Anti-HBs levels among children and adolescents with complete immunization schedule against hepatitis B virus. A cross-sectional study in Blumenau, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2007-2008

INTRODUCTION: Vaccination is the main tool for preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection; however, following the completion of the vaccination series, the concentrations of anti-HBs can decline over the years and reach levels less than 10mIU/mL. The persistence of protection in these individuals is still unknown. The present study aimed to determine the anti-HBs antibody levels among children and adolescents who had received a complete vaccination course for hepatitis B. METHODS: Antibodies against HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) were tested in 371 individuals aged 10 to 15 years-old. RESULTS: Volunteers who showed undetectable quantities of anti-HBs accounted for 10.2% of the population studied and 39.9% presented antibody titers of less than 10mIU/mL. Anti-HBs > 10mIU/mL were verified in 49.9%. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate other studies indicating levels of anti-HBs below 10mIU/mL in vaccinated individuals. Additional studies are required to assess whether this indicates susceptibility to HBV infection and the need and age for booster doses.

Relatório de atividade profissional e uma comparação do estudo da conservação de energia através de um sensor de movimento e de análise de vídeo

A apresentação do presente relatório visa a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Ensino de Físico Química de acordo com o estabelecido no regulamento para Licenciados “Pré-Bolonha”, que abrange as licenciaturas de cinco anos com, pelo menos, cinco anos de experiência profissional. O percurso académico e profissional permitiram a aquisição de conhecimentos, tanto na Física como na Química, e um conjunto de aptidões como a capacidade organizacional, a capacidade de trabalhar em equipa e competências sociais. A constante vontade em atualizar conhecimentos e adquirir novas competências têm sido um incentivo para continuar a frequentar cursos de formação, seminários, workshops conferências dedicadas a esta área, assim como às do ensino. O presente trabalho é composto por duas partes. Na primeira parte, encontra-se a discrição da minha atividade profissional. Na segunda parte, encontra-se a apresentação detalhada do estudo da atividade laboratorial da bola saltitante por dois processos diferentes: utilizando um sensor de movimento e usando a análise de vídeo através do software Tracker.

Anti-Toxocara antibodies detected in children attending elementary school in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in serum from 7-year-old children attending elementary school in Vitória-ES, Brazil and to correlate these antibodies with socio-demographic factors, the presence of intestinal helminths, blood eosinophil numbers, past history of allergy or asthma, and clinical manifestations of helminth infections. METHODS: The detection of anti-Toxocara antibodies was performed using an ELISA (Cellabs Pty Ltd)on serum from 391 children who had already been examined by fecal examination and blood cell counts. Data from clinical and physical examinations were obtained for all children. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies was 51.6%, with no gender differences. No significant differences were observed between positive serology and the presence or absence of intestinal worms (60.3 and 51.7%, respectively; p = 0.286). The only variables significantly related to positive serology were onycophagy and the use of unfiltered water. Although eosinophilia (blood eosinophil count higher than 600/mm³) was significantly related to the presence of a positive ELISA result, this significance disappeared when we considered only children without worms or without a past history of allergy or asthma. No clinical symptoms related to Toxocara infection were observed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children attending elementary schools in Vitória, which may be partially related to cross-reactivity with intestinal helminths or to a high frequency of infection with a small number of Toxocara eggs.

