北京地区植被景观的空间分布特征

本文利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术、景观生态学理论和方法、分形理论以及统计分析方法对北京地区植被景观的空间分布特征进行了分析，并对景观格局和景观多样性的分析方法进行了探讨，结果表明： (1)对几乎所有的斑块类型，其斑块大小的分布都不是对称的，而是右偏的。4种概率分布（Г—分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布和（负）指数分布）都只能刻划部分斑块类型，并且服从对数正态分布的斑块类型最多，服从（负）指数分布的斑块类型最少。 (2)随着斑块面积的增加，边界效应越来越小，而斑块形状越来越不紧凑。 (3)分形分析识别出本地区植被景观中的两个尺度域：一个是斑块面积小于(大约)2.7km2，另一个是斑块面积大于(大约)2.7km2。两个域中的斑块复杂程度有很大差异，后一个域中的斑块明显比前一个域中的斑块复杂，并且随着斑块面积的增加，斑块形状越来越复杂。 (4)用斑块数作为多度指标时，该景观的斑块类型一多度分布服从（截断）对数正态分布和（截断）负二项分布，不服从对数级数分布和几何分布。用斑块面积作为多度指标时，该景观的斑块类型一多度分布服从对数正态分布、Weibull分布和Г—争布，不服从正态分布。从而该景观的斑块类型一多度分布不是对称的，也是右偏的。在4个优势度／多样性模型中，“生态位优先占领”模型和Zipf-Mandelbrot模型可以较好地刻划该景观的斑块类型一多度关系。 (5)样本大小对多样性测度有直接的影响。如果这种影响比较小，就说明测度指标比较稳定。三个丰富度指数中，Ri比R2和R3更稳定;五个多样性性指数中，D和Di最稳定，OD最不稳定，因此，OD是用于景观多样性监测的理想指标;五个均匀度指数中，Jgi最稳定。根据设计的3种计算临界样方数量（即多样性测度指标达到稳定时的样方数量）方法的计算结果，上述几个最稳定的测度指标在通常情况下只需要几个样方(即总抽样面积为数百km2)就达到稳定状态。 (6)斑块类型数目随面积的增加而增加。根据四个评价指标的评价结果，认为双曲线对该景观的斑块类型一面积关系的拟合效果最好。 (7)样本较大（对于一阶刀切估计，大于30个样方;对于二阶刀切估计，大于60个样方）时，刀切法能够给出斑块类型数目(NPT)较好的估计;样本较小（小于30个样方）时，Mingoti和Meeden提出的经验贝叶斯方法能够对NPT给出比刀切法和自助法更好的估计。斑块类型一面积曲线外推虽然也能给出NPT较好的估计，但这种方法需要慎重使用，不能外推得很远。 (8)列联表分析表明，该植被景观中的斑块类型与土壤类型、岩石类型、海拔高度和坡向各因子之间均存在显著的相关性。植被景观多样性与岩石类型多样性和地形多样性之间也均呈显著的正相关关系，即植被景观多样性随岩石类型多样性和地形多样性的增加而增加。但植被景观多样性与土壤类型多样性之间不存在显著的线性相关或秩相关关系，这可能是由于二者的分类体系不吻合。植被景观多样性与总的道路密度和第二类道路密度之间均呈显著的负相关关系，而与第一类和第三类道路密度之间的关系都不显著。这反映出景观样本单元(10kmxlOkm)的尺度对应于第二类道路的影响尺度。而道路密度在一定程度上反映了人类活动的强度，因此，在10kmxlOkm这个尺度上，人类活动愈剧烈，景观多样性就愈小。

Potential tuning of porous silicon luminescence

Electrochemical investigations were conducted of the effect of potential on the luminescence of porous silico (PS). The use of liquid contacts allows the potential to be controlled during studies of the photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EI). The PL and EL of PS samples prepared from n-type substrates is considered. To obtain luminescence from such PS it is necessary to generate holes in the valence band. This is achieved by either photoexcitation or an electrochemical process involving the reduction of persulfate. This paper describes the investigations of the effect of potential on the PL and EL of PS. A mechanism of 'potential tuning' based on electron occupancy and Auger quenching is then proposed.

