983 resultados para Geli, Anna M. -- Intervius


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Tutkielman aiheena ovat vaikeasti aivovammaisen nuoren aikuisen sekä omaisen kokemukset hyvinvointipalveluista. Hyvinvointipalveluilla tutkielmassa viitataan julkisen sektorin järjestämiin lakisääteisiin sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluihin. Itsemäräämisoikeudella tarkoitetaan tässä yhteydessä yksilön moraalista oikeutta tehdä omaan elämän liittyviä valintoja ja päätöksiä ja toteuttaa niitä. Omaisen osallisuutta lähestytään osallisuutena vammautuneen läheisen hyvinvoinnin edistämiseen palvelujärjestelmn kontekstissa. Tutkielma kuuluu vammaistutkimukseen osana sosiaalipoliittista keskustelua. Se liittyy hyvinvointipalvelujen asiakkuutta koskevaan tutkimukseen. Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on, että kokemuksellinen tieto on tärkeää sosiaalityön toimintakäytäntöjen kehittämisen kannalta. Keskeisimmät tutkimukset tutkielman kannalta ovat Heli Valokiven (2008), Eija Jumiskon (2008) ja Anna Metterin (2004) tutkimukset. Aineiston hankintamenetelmnä tutkielmassa on käytetty puolistrukturoitua haastattelua. Tutkielmaa varten on haastateltu neljää 27 - 36 -vuotiasta nuorta aikuista. Kaikilla haastateltavilla on vaikea aivovamma. He ovat työkyvyttömyyseläkkeellä ja asuvat vaikeavammaisten palveluasumisyksikössä Etelä-Suomen alueella. Tutkielmaa varten on haastateltu neljää omaista, joista osa on haastateltujen vammautuneiden omaisia. Aineiston analyysin välineenä on käytetty fenomenologis-hermeneuttista tutkimusotetta ja tarinallista lähestymistapaa.Vaikeavammaisten palveluasumisyksikköä lähestytään tutkielmassa vammautuneen arjen sosiaalisena näyttämnä yksityisen ja julkisen tilan välimaastossa. Vaikean aivovamman saanut henkilö toteuttaa itsemäräämistään asumisen arjessa monin eri tavoin. Hän luotaa suhdettaan vammaisuuteensa ja antaa sille eri merkityksiä. Hän arvioi omaa toimijuuttaan suhteessa vammaisuuden kokemukseen. Muistivaikeuksien johdosta vammautunut voi tarvita tarinallista tukea toimijuutensa edistämiseksi. Luottamus on keskeinen voimavara vammautuneen elämssä, sillä luotetut toiset voivat tukea vammautuneen toimijuutta ja haastaa valtadiskurssien märitelmiä hänen tilanteestaan. Vaikeasti vammautuneen omaisella voi olla tärkeä rooli vammautuneen arjessa. Omaisen osallisuutta lähestytään tutkielmassa kokemuksena ja toimintana. Tutkielmassa erotetaan kolme osallisuuden kokemuksellista ja toiminnallista ulottuvuutta, jotka ovat olemassaolon kipu, taistelu ja pyrkimys tasapainoon. Omaisen toimijarooleja esitaistelijana ja hoivaajana tarkastellaan sosiaalityön ja sosiaalipolitiikan toimintaympäristöä vasten. Omainen suhteuttaa palvelujärjestelmä koskevia odotuksiaan hyvinvointivaltion lupaukseen, mutta saattaa päätyä kohtuuttomaan tilanteeseen. Omaisen institutionaalisen luottamuksen kokemusta lähestytään turvautuvan, tukeutuvan ja menetetyn luottamuksen näkökulmasta. Sosiaalityön ja sosiaalipolitiikan toimintaympäristö on muuttunut monin tavoin ja asiakkaalta odotetaan enenevässä märin kykyjä toimia markkinoistuneessa yhteiskunnassa. Vammaispolitiikan keinoin pyritään edistämän vaikeavammaisten itsemäräämistä ja yhdenvertaisuutta. Itsemäräämisen eetos voi kuitenkin tukea jo ennestään vahvojen ja aktiivisten toimijoiden toimijuutta. Sosiaalityön haasteena on tukea heikoimmassa asemassa olevien mahdollisuuksia päättää omaa arkea koskevista asioista. Omaisen osallisuuden tukeminen voi mahdollistaa osaltaan vammautuneen itsemäräämistä arjessa. Tasapaino on kuitenkin herkkä, ja sosiaalityön ammatillisena haasteena on hakea tasapainoa asiakkaan itsemäräämisoikeuden ja omaisen osallisuuden välillä.

