Population dynamics and gene flow of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) on cotton and grain crops in the Murrumbidgee Valley, Australia

The population dynamics of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Murrumbidgee Valley, Australia, has been characterized using five highly variable microsatellite loci. In the 2001-2002 growing season, there were very high levels of migration into the Murrumbidgee Valley with no detectable genetic structuring, consistent with previous analyses on a national scale. By contrast, there was significant genetic structuring over the 2002-2003 growing season, with three distinct genetic types detected. The first type corresponded to the first two generations and was derived from local individuals emerging from diapause and their progeny. The second genetic type corresponded to generation 3 and resulted from substantial immigration into the region. There was another genetic shift in generation 4, which accounts for the third genetic type of the season. This genetic shift occurred despite low levels of immigration. During the third generation of the 2002-2003 growing season, different population dynamics was characterized for H. armigera on maize, Zea mays L., and cotton Gossipium hirsutum L. Populations on cotton tended to cycle independently with very little immigration from outside the region or from maize within the region. Maize acted as a major sink for immigrants from cotton and from outside the region. If resistance were to develop on cotton under these circumstances, susceptible individuals from maize or from other regions would not dilute this resistance. In addition, resistance is likely to be transferred to maize and be perpetuated until diapause, from where it may reemerge next season. If low levels of immigration were to occur on transgenic cotton, this may undermine the effectiveness of refugia, especially noncotton refugia.

Prevalence of drug-resistance mutations and non-subtype B strains among HIV-infected infants from New York State

Summary: Prevalence studies indicate that transmission of drug-resistant HIV has been rising in the adult population, but data from the perinatally infected pediatric population are limited. In this retrospective study, we sequenced the pol region of HIV from perinatally infected infants diagnosed in New York State in 2001-2002. Analyses of drug resistance, subtype diversity, and perinatal antiretroviral exposure were conducted, and the results were compared with those from a previous study of HIV-infected infants identified in 1998-1999. Eight of 42 infants (19.1%) had provirus carrying at least 1 drug-resistance mutation, an increase of 58% over the 1998-1999 results. Mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors were detected in 7.1%, 11.9%, and 2.4% of specimens, respectively. Consistent with previous results, perinatal antiretroviral exposure was not associated with drug resistance (P = 0.70). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 16.7% of infants were infected with a non-subtype B strain of HIV. It seems that drug-resistant and non-subtype B strains of HIV are becoming increasingly common in the perinatally infected population. Our results highlight the value of resistance testing for all HIV-infected infants upon diagnosis and the need to consider subtype diversity in diagnostic and treatment strategies.

O CORPO COMO UM TEXTO VIVO A Festa e a Dança no Candomblé

Este trabalho é um estudo sobre o papel e a construção do corpo, a partir dos rituais públicos do candomblé. Durante esses rituais, dei-me conta de que o corpo, para essa cultura ágrafa, assumia o papel de um texto, no qual se podiam ler, por meio dos gestos e da dança, as histórias e os valores desse grupo social. Todo esse processo só é possível porque a noção de pessoa no candomblé é pensada como um todo, resultado de todas as partes do corpo, diferentemente da noção disjuntiva presente no ocidente. Todos os sentidos do corpo: olfato, tato, visão, audição e paladar, são onsiderados centros de força, e o processo de iniciação coloca em equilíbrio esses centros. Do mesmo modo que a pessoa é múltipla e construída ao longo do processo iniciático, o corpo manifesta suas múltiplas forças e é construído esteticamente, tornando um texto para ser lido pela sociedade. Dessa forma, o corpo se constrói, nos rituais do candomblé, graças à aprendizagem de valores sociais, culturais e religiosos, que se dá por meio da oralidade, dos atos, gestos e da experiência vivida no quotidiano do terreiro. Nos rituais públicos, através da dança de transe, o iniciado mostrará ao grupo seu estágio espiritual, a visão de mundo do grupo e o ethos de seu povo. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada na Casa de Candomblé Ilé Dara Àse Òsun Eyin, comandada pelo Pai Cido de Òsun Eyin, durante os anos de 2001, 2002 e 2003.(AU)

A crença no arrebatamento da Igreja: seus desenvolvimentos e transformações imagéticas.

