Customer-related skills and capabilities in knowledge-intensive business services

The roles of knowledge and customer involvement form distinct features in providing knowledge-intensive business services. The objective of this study was to investigate the customer-related skills and capabilities of knowledge-intensive business services. The research was carried out as case study, involving two polar cases. The other case represented customized services, and the other standardized services. The research method was qualitative, and included focus group workshops, individual interviews and a survey. The capabilities of business services have been mainly studied on organizational level. This study provides valuable insight into the role of individual skills as a part of capabilities of knowledge-intensive business services. According to this study, the most important capabilities are related to acquiring and integrating of knowledge, resource management, managing the customer’s role as a co-producer of the service, and active and effective communication. The study indicates that the level of tacit knowledge is high in the needed individual skills. Based on the study, the needed capabilities and skills are affected by the level of customization of the service, the demand for customer knowledge, the demand for consultation and the stage of the service providing.

Solution Business Model for Energy Efficiency

This study examined solution business models and how they could be applied into energy efficiency business. The target of this study was to find out, what a functional solution business model applied to energy efficiency improvement projects is like. The term “functionality” was used to refer not only to the economic viability but to environmental and legal aspects and also to the implement of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) and the ability to overcome the most important market barriers and risks. This thesis is based on a comprehensive literature study on solution business, business models and energy efficiency business. This literature review was used as a foundation to an energy efficiency solution business model scheme. The created scheme was tested in a case study which studied two different energy efficiency improvement projects, illustrated the functionality of the created business model and evaluated their potential as customer targets. Solution approach was found to be suitable for energy efficiency business. The most important characteristics of a good solution business model were identified to be the relationship between the supplier and customer, a proper network, knowledge on the customer’s process and supreme technological expertise. Thus the energy efficiency solution business was recognized to be particularly suitable for example for energy suppliers or technological equipment suppliers. Because the case study was not executed from a certain company’s point of view, the most important factors such as relationships and the availability of funding could not be evaluated. Although the energy efficiency business is recognized to be economically viable, the most important factors influencing the profitability and the success of energy efficiency solution business model were identified to be the proper risk management, the ability to overcome market barriers and the realization of CSFs.

Liiketoiminnan kehittäminen verkostoitumalla, tutkimus sähkö- ja teleasennustoimialalta

Tällä tutkimuksella annetaan työkaluja pienille mikrotason asennusyrityksille heidän tiellään tuottavampaan ja tehokkaampaan yritystoimintaan. Kehitysmenetelmäksi on valittu verkostoituminen, joka tapahtuu alueellisten toimijoiden kesken ja on lähinnä horisontaalista. Tutkimuksen kohderyhmänä on sähkö-, tele- ja antenniasennusyrittäjät tai alalle aikovat uudet yrittäjät. Luotu malli on sovelias lähes kaikille kiinteistöjen teknisen kunnossapidon alalla toimiville mikroyrityksille. Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa osassa käsitellään verkostoyrittäjyyden perusteita ja syventävästi esitetyn case-mallin mukaista verkostotoiminnan erityispiirteitä. Empiirinen osa koostuu sähköisesti toteutetusta internetpohjaisesta kysely- tutkimuksesta, jonka kohteena on pienet sähkö-, tele- ja antenniasennusyritykset. Kyselytutkimus on toteutettu yhteistyössä alan urakointiliittojen (STUL ry ja SANT ry) kanssa. Kysely noudattaa samoja aihealueita kuin professori Asko Miettisen sähköurakointialalle 1988 toteuttaman raportin SÄHKÖURAKOINTI 2000 kyselylomake pidemmän tarkastelujänteen saamiseksi. Kysely selvittää yritysten nykytilaa ja näkemyksiä alan lähitulevaisuudesta. Empiiristä osaa tuetaan voimakkaasti case- esityksin, jotka pohjautuvat kirjoittajan 40 vuoden yrittäjäkokemukseen tällä alalla, joka on ollut voimakkaastikin lähinnä vertikaalisesti verkottunut. Tutkimus osoittaa, että alan taloudellinen ja toiminnallinenkin kehitys on polkenut paikallaan viimeiset vuosikymmenet, vaikka alan teknologiakehitys on ollut tarkasteluajanjaksona varsin merkittävää. Alan yritysten heikohkojen resurssien vuoks entistä voimakkaampi alueellinen yhteistyö verkostoitumalla on mahdollisuus tuottavampaan yritystoimintaan ja arvontuottoon yritykselle sekä luo mahdollisuuden myös suuntautumisen uusille kehittyneimmille teknologian alueille.

Integration of microgrids into electricity distribution networks

Existing electricity distribution system is under pressure because implementation of distributed generation changes the grid configuration and also because some customers demand for better distribution reliability. In a short term, traditional network planning does not offer techno-economical solutions for the challenges and therefore the idea of microgrids is introduced. Islanding capability of microgrids is expected to enable better reliability by reducing effects of faults. The aim of the thesis is to discuss challenges in integration of microgrids into distribution networks. Study discusses development of microgrid related smart grid features and gives estimation of the guideline of microgrid implementation. Thesis also scans microgrid pilots around the world and introduces the most relevant projects. Analysis reveals that the main focus of researched studies is on low voltage microgrids. This thesis extends the idea to medium voltage distribution system and introduces challenges related to medium voltage microgrid implementation. Differences of centralized and distributed microgrid models are analyzed and the centralized model is discovered to be easiest to implement into existing distribution system. Preplan of medium voltage microgrid pilot is also carried out in this thesis.