Perfil lipídico e fatores biológicos e ambientais : o papel da atividade física

RESUMO - Introdução: A inatividade física é um dos determinantes major das doenças crónicas não transmissíveis sendo a quarta maior causa de mortalidade no mundo, nomeadamente para as doenças vasculares. A prática regular de atividade física produz adaptações vasculares responsáveis por efeitos benéficos na prevenção e tratamento dos diferentes fatores de risco vascular, nomeadamente através do seu efeito no metabolismo das lipoproteínas. Objetivos: Analisar a interferência da atividade física no perfil lipídico de uma população residente em Portugal. Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo transversal exploratório com 1027 indivíduos (idade: 18 aos 80 anos, 49% mulheres). Os dados foram analisados em SPSS (versão 20), tendo-se utilizado métodos de estatística descritiva e de análise bivariável entre os factores de risco vascular e as variáveis do perfil lipídico e ainda uma análise multivariável de regressão logística binária para medir a razão de riscos pelo odds ratio. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: Na análise da relação entre atividade física e os biomarcadores do perfil lipídico verificou-se que existem benefícios no que diz respeito ao aumento dos níveis de HDL e de apoA1 e na diminuição dos níveis de TG com a prática regular de atividade física. Conclusões: A atividade física apresenta um papel importante na regulação do perfil lipídico evidenciando a necessidade de implementar estratégias multissectoriais de prevenção dos fatores de risco vascular, nomeadamente na área dos estilos de vida saudáveis que são fundamentais para a prevenção destas condições de saúde e para gerar ganhos em saúde.

Production of anti-Cryptosporidium polyclonal antibodies and standardization of direct immunofluorescence for detecting oocysts in water

INTRODUCTION: The production of anti-Cryptosporidium polyclonal antibodies and its use in direct immunofluorescence assays to determine the presence of Cryptosporidium in water are described in the present work. METHODS: Two rabbits were immunized with soluble and particulate antigens from purified Cryptosporidium oocysts. The sera produced were prepared for immunoglobulin G extraction, which were then purified and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Slides containing known amounts of oocysts were prepared to determine the sensitivity of the technique. To test the specificity, slides containing Giardia duodenalis cysts were prepared. RESULTS: The conjugate was successfully used in water samples experimentally contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts, and it was possible to detect up to five oocysts/spot, corresponding to contamination of 250 oocysts/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The three immunizations performed in the rabbits were enough to produce antibodies against Cryptosporidium, the standard direct immunofluorescence assay permitted the detection of five oocysts in 20% of the samples, and no cross-reaction with Giardia duodenalis cysts occurred.

Pessoas deslocadas internamente: soberania nacional e proteção internacional perante uma "nova" tendência migratória

A investigação acerca das pessoas deslocadas internamente (isto é, no interior dos seus países, mas fora dos seus espaços de vida habituais) se mostra um desafio, em virtude dos volumes de pessoas atualmente envolvidas e das condições com que se confrontam, da incapacidade (ou desinteresse) dos Estados nacionais em garantir proteção aos seus cidadãos, e do princípio de neutralidade internacional, que dificilmente permite intervenções externas no sentido da salvaguarda dos direitos humanos. Discutimos as categorizações adotadas, as normas jurídicas existentes e o quadro institucional vigente no que se refere à proteção das Pessoas Deslocadas Internamente, da mesma forma que destacamos grupos minoritários de deslocados internos que sofrem maiores constrangimentos, como as mulheres. Fizemos um paralelo com os refugiados, assim como com os retidos nas zonas de conflito, os deslocados por razões ambientais e econômicas. Analisamos o conceito de cidadania, Estado soberano e a noção do não intervencionismo, assim como problematizamos os desafios colocados pela globalização, pela amplitude dos fenômenos migratórios e desrespeitos aos direitos humanos. Argumentamos a possibilidade de uma esfera pública transnacional como possível mediadora entre Estado e cidadãos, fazendo-se necessário uma análise do conceito de esfera pública, bem como da atuação dos movimentos sociais transnacionais. Realizamos um estudo comparativo entre Angola (desalojamento de pessoas e destruição de casas) e Brasil (perda de terra dos agricultores familiares ou populações nativas), atentos ao fato de que muitas vezes, nestes contextos, as vítimas destes processos não são consideradas como Pessoas Deslocadas Internamente. Acreditamos que as aproximações e diferenciações entre os dois casos podem trazer respostas comuns e sua análise pode servir a um maior entendimento sobre os fenômenos migratórios, fragilidade institucional, atuação da Sociedade Civil Organizada (SCO), além da revisão de conceitos. Pode ainda servir para uma revisão crítica da legislação e da possibilidade de institucionalização de órgãos transnacionais de proteção.

