Die gewissensehe, legitimation durch nachfolgende ehe und missheirath, nach ihren wirkungen auf die folgefähigkeit der kinder in lehen und fideicommissen; unter berücksichtigung des reichsgräflich-bentinckschen rechtsstreites.

Mode of access: Internet.

Major estate and gift tax issues [microform] : hearings before the Subcommittee on Estate and Gift Taxation of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session.

Pt. 2: "S. 23, S. 395, S. 404, S. 557, S. 574, S.858, and S. 995, June 5, 1981."

Die germanische Verwandtschaftsberechnung und das Prinzip der Erbenfolge : nach deutschem insbesondere sächsischem Rechte /

Includes bibliographical references.

Wills, descent and administration /

Includes index.

The foundations of American nationality,

Published in 1922 as volume I of "A short history of the American people."

Identification of a major locus conferring resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC) in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) by QTL analysis

A major locus conferring resistance to the causal organism of powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC,, in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) was identified using QTL analysis with a population of 147 recombinant inbred individuals. The population was derived from a cross between 'Berken', a highly susceptible variety, and ATF 3640, a highly resistant line. To test for response to powdery mildew, F-7 and F-8 lines were inoculated by dispersing decaying mungbean leaves with residual conidia of E. polygoni amongst the young plants to create an artificial epidemic and assayed in a glasshouse facility. To generate a linkage map, 322 RFLP clones were tested against the two parents and 51 of these were selected to screen the mapping population. The 51 probes generated 52 mapped loci, which were used to construct a linkage map spanning 350 cM of the mungbean genome over 10 linkage groups. Using these markers, a single locus was identified that explained up to a maximum of 86% of the total variation in the resistance response to the pathogen.

Utility of cotyledon and detached leaf assays for assessing root reactions of lucerne to Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora medicaginis

Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora medicaginis, is a major limitation to lucerne production but it can be managed through the use of resistant cultivars. Current resistance screening methods, using mature plants or post-emergence seedling assays, are costly and time consuming. The use of zoospore inoculum on detached leaves and intact cotyledons as an assay for plant resistance was assessed using genetically defined segregating populations. The detached leaf assay was a reproducible test, but this test could not be used for accurately predicting root ratings. The cotyledon tests using zoospores gave results at the population level that were indicative of the root responses of 19 cultivars and lines tested. The cotyledon reaction of individual plants also showed a strong association with root response. The cotyledon test, while not completely predictive of mature root responses, allowed the selection of Phytophthora resistant plants at a higher frequency than could be achieved by random selection.

The genetics of alcohol intake and of alcohol dependence

Background: Because alcohol has multiple dose-dependent consequences, it is important to understand the causes of individual variation in the amount of alcohol used. The aims of this study were to assess the long-term repeatability and genetic or environmental causes of variation in alcohol intake and to estimate the degree of overlap with causes of susceptibility to alcohol dependence. Methods: Data were used from three studies conducted between 1980 and 1995 on volunteer adult male and female Australian twin subjects. In each study, alcohol intake was reported both as quantity X frequency and as past-week data. Repeatability was calculated as correlations between occasions and between measures, and the effects of genes and environment were estimated by multivariate model fitting to the twin pair repeated measures of alcohol use. Relationships between mean alcohol use and the lifetime history of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence were tested by bivariate model fitting. Results: Repeatability of the alcohol intake measures was between 0.54 and 0.85, with the highest repeatability between measures within study and the lowest repeatability between the first and last studies. Reported alcohol consumption was mainly affected by genetic factors affecting all times of study and by nonshared environmental factors (including measurement error) unique to each time of study. Genes that affect alcohol intake do affect alcohol dependence, but genetic effects unique to dependence are also significant; environmental effects are largely unique to either intake and dependence. Conclusions: Nearly all the repeatable component of variation in alcohol intake is due to genetic effects. Genes affecting intake also affect dependence risk, but there are other genes that affect dependence alone. Studies aiming to identify genes that affect alcohol use disorders need to test loci and candidate genes against both phenotypes.

