937 resultados para Developmental and Educational Psychology


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Previous research has shown that often there is clear inertia in individual decision making---that is, a tendency for decision makers to choose a status quo option. I conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate two potential determinants of inertia in uncertain environments: (i) regret aversion and (ii) ambiguity-driven indecisiveness. I use a between-subjects design with varying conditions to identify the effects of these two mechanisms on choice behavior. In each condition, participants choose between two simple real gambles, one of which is the status quo option. I find that inertia is quite large and that both mechanisms are equally important.

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Attitudes toward risk influence the decision to diversify among uncertain options. Yet, because in most situations the options are ambiguous, attitudes toward ambiguity may also play an important role. I conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of ambiguity on the decision to diversify. I find that diversification is more prevalent and more persistent under ambiguity than under risk. Moreover, excess diversification under ambiguity is driven by participants who stick with a status quo gamble when diversification among gambles is not feasible. This behavioral pattern cannot be accommodated by major theories of choice under ambiguity.

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How do resource booms affect human capital accumulation? We exploit time and spatial variation generated by the commodity boom across local governments in Peru to measure the effect of natural resources on human capital formation. We explore the effect of both mining production and tax revenues on test scores, finding a substantial and statistically significant effect for the latter. Transfers to local governments from mining tax revenues are linked to an increase in math test scores of around 0.23 standard deviations. We find that the hiring of permanent teachers as well as the increases in parental employment and improvements in health outcomes of adults and children are plausible mechanisms for such large effect on learning. These findings suggest that redistributive policies could facilitate the accumulation of human capital in resource abundant developing countries as a way to avoid the natural resources curse.

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Resum de les pràctiques desenvolupades l’estiu de 2007 a l’escola Creciendo Juntos, situada a Parque Paso del Rey de Moreno, una ciutat de la perifèria de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Es basa principalment en l’anàlisi d’un projecte d’innovació en l’àrea de matemàtiques què realitzava l’escola

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RESUMO: Os dados estatísticos evidenciam uma tendência para o aumento de casos de HIV/SIDA em indivíduos com mais de 50 anos (OMS, 2008) e apontam a transmissão por via sexual como uma das causas das novas infecções nesta faixa etária. A inexistência de um tratamento ou de uma vacina para o HIV/SIDA faz com que a alteração de comportamentos de risco seja ainda o único meio disponível e universal de prevenir a doença, independentemente da faixa etária considerada. Reconhecendo a dimensão social do fenómeno, e a função preventiva e educativa inerente à actividade dos assistentes sociais, constitui-se como principal objectivo deste estudo compreender o papel do Serviço Social na prevenção do HIV /SIDA e dos comportamentos de risco nos idosos frequentadores de centros de convívio e academias. Especificamente pretendemos identificar o entendimento dos assistentes sociais face à SIDA, à sexualidade e aos comportamentos de risco da população idosa; compreender o papel do Serviço Social na prevenção do HIV/SIDA por relação a outros profissionais; identificar que acções de âmbito preventivo são utilizadas e em que nível da prevenção se situa a intervenção dos assistentes sociais e perceber se a mesma contribui para a mudança de comportamentos de risco. Situámos o estudo numa abordagem qualitativa, e seguimos uma estratégia indutiva. Os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, aplicadas a oito assistentes sociais que exercem a sua actividade em Centros de Convívio ou Academias Seniores, no concelho de Cascais. Pela análise e interpretação dos discursos das entrevistadas verifica-se que, a maioria, têm conhecimentos acerca da sexualidade dos idosos no geral e nas respectivas instituições. Percepcionam a sexualidade como algo existente nos idosos, embora se tenham identificado, concomitantemente alguns preconceitos, não sendo um assunto comummente abordado nas suas acções quotidianas. O conhecimento que revelam relativamente ao HIV/SIDA e à expressão do problema a nível global ou local tem uma relação muito directa com a existência, ou não, de casos concretos na instituição. Constatámos que as acções preventivas sobre os comportamentos sexuais de risco são feitas por profissionais exteriores à instituição e de outras áreas, como a enfermagem e a psicologia. Face à regularidade e proximidade com os destinatários da intervenção sublinhamos a importância que os assistentes sociais podem ter no âmbito da prevenção primária, promovendo acções que capacitem, eduquem e motivem os idosos para a adopção de comportamentos saudáveis, sendo também condição sine qua non que os profissionais se reposicionem e assumam esse papel investindo na sua qualificação e especialização. ABSTRACT: The statistical data shows that the number of HIV/AIDS cases in individuals over 50 is rising (OMS, 2008), with the sexual transmission being the prime cause of the new infections in this age group. The non-existence of a treatment or a vaccine for HIV/AIDS leads the change in risk behaviors to remain the only available and universal method to prevent the spreading of this disease, regardless of the age group we are considering. Acknowledging the social dimension of the phenomenon and the inherent preventive and educational function of the Social Workers, the main objective of this study is to understand the role of the Social Work in HIV/AIDS prevention and the risk behaviors of the elderly. Specifically we intend to identify the knowledge the social workers have about HIV/AIDS, about the sexuality and risk behaviors of the elderly; understand the role of the social worker in HIV/AIDS prevention by comparison to other professionals; identify which preventive actions are taken in intervention and in which level of prevention the intervention of social workers takes place, and understand if prevention leads to changing the risk behaviors. We based the study in a qualitative approach, and followed an inductive strategy. The data was gathered by semi-structured interviews, applied to eight Social Workers working in Recreational Centers or Seniors Academies in Cascais’ district. By analyzing and interpreting the interviews we see, that the majority, knows about the sexuality of the elderly in general and in their respective institutions. They see sexuality as something that the elderly possess, although we have also identified some prejudices towards it, and it isn’t a theme usually approached in their daily actions. The knowledge that they reveal about HIV/AIDS and the impact of this problem at a global and local level, is directly linked to the existence, or not, of actual cases in the institution they work. We noticed that the preventive actions on sexual risk behaviors are conducted by professionals that don’t belong to the institution and of other areas of expertise, as Nursing and Psychology. Due to the regularity and proximity with whom the intervention is destined to, we emphasize the importance that the social workers may have in primary prevention, promoting actions that enable, educate and encourage the elderly to adopt health promoting behaviors, also being a sine qua non condition the professionals must reposition themselves and take that role investing in their qualification and specialization.