A crença no arrebatamento da Igreja faz parte de um sistema escatológico fundamentalista que costuma ser chamado de dispensacionalismo pré-milenista. Seu surgimento se dá a partir do século XIX, pelo ensino de John Nelson Darby, um pregador evangélico britânico, fundador dos Irmãos de Plymouth. Seu ensino aguarda a vinda de Cristo em duas etapas: uma, em secreto para a Igreja, há de levá-la ao Céu e poupá-la dos sete anos de tribulação que se seguirão; e outra, num aparecimento glorioso, ao final dos sete anos há de instaurar o reino milenial sobre a terra. O ensino de Darby foi popularizado nas notas de rodapé da Bíblia de Referência Scofield, publicada em 1909 por Cyrus I. Scofield, e ainda hoje se configura na crença escatológica da maioria das igrejas evangélicas fundamentalistas, tanto nos EUA quanto no Brasil. Em 2002 foi produzido o filme: Deixados para Trás que retrata esta crença bem como sua atualização para épocas recentes. Contudo, um estudo mais aprofundado desta crença expõe seu caráter de construto doutrinário, em que textos bíblicos de perspectivas diferentes, do Antigo e do Novo Testamento, são unidos para formar um quadro escatológico em vias de se cumprir.(AU)

REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DE PROFESSORES DE MATEMÁTICA SOBRE ALUNOS QUE APRESENTAM BAIXO RENDIMENTO: DISCUTINDO POSSIBILIDADES.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever e analisar representações sociais construídas por professores de matemática em atuação na Região da Grande São Paulo e que envolvem dificuldades na aprendizagem dessa disciplina. O objeto desta investigação está centrado nas vivências desses professores da educação básica com o ensino de matemática. O conceito de representação social (Moscovici, 1978, 2004; Jodelet, 2001, 2002) e a formação de professores de matemática (Fiorentini e Lorenzato, 2001, 2006; Valente, 2002; Miorim, 1998) foram os pressupostos teóricos que fundamentaram esta pesquisa. Este estudo, realizado com professores de matemática em atuação, teve como principal motivação a possibilidade de contribuir para uma reflexão tanto sobre a formação de professores de matemática em cursos de licenciatura como a respeito dos entraves e avanços na formação pedagógica e suas relações com a aprendizagem dos alunos na disciplina. Os resultados da presente pesquisa apontam para a seguinte constatação: as representações que os professores têm de seus alunos com baixo rendimento os levam a refletir sobre a própria atuação pedagógica e definem a ação a ser tomada perante esses alunos.

Technical efficiency:efficiency, change, technical progress and productivity growth in the national health systems of continental African countries

In May 2006, the Ministers of Health of all the countries on the African continent, at a special session of the African Union, undertook to institutionalise efficiency monitoring within their respective national health information management systems. The specific objectives of this study were: (i) to assess the technical efficiency of National Health Systems (NHSs) of African countries for measuring male and female life expectancies, and (ii) to assess changes in health productivity over time with a view to analysing changes in efficiency and changes in technology. The analysis was based on a five-year panel data (1999-2003) from all the 53 countries of continental Africa. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) - a non-parametric linear programming approach - was employed to assess the technical efficiency. Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (MTFP) was used to analyse efficiency and productivity change over time among the 53 countries' national health systems. The data consisted of two outputs (male and female life expectancies) and two inputs (per capital total health expenditure and adult literacy). The DEA revealed that 49 (92.5%) countries' NHSs were run inefficiently in 1999 and 2000; 50 (94.3%), 48 (90.6%) and 47 (88.7%) operated inefficiently in 2001, 2002, and 2003 respectively. All the 53 countries' national health systems registered improvements in total factor productivity attributable mainly to technical progress. Fifty-two countries did not experience any change in scale efficiency, while thirty (56.6%) countries' national health systems had a Pure Efficiency Change (PEFFCH) index of less than one, signifying that those countries' NHSs pure efficiency contributed negatively to productivity change. All the 53 countries' national health systems registered improvements in total factor productivity, attributable mainly to technical progress. Over half of the countries' national health systems had a pure efficiency index of less than one, signifying that those countries' NHSs pure efficiency contributed negatively to productivity change. African countries may need to critically evaluate the utility of institutionalising Malmquist TFP type of analyses to monitor changes in health systems economic efficiency and productivity over time. African national health systems, per capita total health expenditure, technical efficiency, scale efficiency, Malmquist indices of productivity change, DEA

