Influência do zinco suplementar na maturação biológica e no crescimento de jovens atletas de futebol do sexo masculino

Introdução O zinco é um importante elemento traço que auxilia na capacidade antioxidante, além de participar da maturação biológica. Em atletas, a suplementação de zinco tem efeito positivo nos parâmetros hematológicos e pode melhorar o rendimento esportivo. Sua deficiência é comumente observada nesses grupo e pode estar associada à diminuição da força física assim como da massa corporal, além de ter efeito significativo no crescimento. Assim os objetivos do presente estudo foram: comparar os métodos de avaliação da maturidade biológica e suas relações com variáveis antropométricas e de rendimento físico de acordo com o estado de zinco em jovens jogadores de futebol; comparar diferentes métodos de avaliação da composição corporal em jovens jogadores de futebol esratificados de acordo com os níveis plasmáticos de zinco e investigar o efeito do zinco suplementar na maturação biológica, no crescimento, na composição corporal e na força muscular de jogadores de futebol púberes do sexo masculino. Materiais e métodos Foram avaliados em dois momentos 48 jovens do sexo masculino (13±1 anos, massa corporal de 48±10kg, estatura de 160±10cm e zinco plasmático de 12,1±2,2 μmol/L). Todos eram jogadores de futebol de um tradicional clube do Rio de Janeiro e foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Durante 12 semanas o grupo placebo (n=28) recebeu cápsulas de amido de milho e o grupo suplementado (n=20) recebeu cápsulas de gluconato de Zn (22mg/dia). O valor de 11,0 μmol/L foi considerado como ponto de corte para classificação dos jovens em normozincêmicos ou hipozincêmicos. No início da manhã, após jejum noturno, foram coletados sangue e urina para determinação da concentração de zinco. A massa corporal, alturas (do vértex, acromial, dactiloidal, iliocristal, trocantérica e sentado), composição corporal, força e maturidade esquelética (TW3) também foram determinadas por metodologias validadas. Resultados As comparações entre as categorias maturacionais definidas por cada método de avaliação mostraram que a idade óssea foi o único método que permitiu a identificação de diferenças entre as três categorias, em ao menos duas variáeis relacionadas ao rendimento (massa livre de gordura (MLG) e força na mão dominante (FMD) – p<0,0001). O método da pilosidade axilar foi capaz de discriminar apenas para a FMD (p<0,0001). Embora tenha fornecido quatro categorias maturacionais, o método por dosagem da testosterona não possibilitou a identificação de diferenças entre as categorias relativas a MLG, a FMD e as dobras cutâneas(DC). Quando observamos os métodos de avaliação da composição corporal não foram identificadas diferenças sigificativas entre os grupos hipozincêmico e normozincêmico no percentagem de gordura(PG) nem na MLG obtidas através dos métodos da absortometria de dupla energia (DXA) (p=0,06076 e p=0,5638 respectivamente), das DC (p=0,6840 and 0,5087) e através da bioimpedância elétrica (BIA) (p=0,3475 and p=0,3475). Entre os diferentes métodos também não foi encontrada diferenças significativas (PG: p=0,1272 e p=0,3231 - MLG: p=0,9229 and p=0,8933 para os grupos hipozincêmico e normozincêmico, respectivamente). As correlações entre os métodos foram significativas (PG: r= 0,3414 a 0,9765 e p<0,0001 a 0,0133 - MLG: r=0,9533 a 0,9998 e p<0,0001). Fortes coeficientes de determinação foram obtidos nas regressões múltiplas dos valores do DXA com a equação de Slaughter na estimativa da PG (r=0,86; r2=0,928 e SEE=2,37%) e ainda maiores para MLG (r=0,98; r2=0,990 e SEE=1,18kg). Valores menores foram encontrados para as outras equações com DC e para BIA. Ao analisar os efeitos da suplementação de zinco sobre o crescimento, a maturação, a composição corporal e a força, observou-se que somente as alterações ocorridas nos indicadores de crescimento foram significativas (p=0,0312), sendo que todas as demais não foram significativas - idade óssea (p=0,1391), massa livre de gordura (p=0,0593), percentual de massa gorda (p=0,2212) e força na mão dominante (p=0,6569). Conclusões Observando diferentes métodos de avaliação da maturidade biológica e as categorias por eles definidas, o método da idade óssea (IO) mostrou ser melhor, visto que ele permitiu identificar diferenças entre as três categorias possíveis, nas variáveis MLG e FMD, ao contrário dos outros métodos. Para a avaliação da composição corporal, os métodos baseados nas DC foram melhores que BIA, quando DXA não estiver disponível. A comparação entre os métodos baseados nas DC mostrou que a melhor associação foi obtida com a equação de Slaughter, seguida pela equação de Lohman com a utilização da IO ao invés da idade cronológica. Os níveis de zinco plasmático parecem não serem influenciados pela composição corporal, o que certamente justifica mais estudos. Os resultados da análise dos efeitos da suplementação de zinco no crescimento, na maturação, na composição corporal e na força, nos levam a concluir que o crescimento teve alteração positiva significativa e que os valores das demais variáveis estudadas (maturação, composição corporal e força muscular) não sofreram alterações significativas relacionadas à suplementação de zinco nos jovens jogadores de futebol do sexo masculino, na faixa etária dos 12 aos 14 anos.