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The evacuation of Finnish children to Sweden during WW II has often been called a small migration . Historical research on this subject is scarce, considering the great number of children involved. The present research has applied, apart from the traditional archive research, the framework of history-culture developed by Rüsen in order to have an all-inclusive approach to the impact of this historical event. The framework has three dimensions: political, aesthetic and cognitive. The collective memory of war children has also been discussed. The research looks for political factors involved in the evacuations during the Winter War and the Continuation War and the post-war period. The approach is wider than a purely humanitarian one. Political factors have had an impact in both Finland and Sweden, beginning from the decision-making process and ending with the discussion of the unexpected consequences of the evacuations in the Finnish Parliament in 1950. The Winter War (30.11.1939 13.3.1940) witnessed the first child transports. These were also the model for future decision making. The transports were begun on the initiative of Swedes Maja Sandler, the wife of the resigned minister of foreign affairs Rickard Sandler, and Hanna Rydh-Munck af Rosenschöld , but this activity was soon accepted by the Swedish government because the humanitarian help in the form of child transports lightened the political burden of Prime Minister Hansson, who was not willing to help Finland militarily. It was help that Finland never asked for and it was rejected at the beginning. The negative response of Minister Juho Koivisto was not taken very seriously. The political forces in Finland supporting child transports were stronger than those rejecting them. The major politicians in support belonged to Finland´s Swedish minority. In addition, close to 1 000 Finnish children remained in Sweden after the Winter War. No analysis was made of the reasons why these children did not return home. A committee set up to help Finland and Norway was established in Sweden in 1941. Its chairman was Torsten Nothin, an influential Swedish politician. In December 1941 he appealed to the Swedish government to provide help to Finnish children under the authority of The International Red Cross. This plea had no results. The delivery of great amounts of food to Finland, which was now at war with Great Britain, had automatically caused reactions among the allies against the Swedish imports through Gothenburg. This included the import of oil, which was essential for the Swedish navy and air force. Oil was later used successfully to force a reduction in commerce between Sweden and Finland. The contradiction between Sweden´s essential political interests and humanitarian help was solved in a way that did not harm the country´s vital political interests. Instead of delivering help to Finland, Finnish children were transported to Sweden through the organisations that had already been created. At the beginning of the Continuation War (25.6.1941 27.4.1945) negative opinion regarding child transports re-emerged in Finland. Karl-August Fagerholm implemented the transports in September 1941. In 1942, members of the conservative parties in the Finnish Parliament expressed their fear of losing the children to the Swedes. They suggested that Finland should withdraw from the inter-Nordic agreement, according to which the adoptions were approved by the court of the country where the child resided. This initiative failed. Paavo Virkkunen, an influential member of the conservative party Kokoomus in Finland, favoured the so-called good-father system, where help was delivered to Finland in the form of money and goods. Virkkunen was concerned about the consequences of a long stay in a Swedish family. The risk of losing the children was clear. The extreme conservative party (IKL, the Patriotic Movement of the Finnish People) wanted to alienate Finland from Sweden and bring Finland closer to Germany. Von Blücher, the German ambassador to Finland, had in his report to Berlin, mentioned the political consequences of the child transports. Among other things, they would bring Finland and Sweden closer to each other. He had also paid attention to the Nordic political orientation in Finland. He did not question or criticize the child transports. His main interest was to increase German political influence in Finland, and the Nordic political orientation was an obstacle. Fagerholm was politically ill-favoured by the Germans, because he had a strong Nordic political disposition and had criticised Germany´s activities in Norway. The criticism of child transports was at the same time criticism of Fagerholm. The official censorship organ of the Finnish government (VTL) denied the criticism of child transports in January 1942. The reasons were political. Statements made by members of the Finnish Parliament were also censored, because it was thought that they would offend the Swedes. In addition, the censorship organ used child transports as a means of active propaganda aimed at improving the relations between the two countries. The Finnish Parliament was informed in 1948 that about 15 000 Finnish children still remained in Sweden. These children would stay there permanently. In 1950 the members of the Agrarian Party in Finland stated that Finland should actively strive to get the children back. The party on the left (SKDL, the Democratic Movement of Finnish People) also focused on the unexpected consequences of the child transports. The Social Democrats, and largely Fagerholm, had been the main force in Finland behind the child transports. Members of the SKDL, controlled by Finland´s Communist Party, stated that the war time authorities were responsible for this war loss. Many of the Finnish parents could not get their children back despite repeated requests. The discussion of the problem became political, for example von Born, a member of the Swedish minority party RKP, related this problem to foreign policy by stating that the request to repatriate the Finnish children would have negative political consequences for the relations between Finland and Sweden. He emphasized expressing feelings of gratitude to the Swedes. After the war a new foreign policy was established by Prime Minister (1944 1946) and later President (1946 1956) Juho Kusti Paasikivi. The main cornerstone of this policy was to establish good relations with the Soviet Union. The other, often forgotten, cornerstone was to simultaneously establish good relations with other Nordic countries, especially Sweden, as a counterbalance. The unexpected results of the child evacuation, a Swedish initiative, had violated the good relations with Sweden. The motives of the Democratic Movement of Finnish People were much the same as those of the Patriotic Movement of Finnish People. Only the ideology was different. The Nordic political orientation was an obstacle to both parties. The position of the Democratic Movement of Finnish People was much better than that of the Patriotic Movement of Finnish People, because