An outbreak of Serratia marcescens on the neonatal unit:a tale of two clones

Serratia spp. are an important cause of hospital-acquired infections and outbreaks in high-risk settings. Twenty-one patients were infected or colonized over a nine-month period during 2001-2002 on a neonatal unit. Twenty-two isolates collected were examined for antibiotic susceptibility, β-lactamase production and genotype. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that two clones were present. The first clone caused invasive clinical infection in four babies, and was subsequently replaced by a non-invasive clone that affected 14 babies. Phenotypically, the two strains also differed in their prodigiosin production; the first strain was non-pigmented whereas the second strain displayed pink-red pigmentation. Clinical features suggested a difference in their pathogenicity. No environmental source was found. The outbreak terminated following enhanced compliance with infection control measures and a change of antibiotic policy. Although S. marcescens continued to be isolated occasionally for another five months of follow-up, these were sporadic isolates with distinct molecular typing patterns. © 2005 The Hospital Infection Society.

Documentation of antibiotic prescribing controls in UK NHS hospitals

Objectives: To identify the types, prevalence and nature of antibiotic prescribing control documents within NHS hospitals in the UK. Methods: A self-completion postal questionnaire was sent to each Chief Pharmacist at 465 NHS hospitals in 2001/2002. This contained questions covering hospital demographics, and hospital antibiotic prescribing control documentation, including format, dissemination, approval and review processes. Results: In total, 253 (54%) completed questionnaires were returned. Of these, 168 respondents' hospitals had an antibiotic formulary, 107 had a policy for antibiotic prescribing and 216 had guidelines on antibiotic use. All three types of antibiotic prescribing documents were used by 82 hospitals but 18 did not have any documents; 44% of formularies, 45% of policies and 35% of guidelines were available electronically. The Drug and Therapeutics Committee was the most frequently cited body for document approval and approximately one-third of documents had been approved during the current year of the questionnaire. Only about one-half of responding hospitals had an annual review of documents. Conclusions: Despite publication of high-profile national guidance in response to growing concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance, there has been little increase in the use of antibiotic prescribing control documents in NHS hospitals over the past decade. It is clear that appropriate controls for antibiotic prescribing are not yet universally applied in the UK and recommendations for action have been proposed. © The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2004; all rights reserved.

Hydrological and sedimentological investigation of Radok Lake, Amery Oasis, East Antarctica

Radok Lake in Amery Oasis, East Antarctica, has a water depth of ca. 360 m, making it the deepest non-subglacial lake in Antarctica. Limnological analyses revealed that the lake had, despite a 3 m thick ice cover, a completely mixed water column during austral summer 2001/2002. High oxygen contents, low ion concentrations, and lack of planktonic diatoms throughout the water column indicate that Radok Lake is ultra-oligotrophic today.The late glacial and postglacial lake history is documented in a succession of glacial, glaciolimnic, and limnic sediments at different locations in the lake basin. The sediments record regional differences and past changes in allochthonous sediment supply and lake productivity. However, the lack of age control on these changes, due to extensive sediment redeposition and the lack of applicable dating methods, excluded Radok Lake sediments for advanced paleoenvironmental reconstructions.

