How does credit access affect children's time allocation? Evidence from rural India

Using a unique dataset obtained from rural Andhra Pradesh, India that contains direct observations of household access to credit and detailed time use, results of this study indicate that credit market failures lead to a substantial reallocation of time used by children for activities such as schooling, household chores, remunerative work, and leisure. The negative effects of credit constraints on schooling amount to a 60% decrease of average schooling time. However, the magnitude of decrease due to credit constraints is about half that of the increase in both domestic and remunerative child labor, the other half appearing to come from a reduction in leisure.

Input-Output Based Economic Impact Evaluation System for Small City Development: A Case Study on Saemangeum's Flux City Design

The paper aims to develop a quasi-dynamic interregional input-output model for evaluating the macro-economic impacts of small city development. The features of the model are summarized as follows: (1) the consumption expenditure of households is regarded as an endogenous variable, (2) the technological change is determined by the change of industrial Location Quotient caused by firm's investment activities. (3) a strong feedback function between the city design and the economic analysis is provided. For checking the performance of the model, Saemangeum's Flux City Design Plan is used as the simulation target in our paper.

社会科学研究所の機関リポジトリ : 日本貿易振興機構アジア経済研究所機関リポジトリ（ARRIDE）

The mission of the Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO) is to make intellectual contributions to the world. In 2006 IDE officially launched its Institutional Repository, ARRIDE based on DSpace to accomplish the mission more effectively. ARRIDE was designed as a three server structure; external server, internal server and development server. Since IDE has copyright on the articles produced by its research staff through their research activities, it can deposit these articles without asking authors for permission, which guarantees sustainability of the Repository. In order that contents in ARRIDE are accessed worldwide IDE has been providing various search engines with proper metadata. Among them, RePEc that is a decentralized database on social sciences is very important.

Economic voting and electoral volatility in Turkish provinces

Two groups of questions were addressed in this paper: (1) Is voter punishment of the incumbent the primary factor in electoral volatility? Are there any other types of vote swings that underlie volatility? (2) In general, does a decline in economic growth destabilize voter behavior? If so, what kinds of vote swings does an economic downturn tend to generate? Provincial-level panel data analysis yielded the following results: (1) Changes in volatility is primarily due to vote swings from the incumbent to the opposition and also to and from left-wing and right-wing parties. (2) Lower economic growth increases electoral volatility. Economic decline induces vote swings not only from the government to the opposition but also from left-wing to right-wing parties. This is probably because right-wing parties seem more concerned with economic issues and are thus more popular than left-wing parties with lower-income voters.

北インド，東部ウッタル・プラデーシュ州における開発行政と村人

インドの農村開発においては、州政府による開発行政とパンチャーヤット制度を通じる住民の参加が大きな役割をするものと伝統的に期待されてきたが、実際は多くの州で目立った実績はあげられなかったといってよい。特に北インドではそうである。しかし1992年末の憲法第73次改正で「パンチャーヤット制度」が強化され，それに伴って開発行政の位置づけも変化したことで、沈滞気味であった開発行政の様相にも変化が現れることが期待された。本稿はこのような位相にある北インド、ウッタ ル・プラデーシュ州の東部の２つの県において、フィールド調査に基づいて「郡開発室」という農村開発行政の末端の現状を農民の視点から評価する。調査結果から開発行政による財やサービスの供給には様々な問題点があることが明らかになるが、そのような状況で村民がどのような選択を行っているか示される。

Constitutional Review and Democratic Consolidation: A Literature Review

This paper reviews the literature on the prevalence of constitutional review across the world, and particularly in emerging democracies, during the last two decades. Two major questions should be addressed in this regard. First, why has the judiciary been empowered and what factors affect judicial activism? Second, does constitutional review ensure an effective self-enforcing function? In sum, the literature shows that constitutional review can make democracy self-enforcing if there is sufficient competition among political parties or between the legislature and the executive branch of government. In a more sophisticated case, political balance within the court can also ensure the observance of court decisions.

Pakistani Migration to the United States:An Economic Perspective

The 9-11 attack on the US brought a set of changes in overseas migration from Pakistan. One such change is the sharp increase in remittances sent from the United States. The paper argues that the characteristics of remittances from the United States differ from those originating in the Middle East. Just as the overseas Pakistani communities are diversified, the nature and characteristics of remittances are heterogeneous, depending on where they come from and who sends them. While the importance of remittance flows from the United States is rising, not much academic attention has been paid to this issue because of a lack of data. To better understand the reasons behind the increase in US remittances, and in order to evaluate their sustainability, household surveys are necessary.

Structural Changes in Asparagus Production and Exports from Peru

Asparagus is the star product among non-traditional agricultural exports (NTAXs) in Peru. The export of preserved asparagus has expanded since the end of the 1980s. Although there was some stagnation in the mid-1990s, exports of fresh asparagus have expanded rapidly since the end of the 1990s. Now, the export of both preserved and fresh asparagus constitute the second most important agricultural export in Peru after coffee. Besides the change in demand on the international market, the important factor behind the shift from preserved to fresh asparagus is the change in the supply structure of asparagus. In the case of preserved asparagus, Peruvian exports expanded because of Peru’s competitiveness, which originated from favorable production factors, such as climate, soil and labor. However, because of the growing presence of Chinese products on the international market, Peru’s products lost their competitiveness. In the case of fresh asparagus, the investment of agricultural corporations in production and their innovation in integrating different economic processes from the point of production to the time of export built a successful supply structure that is suited for the export of fresh agricultural produce.

Financial Policies and Dynamic Game Simulation in Poland and Hungary

Recently, steady economic growth rates have been kept in Poland and Hungary. Money supplies are growing rather rapidly in these economies. In large, exchange rates have trends of depreciation. Then, exports and prices show the steady growth rates. It can be thought that per capita GDPs are in the same level and development stages are similar in these two countries. It is assumed that these two economies have the same export market and export goods are competing in it. If one country has an expansion of monetary policy, price increase and interest rate decrease. Then, exchange rate decrease. Exports and GDP will increase through this phenomenon. At the same time, this expanded monetary policy affects another country through the trade. This mutual relationship between two countries can be expressed by the Nash-equilibrium in the Game theory. In this paper, macro-econometric models of Polish and Hungarian economies are built and the Nash- equilibrium is introduced into them.

政治制度形成の論理 －新興民主主義国の制度分析に向けて－

本稿は政治制度をめぐる二つの大きな理論的流れについて整理したものである。一つは、制度の効果に注目する外生的制度論の流れである。制度の効果を前提としたうえで，自己利益極大化のためそうした効果を期待する制度設計者によって制度が設計されたと考えるものである。取引費用の低減、集合行為問題の解決などがそのカギとなる。もう一つは、制度をプレーヤーたちの行うゲームのなかでの均衡と考える議論である。プレーヤーのインセンティブを重視し、制度形成を内生的なメカニズムのなかで考えるもので、内生的制度論と呼ばれる。