Novos materiais com polioxotungstatos substituídos com metais d e f

The present work reports studies on the new compounds obtained by the combination of polyoxoanions derived from the Keggin and Lindquist structures with several cations. The studies were first focused on the monolacunary Keggin polyoxoanions [PW11O39M(H2O)]n- (M = FeIII, MnIII and n = 4; M = CoII and n = 5) and its combination with the organic cation 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+). The association of Bmim+ cation with the polyoxoanion [PW11O39Fe(H2O)]4- allowed to isolate for the first time both the monomeric and the dimeric [PW11O39Fe)2O]10- anions, with the same cation and using simple bench techniques by pH manipulation. Studies regarding the stability of these inorganic species in solution indicated that both species are present in solution in equilibrium. However, the inability to up until now isolate the dimeric unit through simple bench methods, lead to the hypothesis that the cation had a role to play in the selective precipitation of either the monomer or the dimer. Repetition of the same procedures with the polyoxoanions [SiW11O39Fe(H2O)]5- and [PW11O39M(H2O)]n- (M = FeIII, MnIII and n = 4; M = Co and n = 5), afforded only the corresponding monomeric compounds, (Bmim)5[SiW11O39FeIII(H2O)]· 4H2O (3), (Bmim)5[PW11O39CoII(H2O)]· 0.5 H2O, (4) and (Bmim)5[PW11O39MnIII(H2O)]· 0.5 H2O (5). Moreover, the combination of Bmim+ and the polyoxotungstate [PW11O39Co(H2O)]5- afforded two different crystal structures, depending on the synthetic conditions. Thus, a ratio Bmim+:POM of 5:1 and the presence of K+ cations (due to addition of KOH) led to a formula Na2K(Bmim)2[PW11.2O39Co0.8(H2O)]·7H2O (4a), whilst a ratio Bmim:POM of 7:1 led to the formation of a crystal with the chemical formula Na2(Bmim)8[PW11O39Co(H2O)]2·3H2O (4b). Electrochemical studies were performed with carbon paste electrodes modified with BmimCl to investigate the influence of the Bmim+ cation in the performance of the electrodes. The voltametric measurements obtained from solutions containing the anions [PW11O39]7- and [SiW11O39]8- are presented. Results pointed to an improvement of the acquired voltametric signal with a slight addition of BmimCl (up to 2.5% w/w), specially in the studies regarding pH variation. Additional synthesis were carried out with both the cations Omim+ and THTP+.

Analysis of the organic matter associated to sea salt : definition of potential molecular markers based on the volatile composition and presence of glycosidic derivatives and polysaccharides