now one could clearly see the unexpected results, which included human tragedy for the many families who could not be re-united with their children despite their repeated requests. The Swedes questioned the figure given to the Finnish Parliament regarding the number of children permanently remaining in Sweden. This research agrees with the Swedes. In a calculation based on Swedish population registers, the number of these children is about 7 100. The reliability of this figure is increased by the fact that the child allowance programme began in Sweden in 1948. The prerequisite to have this allowance was that the child be in the Swedish population register. It was not necessary for the child to have Swedish nationality. The Finnish Parliament had false information about the number of Finnish children who remained in Sweden in 1942 and in 1950. There was no parliamentary control in Finland regarding child transports, because the decision was made by one cabinet member and speeches by MPs in the Finnish Parliament were censored, like all criticism regarding child transports to Sweden. In Great Britain parliamentary control worked better throughout the whole war, because the speeches regarding evacuation were not censored. At the beginning of the war certain members of the British Labour Party and the Welsh Nationalists were particularly outspoken about the scheme. Fagerholm does not discuss to any great extent the child transports in his memoirs. He does not evaluate the process and results as a whole. This research provides some possibilities for an evaluation of this sort. The Swedish medical reports give a clear picture of the physical condition of the Finnish children when arriving in Sweden. The transports actually revealed how bad the situation of the poorest children was. According to Titmuss, similar observations were made in Great Britain during the British evacuations. The child transports saved the lives of approximately 2 900 children. Most of these children were removed to Sweden to receive treatment for illnesses, but many among the healthy children were undernourished and some suffered from the effects of tuberculosis. The medical inspection in Finland was not thorough. If you compare the figure of 2 900 children saved and returned with the figure of about 7 100 children who remained permanently in Sweden, you may draw the conclusion that Finland as a country failed to benefit from the child transports, and that the whole operation was a political mistake with far-reaching consequenses. The basic goal of the operation was to save lives and have all the children return to Finland after the war. The difficulties with the repatriation of the children were mainly psychological. The level of child psychology in Finland at that time was low. One may question the report by Professor Martti Kaila regarding the adaptation of children to their families back in Finland. Anna Freud´s warnings concerning the difficulties that arise when child evacuees return are also valid in Finland. Freud viewed the emotional life of children in a way different from Kaila: the physical survival of a small child forces her to create strong emotional ties to the person who is looking after her. This, a characteristic of all small children, occurred with the Finnish children too, and it was something the political decision makers in Finland could not see during and after the war. It is a characteristic of all little children. Yet, such experiences were already evident during the Winter War. The best possible solution had been to limit the child transports only to children in need of medical treatment. Children from large and poor families had been helped by organising meals and by buying food from Denmark with Swedish money. Assisting Finland by all possible means should have been the basic goal of Fagerholm in September 1941, when the offer of child transports came from Sweden. Fagerholm felt gratitude towards the Swedes. The risks became clear to him only in 1943. The war children are today a rather scattered and diffuse group of people. Emotionally, part of these children remained in Sweden after the war. There is no clear collective memory, only individual memories; the collective memory of the war children has partly been shaped later through the activities of the war child associations. The main difference between the children evacuated in Finland (for example from Karelia to safer areas with their families) and the war children, who were sent abroad, is that the war children lack a shared story and experience with their families. They were outsiders . The whole matter is sensitive to many of such mothers and discussing the subject has often been avoided in families. The war-time censorship has continued in families through silence and avoidance and Finnish politicians and Finnish families had to face each other on this issue after the war. The lack of all-inclusive historical research has also prevented the formation of a collective awareness among war children returned to Finland or those remaining permanently abroad.. Knowledge of historical facts will help war-children by providing an opportunity to create an all-inclusive approach to the past. Personal experiences should be regarded as part of a large historical entity shadowed by war and where many political factors were at work in both Finland and Sweden. This means strengthening of the cognitive dimension discussed in Rüsen´s all-inclusive historical approach.

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Aneuploidy is among the most obvious differences between normal and cancer cells. However, mechanisms contributing to development and maintenance of aneuploid cell growth are diverse and incompletely understood. Functional genomics analyses have shown that aneuploidy in cancer cells is correlated with diffuse gene expression signatures and that aneuploidy can arise by a variety of mechanisms, including cytokinesis failures, DNA endoreplication and possibly through polyploid intermediate states. Here, we used a novel cell spot microarray technique to identify genes with a loss-of-function effect inducing polyploidy and/or allowing maintenance of polyploid cell growth of breast cancer cells. Integrative genomics profiling of candidate genes highlighted GINS2 as a potential oncogene frequently overexpressed in clinical breast cancers as well as in several other cancer types. Multivariate analysis indicated GINS2 to be an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer outcome (p = 0.001). Suppression of GINS2 expression effectively inhibited breast cancer cell growth and induced polyploidy. In addition, protein level detection of nuclear GINS2 accurately distinguished actively proliferating cancer cells suggesting potential use as an operational biomarker.