Microgeneration of electricity with producer gas in dual fuel mode operation

Among the alternatives to meet the increasing of world demand for energy, the use of biomass as energy source is one of the most promising as it contributes to reducing emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Gasification is a technological process of biomass energy production of a gaseous biofuel. The fuel gas has a low calorific value that can be used in Diesel engine in dual mode for power generation in isolated communities. This study aimed to evaluate the reduction in the consumption of oil Diesel an engine generator, using gas from gasification of wood. The engine generator brand used was a BRANCO, with direct injection power of 7.36 kW (10 HP) coupled to an electric generator 5.5 kW. Diesel oil mixed with intake air was injected, as the oil was injected via an injector of the engine (dual mode). The fuel gas was produced in a downdraft gasifier. The engine generator was put on load system from 0.5 kW to 3.5 kW through a set of electrical resistances. Diesel oil consumption was measured with a precision scale. It was concluded that the engine converted to dual mode when using the gas for the gasification of wood decreased Diesel consumption by up to 57%.

Performance of small wind turbines: simulation of electricity supply to loads connected to the public or isolated grid

ABSTRACT The successful in the implementation of wind turbines depends on several factors, including: the wind resource at the installation site, the equipment used, project acquisition and operational costs. In this paper, the production of electricity from two small wind turbines was compared through simulation using the computer software HOMER - a national model of 6kW and an imported one of 5kW. The wind resources in three different cities were considered: Campinas (SP/BR), Cubatão (São Paulo/BR) and Roscoe (Texas/ USA). A wind power system connected to the grid and a wind isolated system - batteries were evaluated. The results showed that the energy cost ($/kWh) is strongly dependent on the windmill characteristics and local wind resource. Regarding the isolated wind system – batteries, the full supply guarantee to the simulated electrical load is only achieved with a battery bank with many units and high number of wind turbines, due to the intermittency of wind power.

Business Intelligence -ohjelmistot päätöksenteon tukena

Työn tavoitteena on tutkia Business Intelligence -ohjelmistojen käyttöä päätöksenteon tukena. Lisäksi tutkitaan näiden ohjelmistojen merkitystä yrityksille. Työssä tarkastellaan myös mahdollisia tulevaisuuden näkymiä. Työ on kirjallisuustyö, joka pohjautuu lähdeaineistoon. Työn tuloksena on huomattu, kuinka tärkeitä Business Intelligence -ohjelmistot ovat yritysten päätöksenteossa. Suuren tietomäärän vuoksi on tärkeää, että yrityksellä on työkalu, jonka avulla kaikki merkityksellinen tieto saadaan välitettyä päätöksentekijöille. Business Intelligence -ohjelmistot tuottavat monenlaisia analyyseja, joiden avulla voidaan tehdä onnistuneita päätöksiä. Mitä tarkempia analyyseja tehdään, sitä enemmän voidaan myös saavuttaa kilpailuetua. Business Intelligence -ohjelmistojen avulla yrityksillä on mahdollisuus saavuttaa monia erilaisia hyötyjä. Hyötyjen mittaaminen on kuitenkin haastavaa, koska osa hyödyistä on aineettomia. Hyötyjen ja liikearvon mittaamiseen on kehitetty mittareita, joiden avulla on tarkoitus pystyä perustelemaan Business Intelligence -ohjelmistoihin investointia. Tulevaisuudessa Business Intelligence -ohjelmistojen merkitys yrityksille kasvaa. Yritysten muuttuvia tarpeita varten kehitetään uudenlaisia Business Intelligence -sovelluksia. Teknologia ja ohjelmistojen innovatiivinen käyttö muokkaavat BI-ohjelmistoja tehokkaammiksi. Jatkuva uusien sovellusten kehittäminen luo myös haasteita ennen niiden laajempaa käyttöönottoa.