Sea salt is a natural product obtained from the evaporation of seawater in saltpans due to the combined effect of wind and sunlight. Nowadays, there is a growing interest for protection and re-valorisation of saltpans intrinsically associated to the quality of sea salt that can be evaluated by its physico-chemical properties. These man-made systems can be located in different geographical areas presenting different environmental surroundings. During the crystallization process, organic compounds coming from these surroundings can be incorporated into sea salt crystals, influencing their final composition. The organic matter associated to sea salt arises from three main sources: algae, surrounding bacterial community, and anthropogenic activity. Based on the hypothesis that sea salt contains associated organic compounds that can be used as markers of the product, including saltpans surrounding environment, the aim of this PhD thesis was to identify these compounds. With this purpose, this work comprised: 1) a deep characterisation of the volatile composition of sea salt by headspace solid phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GCGC–ToFMS) methodology, in search of potential sea salt volatile markers; 2) the development of a methodology to isolate the polymeric material potentially present in sea salt, in amounts that allow its characterisation in terms of polysaccharides and protein; and 3) to explore the possible presence of triacylglycerides. The high chromatographic resolution and sensitivity of GC×GC–ToFMS enabled the separation and identification of a higher number of volatile compounds from sea salt, about three folds, compared to unidimentional chromatography (GC–qMS). The chromatographic contour plots obtained revealed the complexity of marine salt volatile composition and confirmed the relevance of GC×GC–ToFMS for this type of analysis. The structured bidimentional chromatographic profile arising from 1D volatility and 2D polarity was demonstrated, allowing more reliable identifications. Results obtained for analysis of salt from two locations in Aveiro and harvested over three years suggest the loss of volatile compounds along the time of storage of the salt. From Atlantic Ocean salts of seven different geographical origins, all produced in 2007, it was possible to identify a sub-set of ten compounds present in all salts, namely 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, isophorone, ketoisophorone, β-ionone-5,6-epoxide, dihydroactinidiolide, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl 2-methylpropanoate, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diyl bis(2-methylpropanoate), and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. These ten compounds were considered potential volatile markers of sea salt. Seven of these compounds are carotenoid-derived compounds, and the other three may result from the integration of compounds from anthropogenic activity as metabolites of marine organisms. The present PhD work also allowed the isolation and characterisation, for the first time, of polymeric material from sea salt, using 16 Atlantic Ocean salts. A dialysis-based methodology was developed to isolate the polymeric material from sea salt in amounts that allowed its characterisation. The median content of polymeric material isolated from the 16 salts was 144 mg per kg of salt, e.g. 0.014% (w/w). Mid-infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry revealed the main occurrence of sulfated polysaccharides, as well as the presence of protein in the polymeric material from sea salt. Sea salt polysaccharides were found to be rich in uronic acid residues (21 mol%), glucose (18), galactose (16), and fucose (13). Sulfate content represented a median of 45 mol%, being the median content of sulfated polysaccharides 461 mg/g of polymeric material, which accounted for 66 mg/kg of dry salt. Glycosidic linkage composition indicates that the main sugar residues that could carry one or more sulfate groups were identified as fucose and galactose. This fact allowed to infer that the polysaccharides from sea salt arise mainly from algae, due to their abundance and composition. The amino acid profile of the polymeric material from the 16 Atlantic Ocean salts showed as main residues, as medians, alanine (25 mol%), leucine (14), and valine (14), which are hydrophobic, being the median protein content 35 mg/g, i.e. 4,9 mg per kg of dry salt. Beside the occurrence of hydrophobic volatile compounds in sea salt, hydrophobic non-volatile compounds were also detected. Triacylglycerides were obtained from sea salt by soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. Fatty acid composition revealed palmitic acid as the major residue (43 mol%), followed by stearic (13), linolenic (13), oleic (12), and linoleic (9). Sea salt triacylglycerides median content was 1.5 mg per kg of dry salt. Both protein and triacylglycerides seem to arise from macro and microalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, due to their abundance and composition. Despite the variability resulting from saltpans surrounding environment, this PhD thesis allowed the identification of a sea salt characteristic organic compounds profile based on volatile compounds, polysaccharides, protein, and triacylglycerides.

Valorization of solid wastes from cellulose and paper industry

This thesis reports in detail studies of industrial solid wastes valorization as alternative raw materials. All tested wastes are classified as non-hazardous and are generated in the pulp and paper process, including primary sludge, dregs, grits, lime mud and bottom ash (this generated in a process that occurs in parallel to the production of cellulose, whose aim is the production of energy to supply the plant through the combustion of forest biomass in fluidized bed). A detailed general characterization was performed at each waste and according to their characteristics, they were selected some applications in materials with potential use, specifically in Fibercement, Bituminous Mixture for regularization layer and industrial mortars (rendering mortars and cementitious-adhesive). After decided to application each waste was specifically tested to proceed the setting up of formulations containing different content of waste in replacement of the raw conventional material. As an isolated case, the bottom ash was tested not only as an alternative raw material for construction materials, but also it was tested for its use in fluidized bed in which the waste is generated as raw material. Both dregs and bottom ash had undergone special treatment to make possible to obtain a better quality of waste in order do not compromise the final product characteristics and process. The dregs were tested in bituminous mixtures as received and also washed (on the laboratory scale to remove soluble salts) and bottom ash were washed and screened in industrial scale (for removal of soluble salts, especially chlorides and coarse fraction particles elimination - particles larger than 1 mm size). The remaining residues form used in such as received avoiding additional costs. The results indicated potential and some limitations for each application to the use of these wastes as alternative raw material, but in some cases, the benefits in relation to valorization overlap with its limitations in both aspects, environmental and economic.

