Conversation entre didacticiens et enseignants – quelques pistes pour éviter le dialogue de sourds

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Aide personnalisée et cles de la culture scolaire: une interpellation de certains principes en didactique et formation

L’objectif est de montrer que, naissent parfois pour gérer les hétérogénéités scolaires des propositions de nature à remettre en cause divers schèmes sur lesquels reposent des représentations usuelles des savoirs et de leur transmission, de la structure de l’intervention didactique et de la formation des enseignants

La Construction et évolution de l’identité professionnelle en formation initiale

En 2008-2009, l’institut de formation des enseignants du secondaire genevois (IFMES), rattaché au Département de l’instruction publique, est devenu l’institut universitaire des enseignants du secondaire (IUFE). En tant que formatrices à l’IUFE, nous nous interrogeons sur la construction, par les étudiants, d’une identité professionnelle dans une formation initiale, désormais universitaire, accordant une plus grande place aux savoirs théoriques. Comment faire évoluer les représentations du métier dans des séminaires académiques? Quelle méthodologie adopter et quelles situations de travail mettre en place pour prendre en compte les attentes des enseignants en formation et les savoirs expérientiels dans cette période transitoire où ils ont aussi une responsabilité d’enseignement? Dans cette contribution, nous nous centrons sur l’évolution des représentations du métier des étudiants, lesquelles permettent, selon nous, de saisir la construction de l’identité professionnelle. Pour ce faire, nous analysons des matériaux recueillis dans le cadre de nos séminaires qui regroupent soixante-trois enseignants de diverses disciplines, en formation et en emploi dans des établissements de l’enseignement secondaire

Le silence des limites dans la littérature: Deux exemples :Michel de Montaigne et Marguerite Duras

The paper studies the concept of limit in literary discourse. Two aspects are discussed: 1) the limit as a necessary structuring element in the process of verbal nomination; 2) the limit as a verbal constraint which appeals to be defeated in case of extreme experience, as death, love, desire, Shoah. We analyse two examples dealing with the language restriction in the literary practice: Montaignes’ essays and Duras’ novels. Montaigne adopts a specific style of unlimited judgements and topics accumulation in a spontaneous order and logic with the purpose of revealing the deepest profile of human nature. Duras practices a minimalist writing that ruins the linear syntactic structure and the narrative model, achieving an effect of silence thus providing the possibility of unlimited meaning.

L'intégration littéraire et iconographique du motif de la descente du Christ aux Enfers à l'ouverture du Merlin

Le début du Merlin et sa mise en image témoignent de l’influence paradoxale du matériau biblique et apocryphe sur la littérature arthurienne, dite "profane". A travers les représentations de la descente aux enfers et le récit de l'effort avorté de conception d'un antéchrist, le roman se joue du texte sacré et de la tradition auxquels il emprunte sa matière. Dans le contexte médiéval, cette réécriture correspond moins à une entreprise de désacralisation et de transgression qu’à la libre continuation du mouvement de réflexion et de création suscité par la matière biblique.

Association mapping of partitioning loci in barley

Background: Association mapping, initially developed in human disease genetics, is now being applied to plant species. The model species Arabidopsis provided some of the first examples of association mapping in plants, identifying previously cloned flowering time genes, despite high population sub-structure. More recently, association genetics has been applied to barley, where breeding activity has resulted in a high degree of population sub-structure. A major genotypic division within barley is that between winter- and spring-sown varieties, which differ in their requirement for vernalization to promote subsequent flowering. To date, all attempts to validate association genetics in barley by identifying major flowering time loci that control vernalization requirement (VRN-H1 and VRN-H2) have failed. Here, we validate the use of association genetics in barley by identifying VRN-H1 and VRN-H2, despite their prominent role in determining population sub-structure. Results: By taking barley as a typical inbreeding crop, and seasonal growth habit as a major partitioning phenotype, we develop an association mapping approach which successfully identifies VRN-H1 and VRN-H2, the underlying loci largely responsible for this agronomic division. We find a combination of Structured Association followed by Genomic Control to correct for population structure and inflation of the test statistic, resolved significant associations only with VRN-H1 and the VRN-H2 candidate genes, as well as two genes closely linked to VRN-H1 (HvCSFs1 and HvPHYC). Conclusion: We show that, after employing appropriate statistical methods to correct for population sub-structure, the genome-wide partitioning effect of allelic status at VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 does not result in the high levels of spurious association expected to occur in highly structured samples. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both VRN-H1 and the candidate VRN-H2 genes can be identified using association mapping. Discrimination between intragenic VRN-H1 markers was achieved, indicating that candidate causative polymorphisms may be discerned and prioritised within a larger set of positive associations. This proof of concept study demonstrates the feasibility of association mapping in barley, even within highly structured populations. A major advantage of this method is that it does not require large numbers of genome-wide markers, and is therefore suitable for fine mapping and candidate gene evaluation, especially in species for which large numbers of genetic markers are either unavailable or too costly.