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11β-hydroksisteroididehydrogenaasientsyymit (11β-HSD) 1 ja 2 säätelevät kortisonin ja kortisolin märää kudoksissa. 11β-HSD1 -entsyymin ylimärä erityisesti viskeraalisessa rasvakudoksessa aiheuttaa metaboliseen oireyhtymn klassisia oireita, mikä tarjoaa mahdollisuuden metabolisen oireyhtymn hoitoon 11β-HSD1 -entsyymin selektiivisellä estämisellä. 11β-HSD2 -entsyymin inhibitio aiheuttaa kortisonivälitteisen mineralokortikoidireseptorien aktivoitumisen, mikä puolestaan johtaa hypertensiivisiin haittavaikutuksiin. Haittavaikutuksista huolimatta 11β-HSD2 -entsyymin estäminen saattaa olla hyödyllistä tilanteissa, joissa halutaan nostaa kortisolin märä elimistössä. Lukuisia selektiivisiä 11β-HSD1 inhibiittoreita on kehitetty, mutta 11β-HSD2-inhibiittoreita on raportoitu vähemmän. Ero näiden kahden isotsyymin aktiivisen kohdan välillä on myös tuntematon, mikä vaikeuttaa selektiivisten inhibiittoreiden kehittämistä kummallekin entsyymille. Tällä työllä oli kaksi tarkoitusta: (1) löytää ero 11β-HSD entsyymien välillä ja (2) kehittää farmakoforimalli, jota voitaisiin käyttää selektiivisten 11β-HSD2 -inhibiittoreiden virtuaaliseulontaan. Ongelmaa lähestyttiin tietokoneavusteisesti: homologimallinnuksella, pienmolekyylien telakoinnilla proteiiniin, ligandipohjaisella farmakoforimallinnuksella ja virtuaaliseulonnalla. Homologimallinnukseen käytettiin SwissModeler -ohjelmaa, ja luotu malli oli hyvin päällekäinaseteltavissa niin templaattinsa (17β-HSD1) kuin 11β-HSD1 -entsyymin kanssa. Eroa entsyymien välillä ei löytynyt tarkastelemalla päällekäinaseteltuja entsyymejä. Seitsemn yhdistettä, joista kuusi on 11β-HSD2 -selektiivisiä, telakoitiin molempiin entsyymeihin käyttäen ohjelmaa GOLD. 11β-HSD1 -entsyymiin yhdisteet kiinnittyivät kuten suurin osa 11β-HSD1 -selektiivisistä tai epäselektiivisistä inhibiittoreista, kun taas 11β-HSD2 -entsyymiin kaikki yhdisteet olivat telakoituneet käänteisesti. Tällainen sitoutumistapa mahdollistaa vetysidokset Ser310:een ja Asn171:een, aminohappoihin, jotka olivat nähtävissä vain 11β-HSD2 -entsyymissä. Farmakoforimallinnukseen käytettiin ohjelmaa LigandScout3.0, jolla ajettiin myös virtuaaliseulonnat. Luodut kaksi farmakoforimallia, jotka perustuivat aiemmin telakointiinkin käytettyihin kuuteen 11β-HSD2 -selektiiviseen yhdisteeseen, koostuivat kuudesta ominaisuudesta (vetysidosakseptori, vetysidosdonori ja hydrofobinen), ja kieltoalueista. 11β-HSD2 -selektiivisyyden kannalta tärkeimmät ominaisuudet ovat vetysidosakseptori, joka voi muodostaa sidoksen Ser310 kanssa ja vetysidosdonori sen vieressä. Tälle vetysidosdonorille ei löytynyt vuorovaikutusparia 11β-HSD2-mallista. Sopivasti proteiiniin orientoitunut vesimolekyyli voisi kuitenkin olla sopiva ratkaisu puuttuvalle vuorovaikutusparille. Koska molemmat farmakoforimallit löysivät 11β-HSD2 -selektiivisiä yhdisteitä ja jättivät epäselektiivisiä pois testiseulonnassa, käytettiin molempia malleja Innsbruckin yliopistossa säilytettävistä yhdisteistä (2700 kappaletta) koostetun tietokannan seulontaan. Molemmista seulonnoista löytyneistä hiteistä valittiin yhteensä kymmenen kappaletta, jotka lähetettiin biologisiin testeihin. Biologisien testien tulokset vahvistavat lopullisesti sen kuinka hyvin luodut mallit edustavat todellisuudessa 11β-HSD2 -selektiivisyyttä.

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Recently it has been recognized that evolutionary aspects play a major role in conservation issues of a species. In this thesis I have combined evolutionary research with conservation studies to provide new insight into these fields. The study object of this thesis is the house sparrow, a species that has features that makes it interesting for this type of study. The house sparrow has been ubiquitous almost all over the world. Even though being still abundant, several countries have reported major declines. These declines have taken place in a relatively short time covering both urban and rural habitats. In Finland this species has declined by more than two thirds in just over two decades. In addition, as the house sparrow lives only in human inhabited areas it can also raise public awareness to conservation issues. I used both an extensive museum collection of house sparrows collected in 1980s from all over Finland as well as samples collected in 2009 from 12 of the previously collected localities. I used molecular techniques to study neutral genetic variation within and genetic differentiation between the study populations. This knowledge I then combined with data gathered on morphometric measurements. In addition I analyzed eight heavy metals from the livers of house sparrows that lived in either rural or urban areas in the 1980s and evaluated the role of heavy metal pollution as a possible cause of the declines. Even though dispersal of house sparrows is limited I found that just as the declines started in 1980s the house sparrows formed a genetically panmictic population on the scale of the whole Finland. When compared to Norway, where neutral genetic divergence has been found even with small geographic distances, I concluded that this difference would be due to contrasting landscapes. In Finland the landscape is rather homogeneous facilitating the movements of these birds and maintaining gene flow even with the low dispersal. To see whether the declines have had an effect on the neutral genetic variation of the populations I did a comparison between the historical and contemporary genetic data. I showed that even though genetic diversity has not decreased due to the drastic declines the populations have indeed become more differentiated from each other. This shows that even in a still quite abundant species the declines can have an effect on the genetic variation. It is shown that genetic diversity and differentiation may approach their new equilibriums at different rates. This emphasizes the importance of studying both of them and if the latter has increased it should be taken as a warning sign of a possible loss of genetic diversity in the future. One of the factors suggested to be responsible for the house sparrow declines is heavy metal pollution. When studying the livers of house sparrows from 1980s I discovered higher levels of heavy metal concentrations in urban than rural habitats, but the levels of the metals were comparatively low and based on that heavy metal pollution does not seem to be a direct cause for the declines in Finland. However, heavy metals are known to decrease the amount of insects in urban areas and thus in the cities heavy metals may have an indirect effect on house sparrows. Although neutral genetic variation is an important tool for conservation genetics it does not tell the whole story. Since neutral genetic variation is not affected by selection, information can be one-sided. It is possible that even neutral genetic differentiation is low, there can be substantial variation in additive genetic traits indicating local adaptation. Therefore I performed a comparison between neutral genetic differentiation and phenotypic differentiation. I discovered that two traits out of seven are likely to be under directional selection, whereas the others could be affected by random genetic drift. Bergmann s rule may be behind the observed directional selection in wing length and body mass. These results highlight the importance of estimating both neutral and adaptive genetic variation.