In-house ELISA method to analyze anti-Trypanosoma cruzi IgG reactivity for differential diagnosis and evaluation of Chagas disease morbidity

INTRODUCTION: The goal was to develop an in-house serological method with high specificity and sensitivity for diagnosis and monitoring of Chagas disease morbidity. METHODS: With this purpose, the reactivities of anti-T. cruzi IgG and subclasses were tested in successive serum dilutions of patients from Berilo municipality, Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The performance of the in-house ELISA was also evaluated in samples from other relevant infectious diseases, including HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), syphilis (SYP), visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), and noninfected controls (NI). Further analysis was performed to evaluate the applicability of this in-house methodology for monitoring Chagas disease morbidity into three groups of patients: indeterminate (IND), cardiac (CARD), and digestive/mixed (DIG/Mix), based on their clinical status. RESULTS: The analysis of total IgG reactivity at serum dilution 1:40 was an excellent approach to Chagas disease diagnosis (100% sensitivity and specificity). The analysis of IgG subclasses showed cross-reactivity, mainly with NI, VL, and ATL, at all selected serum dilutions. Based on the data analysis, the IND group displayed higher IgG3 levels and the DIG/Mix group presented higher levels of total IgG as compared with the IND and CARD groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that methodology presents promising applicability in the analysis of anti-T. cruzi IgG reactivity for the differential diagnosis and evaluation of Chagas disease morbidity.

Evaluation of inadequate anti-retroviral treatment in patients with HIV/AIDS

INTRODUCTION: Since the emergence of antiretroviral therapy, the survival of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus has increased. Non-adherence to this therapy is directly related to treatment failure, which allows the emergence of resistant viral strains. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of the antiretroviral dispensing records of 229 patients from the Center for Health Care, University Hospital, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, was conducted between January and December 2009. RESULTS: The study aimed to evaluate patient compliance and determine if there was an association between non-adherence and the therapy. Among these patients, 63.8% were men with an average age of 44.0 ± 9.9 years. The most used treatment was a combination of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (55.5%) or with 2 protease inhibitors (28.8%). It was found that patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir with zidovudine and lamivudine had a greater frequency of inadequate treatment than those taking atazanavir with zidovudine and lamivudine (85% and 83.3%, respectively). Moreover, when the combination of zidovudine/ lamivudine was used, the patients were less compliant (χ2 = 4.468, 1 degree of freedom, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients failed to correctly adhere to their treatment; therefore, it is necessary to implement strategies that lead to improved compliance, thus ensuring therapeutic efficacy and increased patient survival.

A regulação da atividade espacial

The technological evolution of the past fifty years has provided Humanity the contact with the last frontier of knowledge: space. An unknown world, explored by a small group of nations, which has become crucial to understanding who we are and where we come from. Space assets in recent years have opened the way to a digital society, shaped by the rapid exchange of information, whose means are mostly in space. A place of fascination and curiosity, restricted to a few people in these decades, which may soon be changing. This essay addresses some legal issues concerning the private exploration of space. Liability on space tourism is the core of this investigation, focusing on the comprehension of the international legal framework and its connection with the states national law. In particular, the study of the main international treaties, the U.S. legal system of space law and the developments in Europe are the fundamental tools of the current analysis, not forgetting the point of view of a possible international harmonization. Besides the needed theoretical context on the evolution of space law and a brief approach of the technical matters of the current aerospace engineering, the goal is to examine the characteristics of international space law and its relation with the new private actors, responsible for providing suborbital flights, operating in a near future. Within these circumstances, given the economic potential of the growing private space industry, it is essential to discuss the legal aspects of a spatial regulation. Being liability, undoubtedly, the emerging issue in the legal debate on this topic, it is important to safeguard the interests of the operators, States and, above all, future space tourists.