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A presente investigação tem como objetivo analisar e compreender os motivos que levaram um grupo de adultos a frequentar um processo de formação, depois de terem abandonado precocemente a escola formal, quando seria de esperar a sua frequência. Sendo Portugal um país em que se tem verificado um elevado abandono escolar precoce, apesar das melhorias nas últimas décadas, torna-se necessário conhecer as razões desse abandono e, ao mesmo tempo, procurar compreender as motivações dos adultos para o regresso a um percurso educativo. Numa altura em que as experiências e as aprendizagens informais e não formais assumem um lugar de destaque no currículo individual, assim como a aprendizagem ao longo da vida, torna-se pertinente a reflexão acerca da necessidade crescente demonstrada pela população adulta em atualizar os seus conhecimentos e ver formalmente reconhecidas as competências adquiridas ao longo da sua vida. Assim, foi realizada uma análise documental de entrevistas efetuadas aos adultos, antes da frequência da sua formação, num Centro de Novas Oportunidades. Os resultados obtidos foram discutidos à luz da investigação recente neste domínio.

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Shavelson e Bolus (1982, cit.in Peixoto,2003), caracteriza o autoconceito como o conjunto de percepções que as pessoas possuem acerca de si próprias. Enquanto que Rosenberg (1979) se refere à auto-estima como a atitude global que a pessoa tem em relação a si própria, a qual implica um sentimento de valor. Estima-se que, no ano 2000, um em cada mil jovens adultos, entre 20 e 29 anos de idade, será um sobrevivente de cancro na infância (Varni, Katz, Colegrove & Dolgin, 1994), o que representará cerca de 210.000 indivíduos sobreviventes ao cancro na infância apenas nos Estados Unidos (Lozowski, 1993). Pretende-se comparar se os sobreviventes de cancro têm menor autoconceito, autoestima e autoconceito académico do que aqueles que nunca tiveram doença oncológica. O Estudo é quantitativo, transversal, correlacional e comparativo. Utilizou-se a escala de autoconceito e autoestima de Susan Harter (1998).