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The study examines the personnel training and research activities carried out by the Organization and Methods Division of the Ministry of Finance and their becoming a part and parcel of the state administration in 1943-1971. The study is a combination of institutional and ideological historical research in recent history on adult education, using a constructionist approach. Material salient to the study comes from the files of the Organization and Methods Division in the National Archives, parliamentary documents, committee reports, and the magazines. The concentrated training and research activities arranged by the Organization and Methods Division, became a part and parcel of the state administration in the midst of controversial challenges and opportunities. They served to solve social problems which beset the state administration as well as contextual challenges besetting rationalization measures, and organizational challenges. The activities were also affected by a dependence on decision-makers, administrative units, and civil servants organizations, by different views on rationalization and the holistic nature of reforms, as well as by the formal theories that served as resources. It chose long-term projects which extended to the political decision-makers and administrative units turf, and which were intended to reform the structures of the state administration and to rationalize the practices of the administrative units. The crucial questions emerged in opposite pairs (a constitutional state vs. the ideology of an administratively governed state, a system of national boards vs. a system of government through ministries, efficiency of work vs. pleasantness of work, centralized vs. decentralized rationalization activities) which were not solvable problems but impossible questions with no ultimate answers. The aim and intent of the rationalization of the state administration (the reform of the central, provincial, and local governments) was to facilitate integrated management and to render a greater amount of work by approaching management procedures scientifically and by clarifying administrative instances and their respon-sibilities in regards to each other. The means resorted to were organizational studies and committee work. In the rationalization of office work and finance control, the idea was to effect savings in administrative costs and to pare down those costs as well as to rationalize and heighten those functions by developing the institution of work study practitioners in order to coordinate employer and employee relationships and benefits (the training of work study practitioners, work study, and a two-tier work study practitioner organization). A major part of the training meant teaching and implementing leadership skills in practice, which, in turn, meant that the learning environment was the genuine work community and efforts to change it. In office rationalization, the solution to regulate the relations between the employer and the employees was the co-existence of the technical and biological rationalization and the human resource administration and the accounting and planning systems at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s. The former were based on the school of scientific management and human relations, the latter on system thinking, which was a combination of the former two. In the rationalization of the state administration, efforts were made to find solutions to stabilize management ideologies and to arrange the relationships of administrative systems in administrative science - among other things, in the Hoover Committee and the Simon decision making theory, and, in the 1960s, in system thinking. Despite the development-related vocabulary, the practical work was advanced rationalization. It was said that the practical activities of both the state administration and the administrative units depended on professional managers who saw to production results and human relations. The pedagogic experts hired to develop training came up with a training system, based on the training-technological model where the training was made a function of its own. The State Training Center was established and the training office of the Organization and Methods Division became the leader and coordinator of personnel training.

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Abstract (Vem vänder vindarna ? – Vem tänder stjärnorna? Methodological choices in the analysis of Eva Dahlgren’s rock lyrics): This article deals with some methods I have found useful in analyzing the lyrics in rock music, particularly the lyrics by the Swedish singer songwriter Eva Dahlgren (born 1960). The article is based on my doctoral thesis in progress, dealing with the relationship between the lyrics (in particular the “I” of the lyrics), and the public persona of Eva Dahlgren, as well as the process of "doing Eva Dahlgren" (the constructing of her artist persona). I take my starting point in the lyrics of Dahlgren’s big hit "Vem tänder stjärnorna" (Dahlgren 1991). First, I discuss the themes of the lyrics, mostly the spiritual or religious themes. Second, I present and discuss the methods in my own work. The first method is inspired by conversational analysis, and is based on a transcription of the performed lyrics, with the aim of grasping the dialogues between the words and the music, more specifically Dahlgren’s use of voice. My other methods are related to my aim to describe Dahlgren’s public persona, and the construction of “Eva Dahlgren”. I have used concepts and models developed by the musicologist Laura Ahonen and literary scholar Karin Strand, in an effort to describe the many levels in Dahlgren’s (performed) “I” as well as the different actors in the process of shaping and reshaping images of Eva Dahlgren.

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Mixed-species foraging associations may form to enhance feeding success or to avoid predators. We report the costs and consequences of an unusual foraging association between an endemic foliage gleaning tupaid (Nicobar treeshrew Tupaia nicobarica) and two species of birds; one an insectivorous commensal (greater racket-tailed drongo Dicrurus paradiseus) and the other a diurnal raptor and potential predator (Accipiter sp.). In an alliance driven, and perhaps engineered, by drongos, these species formed cohesive groups with predictable relationships. Treeshrew breeding pairs were found more frequently than solitary individuals with sparrowhawks and were more likely to tolerate sparrowhawks in the presence of drongos. Treeshrews maintained greater distances from sparrowhawks than drongos, and permitted the raptors to come closer when drongos were present. Treeshrew foraging rates declined in the presence of drongos; however, the latter may provide them predator avoidance benefits. The choice of the raptor to join the association is intriguing; particular environmental resource states may drive the evolution of such behavioural strategies. Although foraging benefits seem to be the primary driver of this association, predator avoidance also influences interactions, suggesting that strategies driving the formation of flocks may be complex and context dependent with varying benefits for different actors.

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Individuals with a particular variant of the gene phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi ) have been shown to have superior dispersal capacity and fecundity in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia), raising questions about the mechanisms that maintain polymorphism in this gene in the field. Here, we investigate how variation in the Pgi genotype affects female and male life history under controlled conditions. The most striking effect is the longer lifespan of genotypes with high dispersal capacity, especially in nonreproducing females. Butterflies use body reserves for somatic maintenance and reproduction, but
different resources (in thorax versus abdomen) are used under dissimilar conditions, with some interactions with the Pgi genotype. These results indicate life-history trade-offs that involve resource allocation and genotype!environment interactions, and these trade-offs are likely to contribute to the maintenance of Pgi polymorphism in the natural populations.