Association between apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and neuropsychiatric symptoms during interferon alpha treatment for chronic hepatitis C

Neuropsychiatric complications are common in patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing treatment with interferon alpha. These side effects include alterations of mood, cognition, and neuroendocrine function and are unpredictable. In a number of neurological disorders characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive dysfunction, inheritance of an apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele is associated with adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes. The authors present evidence that the APOE genotype may influence a patient's neuropsychiatric response to interferon alpha treatment. The inheritance of APOE genotypes was examined in 110 patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon alpha. A retrospective investigation was conducted by assessing the rates of psychiatric referral and neuropsychiatric symptoms experienced during treatment along with other complaints indicating psychological distress. A highly statistically significant association was seen between APOE genotypes and interferon-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms. Patients with an epsilon4 allele were more likely to be referred to a psychiatrist and had more neuropsychiatric symptoms during antiviral treatment than those without an epsilon4 allele. Additionally, patients with an epsilon4 allele were more likely to experience irritability or anger and anxiety or other mood symptoms. These data demonstrate that an individual's APOE genotype may influence the neuropsychiatric response to antiviral therapy with interferon alpha. Prospective studies evaluating the importance of APOE in susceptibility to interferon alpha-induced neuropsychiatric complications are needed. Moreover, pathways involving APOE should be considered in understanding the pathophysiology of interferon alpha-induced neuropsychiatric complications.

Genetic effects on alcohol dependence risk: re-evaluating the importance of psychiatric and other heritable risk factors

Background. Genetic influences have been shown to play a major role in determining the risk of alcohol dependence (AD) in both women and men; however, little attention has been directed to identifying the major sources of genetic variation in AD risk. Method. Diagnostic telephone interview data from young adult Australian twin pairs born between 1964 and 1971 were analyzed. Cox regression models were fitted to interview data from a total of 2708 complete twin pairs (690 MZ female, 485 MZ male, 500 DZ female, 384 DZ male, and 649 DZ female/male pairs). Structural equation models were fitted to determine the extent of residual genetic and environmental influences on AD risk while controlling for effects of sociodemographic and psychiatric predictors on risk. Results. Risk of AD was increased in males, in Roman Catholics, in those reporting a history of major depression, social anxiety problems, and conduct disorder, or (in females only) a history of suicide attempt and childhood sexual abuse; but was decreased in those reporting Baptist, Methodist, or Orthodox religion, in those who reported weekly church attendance, and in university-educated males. After allowing for the effects of sociodemographic and psychiatric predictors, 47 % (95 % CI 28-55) of the residual variance in alcoholism risk was attributable to additive genetic effects, 0 % (95 % CI 0-14) to shared environmental factors, and 53 % (95 % CI 45-63) to non-shared environmental influences. Conclusions. Controlling for other risk factors, substantial residual heritability of AD was observed, suggesting that psychiatric and other risk factors play a minor role in the inheritance of AD.

Segregation distortion for seed testa color in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilcek)

Genetic segregation experiments with plant species are commonly used for understanding the inheritance of traits. A basic assumption in these experiments is that each gamete developed from megasporogenesis has an equal chance of fusing with a gamete developed from microsporogenesis, and every zygote formed has an equal chance of survival. If gametic and/or zygotic selection occurs whereby certain gametes or zygotic combinations have a reduced chance of survival, progeny distributions are skewed and are said to exhibit segregation distortion. In this study, inheritance data are presented for the trait seed testa color segregating in large populations (more than 200 individuals) derived from closely related mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilcek) taxa. Segregation ratios suggested complex inheritance, including dominant and recessive epistasis. However, this genetic model was rejected in favor of a single-gene model based on evidence of segregation distortion provided by molecular marker data. The segregation distortion occurred after each generation of self-pollination from F-1 thru F-7 resulting in F-7 phenotypic frequencies of 151:56 instead of the expected 103.5:103.5. This study highlights the value of molecular markers for understanding the inheritance of a simply inherited trait influenced by segregation distortion.