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Em Portugal, os Centros de Novas Oportunidades (CNO), com o processo de reconhecimento, validação e certificação de competências (RVCC) e a formação modular certificada, têm assumido um papel de destaque no quadro da aprendizagem ao longo da vida. Com o objetivo de avaliar a importância atribuída por adultos, em formação num CNO, à formação modular certificada (FMC), foi realizado um estudo com adultos (N=28), desempregados, beneficiários de rendimento social de inserção (RSI) e encaminhados pelo Instituto do Emprego e da Formação Profissional, para um processo de certificação, na área das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), no CNO de uma escola secundária em Vila Nova de Gaia. Foi usada a técnica do questionário para avaliar as percepções acerca da importância da formação em diferentes papéis de vida. Para a análise estatística, utilizamos o “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS - versão 19.0). A amostra foi constituída por 28 indivíduos, dos quais 19 são do sexo masculino, maioritariamente com idades entre os 55 e 64 anos, com o 4.º ano de escolaridade, casados e com 2 filhos. Colocamos como hipóteses haver diferenças na valorização da formação ao nível da dimensão pessoal, familiar e profissional, entre o início e o fim da formação. Verificámos que existem diferenças na valorização da formação naquelas dimensões da existência dos sujeitos. Refletimos sobre os resultados em face da pesquisa teórica efetuada. Por fim, apresentamos as limitações deste trabalho e pistas para futuros estudos.

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Nowadays we live in a literate society in which reading and writing skills are highly valued. Currently, the educational interventions seek to involve people from different backgrounds to form multidisciplinary teams. The present case study aimed to analyze the collaboration process between the different members of the context involved in educational intervention regarding the oral language disorders and learning disabilities in reading and writing. Concerning psychological evaluation we used different instruments for data collection. Firstly interview and clinical history where carried out afterwards a semi-structured interviews were prepared in order to obtain information about the performance of the special education team, the special education and children with special needs and learning difficulties in pre-primary and 1st cycle of basic education. The implementation of educational policies at the school where also considered in the case study which revealed difficulties in achieving the educational support for students with these problems.

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Os problemas de comportamento e de aprendizagem em idade escolar constituem uma das principais fontes de preocupação para professores, pais, psicólogos e, de uma forma geral, para todos aqueles que se interessam pelos fenómenos educativos. Contudo, tem sido difícil alcançar posições consensuais na definição do número e tipo de crianças afetadas por estes problemas, em parte devido ao número e diversidade dos profissionais que por eles se interessam. A denominada Perturbação de Hiperatividade e Défice de Atenção (P H.D.A.) (Antunes, 2009) tem sido um dos mais estudados problemas de desenvolvimento da infância e da adolescência e dos que tem mais impacto quer seja ao nível de salas de aula, quer seja no contexto específico onde o projeto se insere. Assim sendo, este trabalho de projeto pretende atuar num grupo de crianças que frequenta o centro de atividades de tempos livres (C.A.T.L.) e que inclui uma criança hiperativa (desencadeadora do projeto), de forma a desenvolver competências sociais e educativas, no grupo e com o grupo. Neste sentido, foram realizadas atividades de estimulação de memória, ativação de atenção e concentração, de forma lúdica. O lúdico, aliado a uma programação adaptada à situação, refletida e avaliada sistematicamente, proporcionou ao grupo e ao aluno momentos de cooperação, de aprendizagens de regras, de comportamentos e de respeito por si e pelo outro.

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Much work has supported the idea that recategorization of ingroups and outgroups into a superordinate category can have beneficial effects for intergroup relations. Recently, however, increases in bias following recategorization have been observed in some contexts. It is argued that such unwanted consequences of recategorization will only be apparent for perceivers who are highly committed to their ingroup subgroups. In Experiments 1 to 3, the authors observed, on both explicit and implicit measures, that an increase in bias following recategorization occurred only for high subgroup identifiers. In Experiment 4, it was found that maintaining the salience of subgroups within a recategorized superordinate group averted this increase in bias for high identifiers and led overall to the lowest levels of bias. These findings are discussed in the context of recent work on the Common Ingroup Identity Model.