Extraction of added-value products from biomass using ionic liquids

The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the potential of ionic liquids (ILs) as a new class of extractive solvents for added-value products from biomass. These include phenolic compounds (vanillin, gallic, syringic and vanillic acids), alkaloids (caffeine) and aminoacids (L-tryptophan). The interest on these natural compounds relies on the wide variety of relevant properties shown by those families and further application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Aiming at developping more benign and effective extraction/purification techniques than those used, a comprehensive study was conducted using aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of ILs and inorganic/organic salts. In addition, ILs were characterized by a polarity scale, using solvatochromic probes, aiming at providing prior indications on the ILs affinity for particular added-value products. Solid-liquid (S-L) extractions from biomass and using aqueous solution of ILs were also investigated. In particular, and applying and experimental factorial design to optimize the operational conditions, caffeine was extracted from guaraná seeds and spent coffee. With both types of extractions it was found that it is possible to recover the high-value compounds and to recycle the IL and salt solutions. Finally, aiming at exploring the recovery of added-value compounds from biomass using a simpler and more suistainable technique, the solubility of gallic acid, vanillin and caffeine was studied in aqueous solutions of several ILs and common salts. With the gathered results it was possible to demonstrate that ILs act as hydrotropes and that water can be used as an adequate antisolvent. This thesis describes the use of ILs towards the development of more effective and sustainable processes.

Estudos de síntese e transformação de cromonas e 4-quinolonas

Esta dissertação está dividida em duas partes. Na primeira parte reportam-se métodos de síntese de (E)-3-estirilflavonas e (E)/(Z)-2-aril- 4-cloro-3-estiril-2H-cromenos e estudos de ciclização das (E)-3- estirilflavonas em 5-arilbenzo[c]xantonas. Na segunda parte desenvolveram-se novas rotas de síntese de (E)-2-aril-3-estiril-4- quinolonas e posterior transformação em 5-fenil-12- metilbenzo[c]acridonas e 2,4-diarilfuro[3,2-c]quinolinas. Nesta parte estudou-se também a transformação de 2-aril-4-cloro-1,2-dihidroquinolina- 1,3-dicarbaldeídos em (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4-cloro-3-estiril-1,2- di-hidroquinolina-1-carbaldeídos. A síntese de novos derivados de (E)-3-estirilflavonas, abordada na primeira parte desta dissertação, envolveu estudos de otimização da reação de bromação seguida de ciclização de 3-aril-1-(2- hidroxiaril)propano-1,3-dionas/3-aril-3-hidroxi-1-(2-hidroxiaril)prop-2- en-1-onas em 3-bromoflavonas e o desenvolvimento de uma nova rota de síntese de 3-metilflavonas. As 3-metilflavonas foram sujeitas a bromação e seguidamente transformadas em sais de fosfónio antes de serem utilizadas na síntese de (E)-3-estirilflavonas via reação de Wittig. As 3-bromoflavonas foram também usadas na síntese de (E)-3- estirilflavonas via reação de Heck. A síntese de novos derivados de (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4-cloro-3-estiril-2H-cromenos, via reação de Wittig, envolveu a síntese e formilação de flavanonas. A última transformação reportada na primeira parte desta dissertação é a síntese de 5-arilbenzo[c]xantonas por reação de eletrociclização seguida de oxidação de (E)-3-estirilflavonas. Na segunda parte desta dissertação são estudadas duas vias de síntese de 2-aril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. A primeira via de síntese envolve a síntese de N-(2-acetilfenil)benzamidas, sua ciclização em 4-quinolonas seguida de metilação destas. A segunda via envolve a metilação e ciclização de N-(2-acetilfenil)benzamidas obtendo-se, num só passo, as 2-aril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. Posterior iodação das 2-aril-1-metil-4- quinolonas e subsequente reação de Heck das 2-aril-3-iodo-1-metil-4- quinolonas com estirenos comerciais possibilitaram a síntese de (E)-2- aril-3-estiril-1-metil-4-quinolonas. Estudos de eletrociclização seguidos de oxidação das (E)-2-aril-3-estiril-1-metil-4-quinolonas utilizando uma lâmpada de UV de mercúrio de alta pressão possibilitou a síntese de 5- fenil-12-metilbenzo[c]acridonas, enquanto que o aquecimento em refluxo de 1,2,4-triclorobenzeno deu origem a 2,4-diarilfuro[3,2- c]quinolinas. Nesta segunda parte aborda-se também a síntese de 2-aril-4-cloro-1,2- di-hidroquinolina-1,3-dicarbaldeídos, a partir da formilação de 2-aril- 2,3-di-hidro-4-quinolonas e a sua transformação em (E)/(Z)-2-aril-4- cloro-3-estiril-1,2-di-hidroquinolina-1-carbaldeídos por reação de Wittig. Todos os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de protão e carbono 13C, espectros bidimensionais de correlação heteronuclear (HMBC e HSQC) e, nalguns casos espectros de efeito nuclear Overhauser (NOESY). Os novos produtos foram igualmente caracterizados por espectrometria de massa e sempre que possível análise elementar ou espectrometria de massa de alta resolução.