Genetic analysis of resistance to root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) in wheat

The inheritance of resistance to root-lesion nematode was investigated in five synthetic hexaploid wheat lines and two bread wheat lines using a half-diallel design of F-1 and F-2 crosses. The combining ability of resistance genes in the synthetic hexaploid wheat lines was compared with the performance of the bread wheat line 'GS50a', the source of resistance to Pratylenchus thornei used in Australian wheat breeding programmes. Replicated glasshouse trials identified P. thornei resistance as polygenic and additive in gene action. General combining ability (GCA) of the parents was more important than specific combining ability (SCA) effects in the inheritance of P. thornei resistance in both F-1 and F-2 populations. The synthetic hexaploid wheat line 'CPI133872' was identified as the best general combiner, however, all five synthetic hexaploid wheat lines possessed better GCA than 'GS50a'. The synthetic hexaploid wheat lines contain novel sources of P. thornei resistance that will provide alternative and more effective sources of resistance to be utilized in wheat breeding programmes.

Comparison of identity by descent and identity by state for detecting genetic regions under selection in a sorghum pedigree breeding program

Seventy sorghum inbred lines which formed part of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries (QDPI) sorghum breeding program were screened with 104 previously mapped RFLP markers. The lines were related by pedigree and consisted of ancestral source lines, intermediate lines and recent releases from the program. We compared the effect of defining marker alleles using either identity by state (IBS) or identity by descent (IBD) on our capacity to trace markers through the pedigree and detect evidence of selection for particular alleles. Allelic identities defined using IBD were much more sensitive for detecting non-Mendelian segregation in this pedigree. Only one marker allele showed significant evidence of selection when IBS was used compared with ten regions with particular allelic identities when IBD was used. Regions under selection were compared with the location of QTLs for agronomic traits known to be under selection in the breeding program. Only two of the ten regions were associated with known QTLs that matched with knowledge of the agronomic characteristics of the ancestral lines. Some of the other regions were hypothesised to be associated with genes for particular traits based on the properties of the ancestral source lines.

Inherited copper toxicosis with emphasis on copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers

Canine copper toxicosis is an important inherited disease in Bedlington terriers, because of its high prevalence rate and similarity to human copper storage disease. It can lead to chronic liver disease and occasional haemolytic anaemia due to impaired copper excretion. The responsible gene for copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers has been recently identified and was found not to be related to human Wilson's disease gene ATP7B. Although our understanding of copper metabolism in mammals has improved through genetic molecular technology, the diversity of gene mutation related to copper metabolism in animals will help identify the responsible genes for non-Wilsonian copper toxicoses in human. This review paper discusses our knowledge of normal copper metabolism and the pathogenesis, molecular genetics and current research into copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers, other animals and humans. (C) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

The seeds of lotus japonicus lines transformed with sense, antisense, and sense/antisense galactomannan galactosyltransferase constructs have structually altered galactomannan in their endosperm cell walls

Galactomannan biosynthesis in legume seed endosperms involves two Golgi membrane-bound glycosyltransferases, mannan synthase and galactomannan galactosyltransferase (GMGT). GMGT specificity is an important factor regulating the distribution and amount of (1-->6)-alpha-galactose (Gal) substitution of the (1-->4)-beta-linked mannan backbone. The model legume Lotus japonicus is shown now to have endospermic seeds with endosperm cell walls that contain a high-Gal galactomannan (mannose [Man]/Gal = 1.2-1.3). Galactomannan biosynthesis in developing L. japonicus endosperms has been mapped, and a cDNA encoding a functional GMGT has been obtained from L. japonicus endosperms during galactomannan deposition. L. japonicus has been transformed with sense, antisense, and sense/antisense ("hairpin loop") constructs of the GMGT cDNA. Some of the sense, antisense, and sense/antisense transgenic lines exhibited galactomannans with altered (higher) Man/Gal values in their (T-1 generation) seeds, at frequencies that were consistent with posttranscriptional silencing of GMGT. For T-1 generation individuals, transgene inheritance was correlated with galactomannan composition and amount in the endosperm. All the azygous individuals had unchanged galactomannans, whereas those that had inherited a GMGT transgene exhibited a range of Man/Gal values, up to about 6 in some lines. For Man/Gal values up to 4, the results were consistent with lowered Gal substitution of a constant amount of mannan backbone. Further lowering of Gal substitution was accompanied by a slight decrease in the amount of mannan backbone. Microsomal membranes prepared from the developing T-2 generation endosperms of transgenic lines showed reduced GMGT activity relative to mannan synthase. The results demonstrate structural modification of a plant cell wall polysaccharide by designed regulation of a Golgi-bound glycosyltransferase.