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Purpose: Vergence and accommodation studies often use adult participants with experience of vision science. Reports of infant and clinical responses are generally more variable and of lower gain, with the implication that differences lie in immaturity or sub-optimal clinical characteristics but expert/naïve differences are rarely considered or quantified. Methods: Sixteen undergraduates, naïve to vision science, were individually matched by age, visual acuity, refractive error, heterophoria, stereoacuity and near point of accommodation to second- and third-year orthoptics and optometry undergraduates (‘experts’). Accommodation and vergence responses were assessed to targets moving between 33 cm, 50 cm, 1 m and 2 m using a haploscopic device incorporating a PlusoptiX SO4 autorefractor. Disparity, blur and looming cues were separately available or minimised in all combinations. Instruction set was minimal. Results: In all cases, vergence and accommodation response slopes (gain) were steeper and closer to 1.0 in the expert group (p = 0.001), with the largest expert/naïve differences for both vergence and accommodation being for near targets (p = 0.012). For vergence, the differences between expert and naïve response slopes increased with increasingly open-loop targets (linear trend p = 0.025). Although we predicted that proximal cues would drive additional response in the experts, the proximity-only cue was the only condition that showed no statistical effect of experience. Conclusions: Expert observers provide more accurate responses to near target demand than closely matched naïve observers. We suggest that attention, practice, voluntary and proprioceptive effects may enhance responses in experienced participants when compared to a more typical general population. Differences between adult reports and the developmental and clinical literature may partially reflect expert/naïve effects, as well as developmental change. If developmental and clinical studies are to be compared to adult normative data, uninstructed naïve adult data should be used.

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This paper critiques the approach taken by the Ghanaian Government to address mercury pollution in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector. Unmonitored releases of mercury-used in the gold-amalgamation process-have caused numerous environmental complications throughout rural Ghana. Certain policy, technological and educational initiatives taken to address the mounting problem, however, have proved marginally effective at best, having been designed and implemented without careful analysis of mine community dynamics, the organization of activities, operators' needs and local geological conditions. Marked improvements can only be achieved in this area through increased government-initiated dialogue with the now-ostracized illegal galamsey mining community; introducing simple, cost-effective techniques for the reduction of mercury emissions; and effecting government-sponsored participatory training exercises as mediums for communicating information about appropriate technologies and the environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Plant annexins are ubiquitous, soluble proteins capable of Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent binding to endomembranes and the plasma membrane. Some members of this multigene family are capable of binding to F-actin, hydrolysing ATP and GTP, acting as peroxidases or cation channels. These multifunctional proteins are distributed throughout the plant and throughout the life cycle. Their expression and intracellular localization are under developmental and environmental control. The in vitro properties of annexins and their known, dynamic distribution patterns suggest that they could be central regulators or effectors of plant growth and stress signalling. Potentially, they could operate in signalling pathways involving cytosolic free calcium and reactive oxygen species.

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Education and ethnicity cannot be discussed without taking language into account. This paper will argue that any discussion of ethnic minorities cannot ignore the question of language, nor can any discussion of human rights ignore the question of language rights. Unfortunately, in today's globalised world, governments and minorities are faced with conflicting pressures: on the one hand, for the development and use of education in a global/international language; on the other for the use and development of mother tongue, local or indigenous languages in education. Language complexity and ethnic plurality were largely brought about as a result of the creation of nation-states, which were spread around the world as a result of European colonialism. European languages and formal education systems were used as a means of political and economic control. The legacy that was left by the colonial powers has complicated ethnic relations and has frequently led to conflict. While there is now greater recognition of the importance of language both for economic and educational development, as well as for human rights, the forces of globalisation are leading towards uniformity in the languages used, in culture and even in education. They are working against the development of language rights for smaller groups. We are witnessing a sharp decline in the number of languages spoken. Only those languages which are numerically, economically and politically strong are likely to survive. As a result many linguistic and ethnic groups are in danger of being further marginalised. This paper will illustrate this thesis both historically and from several contemporary societies, showing how certain policies have exacerbated ethnic conflict while others are seeking to promote harmony and reconciliation. Why this should be so will be explored. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.