Development of a sustainable method for the extraction of lycopene and β-carotene from food wastes

The main objective of the present work is the study of a profitable process not only in the extraction and selective separation of lycopene and β-carotene, two compounds present in tomato, but also in its potential application to food industry wastes. This is one of the industries that produce larger amounts of wastes, which are rich in high value biomolecules with great economic interest. However, the conventional methods used to extract this kind of compounds are expensive which limits their application at large scale. Lycopene and βcarotene are carotenoids with high commercial value, known for their antioxidant activity and benefits to human health. Their biggest source is tomato, one of the world’s most consumed fruits, reason for which large quantities of waste is produced. This work focuses on the study of diverse solvents with a high potential to extract carotenoids from tomato, as well as the search for more environmentally benign solvents than those currently used to extract lycopene and β-carotene from biomass. Additionally, special attention was paid to the creation of a continuous process that would allow the fractionation of the compounds for further purification. Thus, the present work started with the extraction of both carotenoids using a wide range of solvents, namely, organic solvents, conventional salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants. In this stage, each solvent was evaluated in what regards their capacity of extraction as well as their penetration ability in biomass. The results collected showed that an adequate selection of the solvents may lead to the complete extraction of both carotenoids in one single step, particularly acetone and tetrahydrofuran were the most effective ones. However, the general low penetration capacity of salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants makes these solvents ineffective in the solid-liquid extraction process. As the organic solvents showed the highest capacity to extract lycopene and βcarotene, in particular tetrahydrofuran and acetone, the latter solvent used in the development process of fractionation, using to this by strategic use of solvents. This step was only successfully developed through the manipulation of the solubility of each compound in ethanol and n-hexane. The results confirmed the possibility of fractionating the target compounds using the correct addition order of the solvents. Approximately, 39 % of the β-carotene was dissolved in ethanol and about 64 % of lycopene was dissolved in n-hexane, thus indicating their separation for two different solvents which shows the selective character of the developed process without any prior stage optimization. This study revealed that the use of organic solvents leads to selective extraction of lycopene and β-carotene, allowing diminishing the numerous stages involved in conventional methods. At the end, it was possible to idealize a sustainable and of high industrial relevance integrated process, nevertheless existing the need for additional optimization studies in the future.