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Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) transport lactate and protons across cell membranes. During intense exercise, lactate and protons accumulate in the exercising muscle and are transported to the plasma. In the horse, MCTs are responsible for the majority of lactate and proton removal from exercising muscle, and are therefore also the main mechanism to hinder the decline in pH in muscle cells. Two isoforms, MCT1 and MCT4, which need an ancillary protein CD147, are expressed in equine muscle. In the horse, as in other species, MCT1 is predominantly expressed in oxidative fibres, where its likely role is to transport lactate into the fibre to be used as a fuel at rest and during light work, and to remove lactate during intensive exercise when anaerobic energy production is needed. The expression of CD147 follows the fibre type distribution of MCT1. These proteins were detected in both the cytoplasm and sarcolemma of muscle cells in the horse breeds studied: Standardbred and Coldblood trotters. In humans, training increases the expression of both MCT1 and MCT4. In this study, the proportion of oxidative fibres in the muscle of Norwegian-Swedish Coldblood trotters increased with training. Simultaneously, the expression of MCT1 and CD147, measured immunohistochemically, seemed to increase more in the cytoplasm of oxidative fibres than in the fast fibre type IIB. Horse MCT4 antibody failed to work in immunohistochemistry. In the future, a quantitative method should be introduced to examine the effect of training on muscle MCT expression in the horse. Lactate can be taken up from plasma by red blood cells (RBCs). In horses, two isoforms, MCT1 and MCT2, and the ancillary protein CD147 are expressed in RBC membranes. The horse is the only species studied in which RBCs have been found to express MCT2, and the physiological role of this protein in RBCs is unknown. The majority of horses express all three proteins, but 10-20% of horses express little or no MCT1 or CD147. This leads to large interindividual variation in the capacity to transport lactate into RBCs. Here, the expression level of MCT1 and CD147 was bimodally distributed in three studied horse breeds: Finnhorse, Standardbred and Thoroughbred. The level of MCT2 expression was distributed unimodally. The expression level of lactate transporters could not be linked to performance markers in Thoroughbred racehorses. In the future, better performance indexes should be developed to better enable the assessment of whether the level of MCT expression affects athletic performance. In human subjects, several mutations in MCT1 have been shown to cause decreased lactate transport activity in muscle and signs of myopathy. In the horse, two amino acid sequence variations, one of which was novel, were detected in MCT1 (V432I and K457Q). The mutations found in horses were in different areas compared to mutations found in humans. One mutation (M125V) was detected in CD147. The mutations found could not be linked with exercise-induced myopathy. MCT4 cDNA was sequenced for the first time in the horse, but no mutations could be detected in this protein.

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The present study focused on the associations between the personal experiences of intergroup contact, perceived social norms and the outgroup attitudes of Finnish majority and Russian-speaking minority youth living in Finland. The theoretical background of the study was derived from Allport s (1954) theory of intergroup contact (i.e., the contact hypothesis), social psychological research on normative influences on outgroup attitudes (e.g., Rutland, 2004; Stangor and Leary, 2006) and developmental psychological research on the formation of explicit (deliberate) and implicit (automatically activated) outgroup attitudes in adolescence (e.g., Barrett, 2007; Killen, McGlothlin and Henning, 2008). The main objective of the study was to shed light on the role of perceived social norms in the formation of outgroup attitudes among adolescents. First, the study showed that perceived normative pressure to hold positive attitudes towards immigrants regulated the relationship between the explicit and implicit expression of outgroup attitudes among majority youth. Second, perceived social norms concerning outgroup attitudes (i.e., the perceived outgroup attitudes of parents and peers) affected the relationship between intergroup contact and explicit outgroup attitudes depending on gender and group status. Positive social norms seem to be especially important for majority boys, who need both pleasant contact experiences and normative support to develop outgroup attitudes that are as positive as girls attitudes. The role of social norms is accentuated also among minority youth, who, contrary to majority youth with their more powerful and independent status position, need to reflect upon their attitudes and experiences of negative intergroup encounters in relation to the experiences and attitudes of their ingroup members. Third, the results are indicative of the independent effects of social norms and intergroup anxiety on outgroup attitudes: the effect of perceived social norms on the outgroup attitudes of youth seems to be at least as strong as the effect of intergroup anxiety. Finally, it was shown that youth evaluate intergroup contact from the viewpoint of their ingroup and society as a whole, not just based on their own experiences. In conclusion, the outgroup attitudes of youth are formed in a close relationship with their social environment. On the basis of this study, the importance of perceived social norms for research on intergroup contact effects among youth cannot be overlooked. Positive normative influences have the potential to break the strong link between rare and/or negative personal contact experiences and negative outgroup attitudes, and norms also influence the relationship between implicit and explicit attitude expression.

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Pro gradu -tutkielmani aiheena on kansalaisjärjestöjen vaikutus ja osallisuus ihmisoikeuksia koskevassa märittelykamppailussa paikallistasolla. Tutkimus on tapaustutkimus, jonka kohteena on Espoon kaupungin perhe- ja lähisuhdeväkivallan vastaisen Puhu – älä lyö! -toimintaohjelman valmisteluprosessi. Tutkimuksen aineistona on kymmenen ohjelman valmisteluun osallistuneen henkilön haastattelua sekä ohjelmasta tuotettuja versioita ja muita materiaaleja. Tutkimuksen ote on kehysanalyyttinen. Perhe- ja lähisuhdeväkivallan vastaista politiikkaa Espoossa tarkastellaan ihmisoikeuspolitiikan ja siten naisiin kohdistuvan väkivallan vastaisen politiikan näkökulmasta. Ihmisoikeussopimuksissa naisiin kohdistuva väkivalta on märitelty tasa-arvokysymykseksi. Koska naisjärjestöt ovat tutkimusten mukaan olleet merkittäviä tekijöitä tasa-arvopolitiikan kehittämisessä niin Suomessa kuin ulkomailla, on järjestöjen vaikutus Espoossa valmisteltuun perhe- ja lähisuhdeväkivallan vastaiseen ohjelmaan otettu tämn tutkimuksen kohteeksi. Johtuen väkivallan erilaisten märitelmien vaikutuksista siihen, kuinka ongelmaa pyritään hoitamaan, kiinnitetään tutkimuksessa erityistä huomiota niihin kehystämisen tapoihin, joita ohjelman valmistelussa on esiintynyt ja kysytään kuinka järjestöt ovat vaikuttaneet ongelman märitelmän Espoossa. Etenkin konstruktivistiset teoriat ihmisoikeussopimusten vaikutuksesta kansallisiin politiikkoihin väittävät, että kansalaisjärjestöillä on merkittävät vaikutus eri valtiollisten toimijoiden painostamisessa muuttamaan politiikkojaan ihmisoikeuksia kunnioittavaan suuntaan. Valtionhallinnossa järjestöjä taas on pyritty osallistamaan enemmän päätöksentekoon, mitä on perusteltu osallistuvan demokratian näkökulmasta. Puhu - älä lyö! -ohjelman kehys lähisuhde- ja perheväkivallasta paljastui analyysin ensimmäisessä osassa venytetyksi ja taivutetuksi. Ohjelmassa ei siis ole kyse nimenomaan naisiin kohdistuvasta väkivallasta, niin kuin monet järjestöt olisivat toivoneet. Järjestöjen osallistaminen tapahtui kaupungin ehdoilla. Kaupunki rajoitti valmisteluryhmn sisäisten palveluntuottajajärjestöjen mahdollisuutta tuoda esille väkivallan sukupuolittunutta luonnetta, mikä heikensi niiden mahdollisuutta politisoida koko naisiin kohdistuvasta väkivallasta käytyä keskustelua sukupuolten erilaisten valtasuhteiden näkökulmasta. Kaupungista riippumattomien järjestöjen poliittiset kannanotot taas valjastettiin valmistelun osana viranhaltijoiden omien poliittisten päämärien tueksi ja legitimoimaan itse ongelmaa. Märittelykampailussa kansalaisjärjestöt eivät onnistuneet Espoossa märittelemän toimintaohjelmaprosessissa kehystä, joka olisi ollut sekä paikalliseen sukupuolten välistä konfliktia välttelevään kulttuuriin sopiva, että tarpeeksi radikaali haastaakseen niitä väkivallan sukupuolineutraaliin käsittelytapaan liittyviä uskomuksia, jotka estävät puuttumasta sukupuolten erilaisiin valtasuhteisiin yhteiskunnassa.