Hepatitis B revaccination for healthcare workers who are anti-HBs-negative after receiving a primary vaccination series

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the response to hepatitis B (HB) revaccination of healthcare workers (HCW) who are negative for antibodies to HB surface antigen (anti-HBs) after a complete vaccination series. METHODS: HCW whose anti-HBs test was performed > 90 days after a HB vaccination course were given a 4th dose. A post-vaccination test was done within 30 to 90 days. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy HCW were enrolled: 126 (74.1%) were anti-HBs-positive after the 4th dose. CONCLUSIONS: Rechecking anti-HBs after the 4th HB vaccine dose is a practical approach in case of post-vaccination tests performed >90 days after the full vaccination course.

Prevalence of influenza and adherence to the anti-flu vaccination among elderly

INTRODUCTION: The flu, a condition that can affect the elderly by increasing the risk of serious complications can be prevented through vaccination. Estimate the prevalence of signs and symptoms suggestive of influenza in a group of elderly either vaccinated or unvaccinated against influenza was the objective this study. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed in a Brazilian City. A structured questionnaire was employed to identify the presence of signs and symptoms of influenza in individuals aged 60 years or over. For analysis of associations between variables the prevalence ratio (PR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six participants were interviewed, of whom 57.7% were female. The average age was 69.7 years. About 25% of the vaccinated and 20% of the unvaccinated in 2009, and 25% of the vaccinated and 22.5% of the unvaccinated in 2010 reported having the flu. Among the vaccinated and unvaccinated in 2009 and 2010, there was no verified association between vaccination and influenza (PR=1.24; [95% CI: 0.63-2.43] and PR=1.11; [95% CI: 0.59-2.09], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, among the elderly selected, the vaccination coverage for influenza is below the ideal, even with projection of the best indices for 2011 (~ 84%). The data on vaccination and disease protection needs further research; however, the results point to the need for measures to better clarify to this population about the disease, its complications and the benefits of vaccination, in addition to combatting the stigma related to low adherence.

Colistin and anti-Gram-positive bacterial agents against Acinetobacter baumannii

Introduction Acinetobacter baumannii has attained an alarming level of resistance to antibacterial drugs. Clinicians are now considering the use of older agents or unorthodox combinations of licensed drugs against multidrug-resistant strains to bridge the current treatment gap. We investigated the in vitro activities of combination treatments that included colistin with vancomycin, norvancomycin or linezolid against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Methods The fractional inhibitory concentration index and time-kill assays were used to explore the combined effects of colistin with vancomycin, norvancomycin or linezolid against 40 clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to evaluate the interactions in response to the combination of colistin and vancomycin. Results The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and norvancomycin for half of the isolates decreased below the susceptibility break point, and the MIC of linezolid for one isolate was decreased to the blood and epithelial lining fluid concentration using the current dosing regimen. When vancomycin or norvancomycin was combined with subinhibitory doses of colistin, the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii test samples were eradicated. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that subinhibitory doses of colistin were able to disrupt the outer membrane, facilitating a disruption of the cell wall and leading to cell lysis. Conclusions Subinhibitory doses of colistin significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of vancomycin, norvancomycin, and linezolid against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Antibacterial, anti-swarming and anti-biofilm formation activities of Chamaemelum nobile against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