Las macroalgas marinas bentónicas de la Argentina

Las algas que proliferan en el fondo marino se denominan macroalgas marinas bentónicas y se clasifican en tres grandes grupos: las rojas (Rhodophyta), las de color pardo (Phaeophyta o Phucophyta) y las verdes (Chlorophyta). Cuando las plantas forman grandes poblaciones -como los bosques de Macrocystis pyrifera o las praderas de Lessonia nigrescens o Durvillaea antarctica - se las puede observar aun en los momentos de marea alta. Este artículo de divulgación científica incluye información sobre las características morfológicas, las provincias fitogeográficas, la distribución geográfica, y la biodiversidad existente en las principales macroalgas de la Argentina (océano Atlántico sudoccidental), así como otras lecturas sugeridas sobre la temática.

Cangrejos, viajeros y conquistadores

El relato sobre el hallazgo de cangrejos viajeros al norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), introduce al lector en el mundo de estos crustáceos, sus ciclos de vida y sus notables adaptaciones ecológicas. Este trabajo de divulgación presenta también los cangrejales de la laguna costera Mar Chiquita (provincia de Buenos Aires), sobre estrategias ecológicas en los cangrejos estuariales, así como otras lecturas sugeridas sobre la temática. Los estudios sobre la ecología, la fisiología y el comportamiento de los cangrejos de la familia Grapsidae permiten entender su distribución geográfica e imaginar la conquista del ambiente terrestre por algunos invertebrados marinos.

Comments on "micro-scale abrasive wear testing of PVD coatings on curved substrates"

Previously published expressions for the wear volume in the micro-scale abrasion test for curved specimen surfaces (K.L. Rutherford and I.M. Hutchings, Tribology Letters 2 (1996) 1-11) were based upon erroneous assumptions about the wear-scar geometry. Accurate volumes have now been computed, and the errors in the use of the original analytical equations are shown to be negligibly small (<0.5% error) for all practical cases. © J.C. Baltzer AG, Science Publishers.

Effect of weathering on the mechanical properties of automotive clearcoats

The effect of weathering on the wear resistance of automotive clearcoats has been evaluated. Acrylic-based and urethane-based coatings were exposed in Florida, Belgium and Australia and also under accelerated conditions to SAE J1960 with 0.55 W m -2 borosilicate/borosilicate filtered xenon arc light. Weathering caused a significant reduction in the abrasion and erosion resistance of the clearcoats and large increases in their hardness. Accelerated weathering produced different effects from natural exposure.

云南18 个民族Y染色体双等位基因单倍型频率的主成分分析

世居云南的少数民族中,壮、傣、水、布依、布朗、德昂、佤、彝、白、怒、哈尼、傈僳、拉祜、纳西、景颇、阿昌、基 诺和独龙18 个民族是由“羌”、“濮”、“越”3 大部落群体演化而来,是云南的土著居民。利用PCR2RFL P 方法对这18 个土著民族进行Y染色体上13 个双等位基因位点进行基因分型。结果显示,不同历史族源的民族群体在Y染 色体双等位基因单倍型分布上具有一定的差异:在百越后裔民族群体中以单倍型H11 、H12 为主要分布;在氐羌后 裔民族中以单倍型H5 、H6 和H8 为主要分布;在百濮后裔民族群体中主要单倍型分布为H6 、H8 和H11 。进一步 主成分分析表明,百越后裔民族群体和氐羌后裔民族在主成分图上聚为两组,提示父系基因库有不同的来源,与历 史记载相印证。