Playing to Learn: Business Simulation Games as Leadership Learning Environments

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate if participation in business simulation gaming sessions can make different leadership styles visible and provide students with experiences beneficial for the development of leadership skills. Particularly, the focus is to describe the development of leadership styles when leading virtual teams in computer-­supported collaborative game settings and to identify the outcomes of using computer simulation games as leadership training tools. To answer to the objectives of the study, three empirical experiments were conducted to explore if participation in business simulation gaming sessions (Study I and II), which integrate face-­to-­face and virtual communication (Study III and IV), can make different leadership styles visible and provide students with experiences beneficial for the development of leadership skills. In the first experiment, a group of multicultural graduate business students (N=41) participated in gaming sessions with a computerized business simulation game (Study III). In the second experiment, a group of graduate students (N=9) participated in the training with a ‘real estate’ computer game (Study I and II). In the third experiment, a business simulation gaming session was organized for graduate students group (N=26) and the participants played the simulation game in virtual teams, which were organizationally and geographically dispersed but connected via technology (Study IV). Each team in all experiments had three to four students and students were between 22 and 25 years old. The business computer games used for the empirical experiments presented an enormous number of complex operations in which a team leader needed to make the final decisions involved in leading the team to win the game. These gaming environments were interactive;; participants interacted by solving the given tasks in the game. Thus, strategy and appropriate leadership were needed to be successful. The training was competition-­based and required implementation of leadership skills. The data of these studies consist of observations, participants’ reflective essays written after the gaming sessions, pre-­ and post-­tests questionnaires and participants’ answers to open-­ ended questions. Participants’ interactions and collaboration were observed when they played the computer games. The transcripts of notes from observations and students dialogs were coded in terms of transactional, transformational, heroic and post-­heroic leadership styles. For the data analysis of the transcribed notes from observations, content analysis and discourse analysis was implemented. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was also utilized in the study to measure transformational and transactional leadership styles;; in addition, quantitative (one-­way repeated measures ANOVA) and qualitative data analyses have been performed. The results of this study indicate that in the business simulation gaming environment, certain leadership characteristics emerged spontaneously. Experiences about leadership varied between the teams and were dependent on the role individual students had in their team. These four studies showed that simulation gaming environment has the potential to be used in higher education to exercise the leadership styles relevant in real-­world work contexts. Further, the study indicated that given debriefing sessions, the simulation game context has much potential to benefit learning. The participants who showed interest in leadership roles were given the opportunity of developing leadership skills in practice. The study also provides evidence of unpredictable situations that participants can experience and learn from during the gaming sessions. The study illustrates the complex nature of experiences from the gaming environments and the need for the team leader and role divisions during the gaming sessions. It could be concluded that the experience of simulation game training illustrated the complexity of real life situations and provided participants with the challenges of virtual leadership experiences and the difficulties of using leadership styles in practice. As a result, the study offers playing computer simulation games in small teams as one way to exercise leadership styles in practice.

Essays on Business and Leadership Ethics

As this is a dissertation, an academic thesis, it is important to define the objectives of my research, even if ex post facto, explicitly: - To define, develop and study the concept of business and leadership ethics. - To empirically study the phenomena associated with business and leadership from an ethical perspective. - To create a new framework for the development of responsible business. - To create an “acid test” for my body of works, i.e. a test and an evaluation on how well my research and ideas hold up under academic philosophical reflection. The utilitarian reasoning had the most support when the actors justified their actions regarding economic benefit. (=instrumental good). Duty and benefit were often mixed up in people’s speech. Their meaning contents were blurred and the argumentation lines created by the actors were broken. This can be interpreted in a way that supports Frankena’s mixed deontological philosophy as a frame of reference. Deontologica reasoning was used e.g. in describing the personnel management processes of a company. Virtue ethics is a favourable starting point for studying management and leadership ethics. All the actors studied could name virtues for their operations, towards which to aspire to. They also named professional practices already in use that they considered to be virtuous. Finally, I wish to state that normative ethics is an important branch of philosophical ethics, if also very important in applied ethics especially. From the normative standpoint, the results of this dissertation want to lead nations, communities and individuals towards the virtues of democratic leadership and sustainable economic development.

Corporate responsibility guaranteed by dialogue? Examining the relationship between nongovernmental organizations and business

The main objective of this doctoral dissertation is to examine the relationship between non-governmental organizations and business in the context of academic discourse, corporate responsibility discourse, and stakeholder dialogue. More specifically, motivated by the increasing emphasis on stakeholder dialogue as a tool for corporate responsibility and accountability, the aim is to critically assess the role of stakeholder dialogue as a self-regulatory mechanism, in particular from the perspective of foreign direct investments. The study comprises two parts; an introductory essay containing the research objectives, theoretical foundations and methodological choices, and four research articles that address one sub-objective: 1) to review the literature on NGO-business relations in business and society, management, and international business journals from 1998–2007; 2) to critically analyze the academic discourse on NGO-business relations; 3) to analyze the problematic aspects of sustainable foreign direct investments as a conceptual construct; and 4) to analyze the problematic aspects of stakeholder dialogue in connection with a foreign direct investment. The ontological and epistemological foundations of this dissertation build on the social constructionist view of reality. The dialogue in this study is viewed as a legitimacy bargaining process that is actively shaped by societal parties in discourse. Similarly, articulations of ‘partnership’ and ‘adversarial’ in NGO-business relations in academic business and society discourse are viewed as competing hegemonic interventions in the field. More specifically, the methods applied in the articles are literature review (Article 1), discourse theory (Article 2), conceptual analysis (Article 3), and case study with document analysis (Article 4). This dissertation has three main arguments and contributions. First, it is argued that the potential of stakeholder dialogue as a tool for corporate responsibility and accountability is inherently limited in both contexts. Second, the study shows the power implications of privileging partnership oriented NGO-business relations over adversarial ones, and of placing business at the centre of governance discourse. The third contribution is methodological: a new way to analyze academic discourse is presented by focusing on the problem setting of an article.