The response of reworked aerosols to climate through estimation of inter-particle forces

This paper describes the first use of inter-particle force measurement in reworked aerosols to better understand the mechanics of dust deflation and its consequent ecological ramifications. Dust is likely to carry hydrocarbons and micro-organisms including human pathogens and cultured microbes and thereby is a threat to plants, animals and human. Present-day global aerosol emissions are substantially greater than in 1850; however, the projected influx rates are highly disputable. This uncertainty, in part, has roots in the lack of understanding of deflation mechanisms. A growing body of literature shows that whether carbon emission continues to increase, plant transpiration drops and soil water retention enhances, allowing more greenery to grow and less dust to flux. On the other hand, a small but important body of geochemistry literature shows that increasing emission and global temperature leads to extreme climates, decalcification of surface soils containing soluble carbonate polymorphs and hence a greater chance of deflation. The consistency of loosely packed reworked silt provides background data against which the resistance of dust’s bonding components (carbonates and water) can be compared. The use of macro-scale phenomenological approaches to measure dust consistency is trivial. Instead, consistency can be measured in terms of inter-particle stress state. This paper describes a semi-empirical parametrisation of the inter-particle cohesion forces in terms of the balance of contact-level forces at the instant of particle motion. We put forward the hypothesis that the loss of Ca2+-based pedogenic salts is responsible for much of the dust influx and surficial drying pays a less significant role.

Salt removing species

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Disrupção da glândula tiróide por composto goitrógeno (PTU)

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Incorporation of selenium on microalgae as supplement to artemia and zebrafish

Dissertação de mestrado, Aquacultura, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Organic addittives in zinc electrowinning and electrodeposition of Fe-Mo-P alloys as cathodes for chlorate production

Ce projet de travail est divisé en deux études principales: (a) l’influence des certains additifs organiques sur la consommation d’énergie et la pureté du métal de zinc déposé dans le processus d’extraction électrolytique, et (b) l’électrodéposition des alliages binaires et ternaires de Fe-Mo et Fe-Mo-P sur des substrats d’acier doux afin d’agir comme cathodes pour la production de chlorate. (a) Parmi les sept différents additifs organiques examinés, les sels des liquides ioniques ont réussi à augmenter le rendement du courant jusqu’à 95,1% comparé à 88,7% qui a obtenu à partir de l’électrolyte standard en présence des ions de Sb3+. La réduction maximale de la consommation d’énergie de ~173 kWh tonne-1 a été obtenue en ajoutant de 3 mg dm-3 du chlorure de 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium dans le même électrolyte. La teneur en plomb dans le dépôt de zinc est réduite de 26,5 ppm à 5,1-5,6 ppm en utilisant les sels des liquides ioniques. (b) Des différents binaires Fe-Mo et ternaires Fe-Mo-P alliages ont été électrodéposés sur des substrats d’acier doux. Les alliages préparés ont une tenure en Mo entre 21-47 at.% et une tenure en P de 0 à 16 at.%. L’activité électrocatalytique de ces alliages vers la réaction de dégagement d’hydrogène (RDH) a été étudiée dans des solutions de chlorure de sodium. La réduction maximale de la surtension de RDH de ~313 mV a été obtenue par l’alliage ternaire préparé Fe54Mo30P16 par rapport à celle obtenue pour l’acier doux. La rugosité de surface et l’activité intrinsèque des revêtements de Fe-Mo-P peuvent être l’origine du comportement prometteur de ces électrocatalyseurs vers la RDH.

Développement d’une matrice prébiotique pour l’encapsulation des probiotiques bactériocinogènes, destinée à l’alimentation animale - de la physicochimie à la biopharmacie

