidad de los negocios internacionales

En este mundo globalizado los encuentros interculturales son, hoy más que nunca, una realidad para todas aquellas personas que por negocios, migración, viajes de turismo, intercambios estudiantiles, entre otros, han tenido un acercamiento con alguien de una cultura diferente. Así, el mundo empresarial no se ha quedado por fuera de ésta dinámica y debido a sus necesidades comerciales ha tenido que interactuar con otras culturas como parte de su estrategia de internacionalización.

Evolutionary psychology and evolutionary developmental psychology : Understanding the evolution of human behavior and development

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n