TYR 基因外显子1 的序列变异与家猪的起源研究

为了分析家猪与野猪的遗传多样性及起源, 测定了来自12 个中国地方家猪品种、3 个欧洲引进猪品种以 及8 个中国野猪和2 个越南野猪共36 个个体的酪氨酸酶基因( T YR) 外显子1 的序列,共检出6 个单核苷酸多态性 位点(SNPs) ,且这6 个位点的变异均为同义突变,根据这些变异可将酪氨酸酶基因DNA 序列归结为4 种单倍型。 结合已发表的数据,构建了简约中介网络图。在网络图中,单倍型T YR 3 2 主要为欧洲家猪与欧洲野猪和3 条亚洲 家猪染色体。大部分亚洲家猪和野猪共享单倍型T YR 3 1 ,表明这是1 个亚洲类型的单倍型;同时也有部分欧洲家 猪与野猪携带这一单倍型。而单倍型T YR 3 3 和T YR 3 4 为本研究检测到的稀有单倍型,这两种单倍型主要由中 国家猪与亚洲野猪组成。这种网络图结构支持家猪的欧洲和亚洲独立起源学说,同时也表明,相当部分的欧洲家 猪品种受到亚洲猪的基因渗透,而少量中国家猪和日本野猪也受到了欧洲猪的基因渗透。

浙江地方猪种线粒体DNA多态及遗传多样性研究

用ApaⅠ、AvaⅠ、BamHⅠ、BclⅠ、BglⅠ、BglⅡ、ClaⅠ、DraⅠ、Eco RI、Eco RV、HaeⅡ、HincⅡ、HindⅢ、HpaⅠ、KpnⅠ、PstⅠ、PvuⅠ、PvuⅡ、SacⅠ、SalⅠ、ScaⅠ、SmaⅠ、StuⅠ、XbaⅠ和XhoⅠ等25种识别6个碱基对的限制性内切酶分析了浙江地方品种猪、浙江野猪等30个个体的线粒体DNA,共检出30种限制性态型(morph),可归结成3种单倍型,其中BamHⅠ-B、BclⅠ-B、DraⅠ-B和XbaⅠ-C为首次发现;各单倍型间平均遗传距离(p)为0.005,群体的平均多态度(#pi#)为0.0008,均处于遗传多样性贫乏范围。

Anti-HIV-1 property of trichosanthin correlates with its ribosome inactivating activity

Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome inactivating (RI) protein possessing anti-tumor and antiviral activity, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The mechanism of these actions is not entirely clear, but is generally attributed to its RI property. In order to study the relationship between the anti-HIV-1 activity of TCS and its RI activity, three TCS mutants with different RI activities were constructed by using site-directed mutagenesis. The anti-HIV-1 activities of the three mutants were tested in vitro. Results showed that two TCS mutants, namely TCSM((120-123)), TCSE160A/E189A, with the greatest decrease in RI activity, lost almost all of the anti-HIV activity and cytopathic effect. Another mutant TCSR122G, which exhibited a 160-fold decrease in RI activity, retained some anti-HIV activity. The results from this study suggested that RI activity of TCS may have significant contribution to its anti-HIV-1 property. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

Independency of anti-HIV-1 activity from ribosome-inactivating activity of trichosanthin

Trichosanthin (TCS) is a type I ribosome-inactivating (RI) protein possessing multiple biological and pharmacological activities. Its major action is inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication but the mechanism is still elusive. All evidences showed that this action is related to its RI activity. Previous studies found that TCS mutants with reduced RI activity simultaneously lost some anti-HIV activity. In this study, an exception was demonstrated by two TCS mutants retaining almost all RI activity but were devoid of anti-HIV-1 activity. Five mutants were constructed by using site-directed mutagenesis with either deletion or addition of amino acids to the C-terminal sequence. Results showed that the RI activity of mutants with C-terminal deletion mutants (TCSC2, TCSC4, and TCSC14) decreased by 1.2-3.3-fold with parallel downshifting of its anti-HIV-1 activity (1.4-4.8-fold). Another two mutants, TCSC19aa and TCSKDEL having 19 amino acid extension and a KDEL signal sequence added to the C-terminal sequence, retained all RI activity but subsequently lost most of the anti-HIV-1 activity. These findings suggested that ribosome inactivation alone might not be adequate to explain the anti-HIV action of TCS. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.