TABLE 2. - Number of Asellota isopods collected in the Beagle Channel

The shallow-water Asellota from the Beagle Channel were investigated, based on material collected at four localities in 2001-2002. A total of 3,124 asellotes were sorted, and three new species and 12 new records of distribution were reported. The Paramunnidae showed the highest species diversity and abundance (11 species and 1,463 specimens). The present research raises the number of species known from the Beagle Channel to 23; of these, 16 were previously reported from the Magellan Straits, representing 69% of similarity. Based on the present results and published data, the faunistic affinities for the shallow-water Asellota was 30% between the Magellan region and the Scotia Arc, and 26% between the Magellan region and the Antarctic Peninsula.

National Cinemas and Non-Hegemonic Languages. The Invisibility of Galician Language Facing the Policies for Cultural Diversity

In the spirit of the proposals of the Agenda 2020 about the structural role of cinema in the configuration of the European identities, this article highlights the significance of the national cinemas in non-hegemonic languages in the conformation of a diverse European culture. Following this perspective, we use Galician cinema as a case study in which we analyze the presence (or more precisely the absence) of the Galician language in the original version in the feature films released between 2008 and 2012.This proposal is hosted by the I+D+I project eDCINEMA: “Towards the European Digital Space. The role of small cinemas in original version” (Ref. CSO2012-35784) financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain.

Los ungüentarios de alabastro en el Mediterráneo. Primer Milenio a. C.

A partir del hallazgo de un tipo particular de envases: ungüentarios y perfumarios en una nueva tumba en el territorio de Arados/Amrit, observamos cómo se incrementa la presencia de estos envases en tumbas de incineración e inhumación durante el primer milenio antes de Cristo en la cuenca mediterránea. Hemos elaborado una serie de análisis y discusiones sobre su distribución, cronología, significado y uso social, tratando de establecer una periodización de sus usos y una contextualización cultural y social dentro del ritual funerario y del uso de determinadas materias primas empleadas para su elaboración.

Preliminary results of the roman camp of La Cabeza del Cid (Hinojosa, Guadalajara, Spain)

The recent archaeological works in Hinojosa, allowed us to discover a camp from Roman republic period. It is located in the center of the Celtiberian area and its study could open interesting perspectives to study this historical period. This paper shows the results of its preliminary studies.

Enseñar fraseología: consideraciones sobre la fraseodidáctica del español

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la presencia de la fraseología en los niveles de enseñanza obligatoria y proponer una serie de actividades cuyo objetivo sea desarrollar la competencia fraseológica de hablantes nativos de español. Tras mostrar la importancia de la fraseología como parte fundamental del caudal lingüístico de un hablante nativo y defender la existencia de la competencia fraseológica también en lengua materna, se examina la presencia de la fraseología en las diferentes vertientes de la competencia en comunicación lingüística del actual currículo: pragmática, lingüística, sociolingüística y literaria. Se indica, además, el importante papel que puede jugar al abordar determinados contenidos desde una perspectiva transversal (fraseología y cultura). Para finalizar, se hacen algunas propuestas sobre cómo debe presentarse la fraseología en lengua materna y se presentan diferentes actividades según el nivel de enseñanza.

¿Fue la crisis política del Occidente musulmán del siglo XIII debida a un cambio climático? Una aproximación histórica al fin del Periodo Cálido Medieval

Durante el siglo XIII se produjo una sucesión de revueltas que supuso la desaparición del Imperio almohade y su sustitución por poderes regionales en al-Andalus, el Magreb y el Magreb al-Aqsà. La historiografía ha presentado el surgimiento y pugna entre estos poderes como un fenómeno social, político e, incluso, cultural y religioso, con el que se ha podido explicar su aniquilación o marginalización. Este trabajo pretende contextualizar los hechos desde una perspectiva medioambiental, de forma que la desintegración del califato almohade, el surgimiento de aquellos poderes y la progresión de los reinos cristianos en la península ibérica puedan entenderse desde una visión global de cambio climático y una posible crisis agrícola.