AbstractINTRODUCTION:Chamomile ( Chamaemelum nobile ) is widely used throughout the world, and has anti-inflammatory, deodorant, bacteriostatic, antimicrobial, carminative, sedative, antiseptic, anti-catarrhal, and spasmolytic properties. Because of the increasing incidence of drug-resistant bacteria, the development of natural antibacterial sources such as medical herbs for the treatment of infectious diseases is necessary. Extracts from different plant parts such as the leaves, flowers, fruit, and bark of Combretum albiflorum, Laurus nobilis , and Sonchus oleraceus were found to possess anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of C. nobile against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formationMETHODS:The P. aeruginosa samples were isolated from patients with different types of infection, including wound infection, septicemia, and urinary tract infection. The flowers of C. nobile were dried and the extract was removed using a rotary device and then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at pH 7.4. The microdilution method was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract on P. aeruginosa , and biofilm inhibition was assayed.RESULTS:Eighty percent of the isolated samples (16/20) could form a biofilm, and most of these were isolated from wound infections. The biofilm inhibitory concentration of the C. nobile extract was 6.25-25mg/ml, whereas the MIC was 12.5-50mg/ml.CONCLUSIONS:The anti-QS property of C. nobile may play an important role in its antibacterial activity, thus offering an additional strategy in the fight against bacterial infections. However, molecular investigation is required to explore the exact mechanisms of the antibacterial action and functions of this phytocompound.

Complexos Organometálicos: caracterização preliminar de compostos de vanádio e de moléculas libertadoras de CO como potenciais fármacos

Vários complexos metálicos têm sido explorados visando uma melhoria de atuais tratamentos das mais variadas doenças. Os compostos de vanádio apresentam uma capacidade de mimetizar a ação da insulina, insurgindo-se assim como uma aposta no tratamento da doença Diabetes mellitus. O monóxido de carbono (CO), outrora visto como apenas um agente tóxico, atualmente é explorado pelas suas capacidades anti-inflamatórias, tendo-se desenvolvido moléculas libertadoras de CO, os CORMs, de modo a tirar partido dos seus efeitos biológicos. Com vista a determinar a formação de aductos entre os complexos organometálicos de vanádio e diferentes proteínas e caracterizar o tipo de interação estabelecida recorreu-se à Cristalografia de raios-X. A estrutura cristalográfica do aducto VOIV(picolinato)2–tripsina bovina foi obtida a 1,09 Å de resolução, mostrando o complexo VOIV(pic)2 no centro ativo da enzima, coordenado à cadeia lateral da serina catalítica (Ser195), numa geometria octaédrica. Ensaios cinéticos preliminares realizados com o complexo VO(pic)2 foram efetuados para determinar potenciais efeitos inibitórios na atividade das enzimas lisozima da clara do ovo (HEWL) e tripsina. O potencial terapêutico dos CORMs associado à Nanotecnologia foi explorado para o [Ru(CO)3Cl(glicinato)] (CORM-3), visando desenvolver nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs) funcionalizadas com o composto e diferentes proteínas. A toxicidade celular direta do CORM-3, bem como alguns potenciais efeitos biológicos de CORM-3–albumina de soro humano (BSA) e CORM-3–HEWL foram também avaliados, recorrendo a ensaios de viabilidade celular , riscados celulares, e RT-qPCR em várias linhas celulares tumorais e linha primária de fibroblastos humanos. Foi possível iniciar o desenvolvimento de nanosistemas de AuNPs@PEG@BSA e AuNPs@PEG@HEWL, seguindo-se futuramente a conjugação com o CORM-3. Não foi possível determinar o efeito anti-inflamatório do CORM-3 e seus conjugados através da análise dos genes de resposta por RT-qPCR em tempo real, no entanto determinou-se que o composto CORM-3 não possui toxicidade em linhas celulares tumorais, e que aparenta fomentar a regeneração celular em fibroblastos e células tumorais NINA, sendo este efeito potenciado aquando conjugação com BSA.

Presence of anti-Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis antibodies in blood donors in the West-Central region of the State of Paraná, Brazil

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:Serological screening in blood banks does not include all transmittable diseases. American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has a high detection rate in the municipalities of the State of Paraná.METHODS:This study analyzed the presence of anti- Leishmania braziliensisantibodies in 176 blood donors who live in these endemic areas. The variables were analyzed with the χ2 test and Stata 9.1 software. RESULTS: Twenty (11.4%) samples were positive for the presence of anti- L. braziliensisantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: The high percentage of donors with anti- Leishmania spp. antibodies indicates the need to study the risk of ACL transmission through blood donors.