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Pro gradu -tutkielmassani käsittelen pragmaattisia fraseologismeja ja sitä, kuinka ne pitäisi esittää elektronisessa saksa suomi-erikoissanakirjassa. Tutkielman tavoite on hahmotella sanakirja-artikkelin malli. Sanakirja on semasiologis-onomasiologinen, ts. käyttäjä voi etsiä siitä sekä tiettyä ilmaisua että tiettyä kommunikaatiotilannetta. Sanakirjan pääasiallinen kohderyhm ovat kääntäjät, mutta se soveltuu myös kielenopiskelijoiden ja muiden saksan kielen kanssa tekemisissä olevien käyttöön. Tutkielman teoriaosuudessa käsittelen fraseologiaa, pragmaattisia fraseologismeja, niiden erityispiirteitä ja kääntämistä sekä työn kannalta merkityksellisiä leksikografian käsitteitä, sanakirjatyyppejä ja sanakirjojen rakenteita. Lisäksi esittelen elektronisten sanakirjojen ominaisuuksia. Onhan melko varmaa, että niiden käyttö yleistyy entisestään tulevaisuudessa mm. niiden helppo- ja nopeakäyttöisyyden vuoksi. Omassa kappaleessaan käsittelen pragmaattisia fraseologismeja leksikografisesta näkökulmasta ja nostan esille niiden esittämiseen liittyviä ongelmia, joista annan olemassa oleviin yksi- ja kaksikielisiin sanakirjoihin perustuvia esimerkkejä. Lopuksi hahmottelen parannusehdotuksiin perustuvan sanakirja-artikkelin teoreettisen mallin ja havainnollistan sitä kolmella esimerkkiartikkelilla. Fraseologian piiriin lukeutuvat pragmaattiset fraseologismit ovat suhteellisen uusi tutkimuskohde. Kontrastiivisia tutkimuksia kieliparissa saksa suomi on erittäin vähän, ja pragmaattisten fraseologismien kääntämistä ei myöskään ole juuri tutkittu. Pragmaattiset fraseologismit jaetaan yleensä kahteen ryhmän: rutiini-ilmaisuihin ja keskustelukiteytymiin. Rutiini-ilmaisut ovat tilannesidoksisia, kiteytyneitä ja pääsääntöisesti lauseenveroisia ilmaisuja, jotka toistuvat arkipäiväisissä kommunikaatiotilanteissa. Ne ovat syntaktisesti ja semanttisesti heterogeenisia, ja niiden funktiot ovat moninaisia: Rutiini-ilmaisuihin kuuluu monia kohteliaisuussanontoja, kuten tervehdyksiä ja toivotuksia, mutta myös hämmästystä, pelkoa, iloa, torjuntaa ym. ilmaisevia fraseologismeja. Keskustelukiteytymt sen sijaan ovat ei-idiomaattisia, esiintyvät epäitsenäisinä, ts. vain lausumaan upotettuina, eivätkä ne ole tilannesidoksisia. Keskustelukiteytymillä on monia kommunikatiivisia tehtäviä, kuten puheen jäsennys, puhekumppanin huomion kohdentaminen tai epävarmuuden ilmaiseminen. Ne ovat yleensä polyfunktionaalisia ja niitä voi usein varioida paljonkin. Kieltä käyttävien on hallittava sekä rutiini-ilmaisujen että keskustelukiteytymien käyttö kommunikaation sujuvuuden takaamiseksi ja kulttuuristen yhteentörmysten välttämiseksi. Pragmaattisten fraseologismien esittäminen sanakirjoissa on monien tutkijoiden mukaan yhä nykyäänkin osin puutteellista. Perinteisen leksikografian metodit eivät riitä kuvaamaan pragmaattisia fraseologismeja riittävän tarkasti. Parannettavaa on sekä mikro- että makrostruktuurissa, ts. sanakirja-artikkeleissa, hakusanojen valinnassa ja järjestyksessä sekä siinä, minkä hakusanan alta ilmaisu on löydettävissä. Lisäksi ongelmia on sanakirjojen alku- ja lopputeksteissä ja hakusanojen välisissä viittaussuhteissa. Perehdyn tutkielmassani erityisesti mikrostruktuurien ongelmakohtiin. Löytämistäni esimerkeistä käy ilmi, että pragmaattisia fraseologismeja ei yleensä ole varustettu vastaavalla merkinnällä, ne on sijoitettu sanakirja-artikkeliin epäsystemaattisesti ja epäloogisesti eikä rutiini-ilmaisuja ja keskustelukiteytymiä ole erotettu toisistaan. Ilmaisusta ei aina ole annettu sitä muotoa, jossa se todellisuudessa toteutuu, mikä esim. hankaloittaa kielenoppijan mahdollisuutta oppia aktiivisesti käyttämän ilmaisua. Myös syntaktis-semanttiset tiedot ovat ajoittain liian niukkoja, samoin kuin pragmaattis-kommunikatiiviset tiedot, mikä on erittäin vakava puute. Pragmaattisten fraseologismien käyttöä on mahdotonta kuvailla ilman kyseisiä tietoja. Hahmottelemassani