Validity of the ice shelf water plume concept beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf

In winter, brine rejection from sea ice formation and export in the Weddell Sea, offshore of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS), leads to the formation of High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW). This dense water mass enters the cavity beneath FRIS by sinking southward down the sloping continental shelf towards the grounding line. Melting occurs when the HSSW encounters the ice shelf, and the meltwater released cools and freshens the HSSW to form a water mass known as Ice Shelf Water (ISW). If this ISW rises, the ‘ice pump’ is initiated (Lewis and Perkin, 1986), whereby the ascending ISW becomes supercooled and deposits marine ice at shallower locations due to the pressure increase in the in-situ freezing temperature. Sandh¨ager et al. (2004) were able to infer the thickness patterns of marine ice deposits at the base of FRIS (figure 1), so the primary aim of this work is to try to understand the ocean flows that determine these patterns. The plume model we use to investigate ISW flow is described fully by Holland and Feltham (accepted) so only a relatively brief outline is presented here. The plume is simulated by combining a parameterisation of ice shelf basal interaction and a multiplesize- class frazil dynamics model with an unsteady, depth-averaged reduced-gravity plume model. In the model an active region of ISW evolves above and within an expanse of stagnant ambient fluid, which is considered to be ice-free and has fixed profiles of temperature and salinity. The two main assumptions of the model are that there is a well-mixed layer underneath the ice shelf and that the ambient fluid outside the plume is stagnant with fixed properties. The topography of the ice shelf that the plume flows beneath is set to the FRIS ice shelf draft calculated by Sandh¨ager et al. (2004) masked with the grounding line from the Antarctic Digital Database (ADD Consortium, 2002). To initiate the plumes, we assume that the intrusion of dense HSSW initially causes melting at the points on the grounding line where the glaciological tributaries feeding FRIS go afloat.

Adaptive social protection: mapping the evidence and policy context in the agriculture sector in south Asia

An aim of government and the international community is to respond to global processes and crises through a range of policy and practical approaches that help limit damage from shocks and stresses. Three approaches to vulnerability reduction that have become particularly prominent in recent years are social protection (SP), disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). Although these approaches have much in common, they have developed separately over the last two decades. However, given the increasingly complex and interlinked array of risks that poor and vulnerable people face, it is likely that they will not be sufficient in the long run if they continue to be applied in isolation from one another. In recognition of this challenge, the concept of Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) has been developed. ASP refers to a series of measures which aims to build resilience of the poorest and most vulnerable people to climate change by combining elements of SP, DRR and CCA in programmes and projects. The aim of this paper is to provide an initial assessment of the ways in which these elements are being brought together in development policy and practice. It does this by conducting a meta-analysis of 124 agricultural programmes implemented in five countries in south Asia. These are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. The findings show that full integration of SP, DRR and CCA is relatively limited in south Asia, although there has been significant progress in combining SP and DRR in the last ten years. Projects that combine elements of SP, DRR and CCA tend to emphasise broad poverty and vulnerability reduction goals relative to those that do not. Such approaches can provide valuable lessons and insights for the promotion of climate resilient livelihoods amongst policymakers and practitioners.

The concept of quasi-integrability: a concrete example

We use the deformed sine-Gordon models recently presented by Bazeia et al [1] to take the first steps towards defining the concept of quasi-integrability. We consider one such definition and use it to calculate an infinite number of quasi-conserved quantities through a modification of the usual techniques of integrable field theories. Performing an expansion around the sine-Gordon theory we are able to evaluate the charges and the anomalies of their conservation laws in a perturbative power series in a small parameter which describes the ""closeness"" to the integrable sine-Gordon model. We show that in the case of the two-soliton scattering the charges, up to first order of perturbation, are conserved asymptotically, i.e. their values are the same in the distant past and future, when the solitons are well separated. We indicate that this property may hold or not to higher orders depending on the behavior of the two-soliton solution under a special parity transformation. For closely bound systems, such as breather-like field configurations, the situation however is more complex and perhaps the anomalies have a different structure implying that the concept of quasi-integrability does not apply in the same way as in the scattering of solitons. We back up our results with the data of many numerical simulations which also demonstrate the existence of long lived breather-like and wobble-like states in these models.

Small-Scale Farmers Land Use and Socioeconomic Situation in the Mount Elgon District in Northwestern Kenya : A Minor Field Study - Combined Field Mapping and Interview