L’antibiorésistance est un problème de santé publique majeur, causé principalement par l’usage abusif d’antibiotiques dans les élevages. Les probiotiques sont une alternative potentielle aux antibiotiques. Cependant, acheminer ces microorganismes vivants et fonctionnels jusqu’au côlon est un grand défi, à cause du pH et des sels biliaires à affronter lors du passage gastro-intestinal. L’objectif de ce travail était de développer une matrice prébiotique capable de maintenir la survie et l’activité des probiotiques pendant le transit gastro-intestinal et de permettre leur libération dans le côlon. Pour atteindre cet objectif, cinq types de matrices sphériques (A, AI5, AI10, AI15, AI20) à base d’inuline (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % et 20 %) et d’alginate (2 %) ont été préparés par la méthode d’extrusion/gélification ionotropique. Trois souches probiotiques ont été utilisées au cours du développement des billes : Pediococcus acidilactici UL5 (UL5), Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) et Lactobacillus salivarius (LS). Dans un premier temps, toutes les formulations ont été caractérisées d’un point de vue physicochimique et microbiologique. Ces analyses ont permis de révéler une distribution homogène de l’inuline et de l’alginate au sein des matrices et ont démontré que la viabilité et la capacité antimicrobienne des souches utilisées n’étaient pas affectées par l’encapsulation. À la lumière de ces résultats, trois formulations A, AI5 et AI20 ont été sélectionnées pour la suite de l’étude. Dans un deuxième temps, la mucoadhésion et le comportement des billes A, AI5 et AI20 ont été étudiés dans les parties supérieures du tractus gastro-intestinal. Ces études ont démontré que la présence de l’inuline améliore les propriétés mucoadhésives des billes. Elles ont également établi que seule la formulation AI5 résiste jusqu’à la fin de la digestion. Ce comportement est expliqué en partie par l’interaction alginate-inuline décelée par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR). Cette interaction était stable pour les billes AI5 au pH 6,8 mais instable pour la formulation AI20. Enfin, le comportement et la dynamique bactérienne de la formulation AI5 dans les milieux coliques fermenté et non fermenté ont été étudiés. Cette étude a révélé que les billes AI5 se dégradent et libèrent la totalité des bactéries après environ 4 heures d’incubation dans le milieu fermenté. Cette dégradation est due aux enzymes très abondantes dans ce milieu. En conclusion, la formulation AI5 s’est avérée être un très bon véhicule pour protéger les bactéries dans les parties supérieures du tube digestif et favoriser leur libération dans le côlon. Elle pourrait donc, être utilisée pour une application en alimentation animale.

Development and characterization of novel vehicles for topical drug delivery

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Tecnologia Farmacêutica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2016

A thin-layer chromatography-bioautographic method for detecting dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors in plants

A thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-bioautographic method was developed with the aim to detect dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors from plant extracts. The basic principle of the method is that the enzyme (DPP IV) hydrolyzes substrate (Gly-Pro-p-nitroaniline) into p-nitroaniline (pNA), which diazotizes with sodium nitrite, and then reacts with N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride in turn to form a rose-red azo dye which provides a rose-red background on the TLC plates. The DPP IV inhibitors showed white spots on the background as they blocked enzymolysis of the substrate to produce pNA. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, recovery, and stability after optimizing key parameters including plate type, time and temperature of incubation, concentration of substrate, enzyme and derivatization reagents, and absorption wavelength. The results showed good lineary within amounts over 0.01–0.1 μg range for the positive control, diprotin A, with the coefficient of determination (r2) = 0.9668. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 5 and 10 ng, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 98.9% to 107.5%. The averages of the intra- and inter-plate reproducibility were in the range of 4.1–9.7% and 7.6–14.7%, respectively. Among the nine methanolic extracts of medicinal herbs screened for DPP IV inhibitors by the newly developed method, Peganum nigellastrum Bunge was found to have one white active spot, which was then isolated and identified as harmine. By spectrophotometric method, harmine hydrochloride was found to have DPP-IV inhibitory activity of 32.4% at 10 mM comparing to that of 54.8% at 50 μM for diprotin A.

Evaluation of solubility and partition properties of ampicillin-based ionic liquids

In order to overcome the problems associated with low water solubility, and consequently low bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), herein we explore a modular ionic liquid synthetic strategy for improved APIs. Ionic liquids containing l-ampicillin as active pharmaceutical ingredient anion were prepared using the methodology developed in our previous work, using organic cations selected from substituted ammonium, phosphonium, pyridinium and methylimidazolium salts, with the intent of enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of l-ampicillin forms. In order to evaluate important properties of the synthesized API-ILs, the water solubility at 25 °C and 37 °C (body temperature) as well as octanol–water partition coefficients (Kow's) and HDPC micelles partition at 25 °C were measured. Critical micelle concentrations (CMC's) in water at 25 °C and 37 °C of the pharmaceutical ionic liquids bearing cations with surfactant properties were also determined from ionic conductivity measurements.