sanakirja-artikkelin mallissa jokainen ilmaisu on löydettävissä oman hakusanansa alta. Kääntäjiä ajatellen ilmaisulle annetaan mahdollisimman monia ekvivalentteja ja myös tietoa niistä. Artikkelissa selitetään tarkoin, mitä ilmaisu tarkoittaa ja miten sitä käytetään. Ilmaisun tyylistä, konnotaatioista, tekstispesifisyydestä, ajallisesta ja alueellisesta jakautuneisuudesta ja kommunikatiivisesta funktiosta annetaan yksityiskohtaisia tietoja. Linkeistä on mahdollisuus päästä katsomaan synonyymisten tai samaan tilanteeseen liittyvien ilmaisujen sanakirja-artikkeleita. Ilmaisuille annetaan esimerkkejä, jotka ovat peräisin sekä sanakirjoista ja autenttisista teksteistä että fiktiivisistä dialogeista ja niiden käännöksistä. Pragmaattisten fraseologismien kääntäminen on hankalaa monesta syystä, mm. siksi, että ne ovat kieli- ja kulttuurisidonnaisia ja polyfunktionaalisia. Kääntäjällä on oltava erittäin hyvän kielitaidon ja kulttuuritietämyksen lisäksi tietoa myös sekä lähde- että kohdekielen fraseologiasta. Pragmaattisten fraseologismien erikoissanakirja helpottaisi kääntäjien työtä merkittävästi.

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Tässä tutkielmassa on tarkasteltu sitä, millaisia merkityksiä kaksikulttuuristen perheiden vanhemmat antavat puheessaan perheessä tapahtuvalle lasten etniselle sosialisaatiolle. Tarkastelun kohteena ovat myös ne puheen tavat ja käytännöt, joilla haastateltavat haastattelutilanteessa tekevät ymmärrettäväksi lapsen etniseen sosialisaatioon liittyviä näkökulmia. Koska näm puheen tavat ovat merkityksellisiä lapsen identiteetin rakentumiselle sosiaalisessa ympäristössä, kiinnostus kohdistuu myös siihen, millaisia erilaisia identiteettejä täm vanhempien tuottama puhe mahdollistaa lapselle, jolla on kaksikulttuuriset juuret. Aineiston analyysissä hyödynnän diskurssianalyyttistä teoreettismetodologista viitekehystä. Diskurssianalyysin teoreettinen koti on sosiaalisen konstruktionismin traditiossa. Tämn tutkielman kohteena ovat perheet, joissa on edustettuna kaksi etnistä kulttuuria, joista toinen on myös valtakulttuuri. Aineistona toimii viiden kaksikulttuurisen perheen vanhempien teemahaastattelut, jotka on tehty kevään ja syksyn 2010 aikana. Aineiston analyysin ensimmäisessä vaiheessa diskurssianalyyttisiä välineitä käyttämllä oli mahdollista eritellä niitä tapoja, joilla vanhemmat tekevät ymmärrettäväksi etniseen sosialisaatioon liittyviä käytäntöjä, näkökulmia ja sen merkityksiä lapselle. Analyysin lopputuloksena aineistosta oli identifioitavissa kolme tulkintarepertuaaria: kaksikulttuurisuus sosialisaation seurauksena-, vanhemmuuden-, sekä eronteon tulkintarepertuaarit. Tulkintarepertuaarit kuvaavat niitä diskursiivisia keinoja ja suhteellisen pysyviä puheen tapoja, joilla vanhemmat merkityksellistivät ja selittivät kulttuurin siirtoa. Kaksikulttuurisuus sosialisaation seurauksena- tulkintarepertuaariin on identifioitu puhetavat, joissa ei pidetä itsestään selvänä, että molemmat kulttuurit näyttäytyisivät yhtä vahvoina lapsen elämssä. Aktiivisen sosialisaation merkitys näyttäytyy tässä repertuaarissa keskeisenä. Vanhemmuuden tulkintarepertuaariin liittyvissä selonteoissa etnisestä sosialisaatiosta puhutaan vanhemmuuteen kuuluvana, ei siitä erillisenä prosessina. Eronteon tulkintarepertuaarissa sosialisaatiopuhetta tehdään erontekojen kautta. Voimakkaimmin erontekoa käytetään puheessa oman sisäryhmn positiiviseen erottautumiseen liittämllä siihen positiivisia attribuutteja. Analyysin toisessa vaiheessa tarkasteltiin sitä, millaisia identiteettejä vanhemmat puheessa mahdollistavat lapselle. Täm perustuu diskursiiviseen psykologiaan, joka katsoo, että ihmiset kielenkäytössään puheteoilla rakentavat sekä itseä että toisia. Puheessa rakentuneet potentiaaliset identiteetit osoittivat, että sama tulkintarepertuaari ja myös saman henkilön puhe voi mahdollistaa erilaisia, myös toisilleen vastakkaisia identiteettejä, jotka eri tilanteissa mahdollistuvat.