This Minor Field Study was carried out during November and December in 2011 in the Mount Elgon District in Western Kenya. The objective was to examine nine small-scale farming household´s land use and socioeconomic situation when they have joined a non-governmental organization (NGO) project, which specifically targets small-scale farming households to improve land use system and socioeconomic situation by the extension of soil and water conservation measures. The survey has worked along three integral examinations methods which are mapping and processing data using GIS, semi structured interviews and literature studies.   This study has adopted a theoretical approach referred to as political ecology, in which landesque capital is a central concept. The result shows that all farmers, except one, have issues with land degradation. However, the extent of the problem and also implemented sustainable soil and water conservation measures were diverse among the farmers. The main causes of this can both be linked to how the farmers themselves utilized their farmland and how impacts from the climate change have modified the terms of the farmers working conditions. These factors have consequently resulted in impacts on the informants’ socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore it was also registered that social and economic elements, in some cases, were the causes of how the farmers manage their farmland. The farmer who had no significant problem with soil erosion had invested in trees and opportunities to irrigate the farmland. In addition, it was also recorded that certain farmers had invested in particular soil and water conservation measures without any significant result. This was probably due to the time span these land measures cover before they start to generate revenue.  The outcome of this study has traced how global, national and local elements exist in a context when it comes to the conditions of the farmers´ land use and their socioeconomic situation. The farmers atMt.Elgon are thereby a component of a wider context when they are both contributory to their socioeconomic situation, mainly due to their land management, and also exposed to core-periphery relationships on which the farmers themselves have no influence.

Théâtre du Grand-Guignol : Les mécanismes de la peur dans deux pièces du théâtre médical d’André de Lorde et Alfred BinetL’Obsession et Une leçon à la Salpêtrière .

Le Grand-Guignol n’a reçu que peu d’attention critique sérieuse jusqu’à la fin des années 1980. Ce petit théâtre a pendant 65 ans, de 1897 à 1962, offert des pièces d’un genre nouveau mêlant terreur, violence et souvent érotisme. Le succès était au rendez-vous et le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol est longtemps resté une attraction incontournable de Paris. Les pièces choisies pour ce mémoire sont issues de ce répertoire et ont cela de particulier qu’elles ont été écrites en collaboration entre un écrivain, André de Lorde, et un psychologue, Alfred Binet. Malgré leurs différences, ces pièces ont une constante, un point commun : elles suscitent toutes la peur chez le spectateur. C’est précisément la façon dont Binet et de Lorde établissent cette peur à travers leurs pièces qui sera l’objet d’étude de ce mémoire. Ce mémoire se limite à l’analyse de deux œuvres en particulier : L’Obsession, et Une leçon à la Salpêtrière. Appréhender la notion de peur dans une œuvre théâtrale impose de réfléchir non seulement aux thèmes développés mais également à la construction dramatique du récit et à sa mise en scène. Dans le cas spécifique d’une pièce Grand-Guignol, il y aura une dimension supplémentaire à inclure : ce que l’on peut appeler « l’expérience Grand-Guignol ». De quelles façons le fait même d’aller voir une pièce dans ce théâtre participait-il à l’anticipation et au sentiment de peur nécessaire à l’efficacité des pièces ?  Après un bref rappel de l’histoire du Grand-Guignol, les causes externes comme le quartier de Montmartre, mais aussi les habiles coups publicitaires des premiers directeurs artistiques ainsi que la configuration du théâtre lui-même sont étudiées pour montrer comment elles ont largement contribué à créer un véritable mythe autour du Grand-Guignol. Dans la deuxième partie, une analyse spécifique des deux pièces mentionnées précédemment est faite. Les questions suivantes ont été posées : sur quels thèmes pouvaient bien jouer les auteurs pour toucher leur public ? En quoi ces thèmes reflétaient-ils les peurs de l’époque, c’est-à-dire de la « Belle Epoque » ? Dans la dernière partie, une analyse textuelle et scénique a été faite au cours de laquelle il a été tenté de comprendre comment les auteurs provoquent et entretiennent la peur et l’angoisse à travers à la fois la construction dramatique des pièces et leurs jeux de scène.

La notion de la faute et le degré de culpabilité dansPhèdre. : Une étude comparative de la faute dans les différentspersonnages de Phèdre dans : Euripide, Sénèque et JeanRacine.

L’objectif majeur de ce mémoire est d’étudier la notion de la faute et le degré deculpabilité dans les tragédies inspirées du personnage de Phèdre. Nous allonsanalyser la notion de la faute et ses conséquences dans trois différentes tragédies àsavoir Hippolyte d’Euripide, Phèdre de Sénèque et celle du même titre de JeanRacine. Nous allons faire une étude comparative entre les trois versions enmontrant les ressemblances et les différences dans le traitement de la faute. Enfin,on va voir comment la faute commise volontairement pousse une personne à secondamner elle-même.

From local to national: aspects of mapping the welfare third sector in Australia

The paper charts the authors' research experiences in various types of sociological mapping ofc ommunity or third sector organisations. Specifically this was a search for a way of understanding how third sector organisations dealing with welfare issues were operating in Australia in the mid I990s.

The paper tells the story of how the researchers worked through the implications of being faced initially with a dearth of information about their subject and of how lessons were learnt about the disjunctions between what is formally given as textbook knowledge about research practice and what actually can and does happen: that is, the relationship between the theory and the practice of research.

In discussing the creation of a database of organisations, conducting focus groups and a national sample survey, the paper comments on some of the practical problems facing third sector researchers as well as looking at concept generation and typology building as analytical tools.