Influencia de la edad fenotipo sexo y peso al sacrificio sobre los indicadores de calidad de los porcinos faenados en el camal de Azogues

La industria porcina ha conseguido mejorar los parámetros productivos con la finalidad de incrementar la rentabilidad y ser más competitivos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la influencia de la edad, fenotipo, sexo y peso al sacrificio sobre los indicadores de calidad: Rendimiento de la Canal, Porcentaje Magro, Temperatura y pH en 457 porcinos faenados en el camal de Azogues, analizando por fenotipo a 420 animales mestizos y 37 criollos. Los porcinos mestizos presentaron una Edad media de 5±1,09 meses, Peso al Sacrificio 94,2±19,39 kg, Rendimiento a la Canal 83,5±2,02%, Porcentaje Magro 61,2±4,37%, T°C45m 37,5±1,14°, T°C2h 34,8±1,57°, pH45m 6,4±0,13 y pH2h de 6,1±0,13. Los animales criollos mostraron una Edad de 8,2±4,40 meses, Peso al Sacrificio 92,7±20,63 kg, Rendimiento a la Canal 75,9±3,32%, Porcentaje Magro 55,1±5,40%, T°C45m 36,9±1,10°, T°C2h 34,1±1,51°, pH45m 6,4±0,10 y pH2h 6,1±0,97. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) para el Rendimiento a la Canal y el Porcentaje Magro con respecto a la Edad y CC. Se determinó un 62,9% de canales mestizas muy magras. El 27% de las canales criollas fueron muy magras y 5,4% graso. Se obtuvo un 87% de canales mestizas normales y un 89% de canales criollas normales, de acuerdo al pH. El Peso al Sacrificio, CC y Edad de los animales mestizos (R2=15%) tienen poca influencia para la estimación del Porcentaje Magro, mientras que la Edad de los criollos (R2= 36%) indica una relación predictora baja. La CC y el Peso al Sacrificio del fenotipo mestizo (R2=36%) tienen una relación baja para la estimación del rendimiento a la canal. Existe una excelente relación predictora (R2=98%) entre la CC, Edad y Peso al Sacrificio de los animales mestizos para predecir la T°C45m y T°C2h.

Características de qualidade da carne de ovinos de diferentes genótipos e idades ao abate

Cordeiros criados em regime de pasto, provenientes de ovelhas Romney acasaladas com três raças paternas (Romney, East Friesian x (Finn x Texel) e Finn x Poll Dorset), foram avaliados quanto às características de qualidade da carne. Os cordeiros foram abatidos aos 150 e 300 dias de idade, cada lote com 15 animais de cada raça paterna, totalizando 90 animais. A carne dos cordeiros Romney foi mais macia que a dos demais genótipos. O pH final do músculo Semimembranosus dos cordeiros abatidos mais precocemente foi superior (5,61) ao dos abatidos mais tardiamente (5,58), entretanto estes últimos apresentaram carne com menor maciez (11,16 kg) que os abatidos aos 150 dias de idade (7,45 kg). Com relação à cor, a luminosidade da carne de cordeiros abatidos aos 150 dias foi maior (38,20) que a dos abatidos mais tardiamente (36,80), mas não foi afetada pelo genótipo. Concluiu-se que o genótipo e a idade de abate influíram na produção e qualidade da carne ovina.

Performance and ruminal morphologic characteristics of Saanen kids fed ground, pelleted or extruded total ration

The aim of the present study was to determine feed intake and average weight gain and to evaluate the ruminal morphologic characteristics of Saanen kids slaughtered at 30, 45 and 60 days of age, according to a completely randomized design. Thirty-six non-castrated male Saanen kids were fed ground total ration, pelleted total ration, or extruded total ration. Feed intake and refusals were controlled daily and the animals were weighed at birth and then once a week. Newborn kids received a milk replacer and were weaned at 45 days. Immediately after slaughter, the animals were eviscerated, the entire digestive apparatus was removed from the carcass. The reticulo-rumen was separated, emptied, washed and weighed. Samples were collected from the dorsal sac, pillar area and ventral sac of the rumen, fixed for about 24h in Bouin's solution, dehydrated, embedded in Histosec and cut into 5 mu m sections. Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI) at weaning and post-weaning and weight gain were higher (P < 0.05) in animals that received the pelleted total ration. The weight of the reticulo-rumen accompanied body development and was heavier in these animals. Histologically, after weaning ruminal papillae were more developed in animals that received pelleted total ration. Length of papillae increased with increase of age. The ratio of papillary height to papillary width increased with age in the ventral sac and until weaning (P > 0.05). We conclude that the pelleting process of the total ration favored increased intake, with a 46.7% increase in weight gain and increase in rumen weight and papillae length, suggesting that best results are obtained with this processing. In general, no difference was observed between the results obtained with extruded and ground total ration, although animals fed extruded total ration showed an increase in rumen weight and papillae width. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Estudo sobre a migração transuterina e a razão sexual de conceptos em bovinos da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus)

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2016.

Adubação de capim-elefante com composto orgânico produzido com resíduos animais.

Resumo: A utilização do composto orgânico proveniente de resíduos da criação e abate de pequenos ruminantes pode elevar a produção de matéria seca do capim-elefante, tendo em vista o teor de nutrientes contidos nesse fertilizante orgânico, diminuindo os impactos da produção animal sobre o ambiente e reduzindo os custos de produção na área de capineira de capim-elefante. Dada à escassez de informações na literatura e a importância do manejo adequado da adubação orgânica na agropecuária, objetivou-se avaliar os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, o estado nutricional e a produção do capim-elefante submetido à aplicação de doses do composto orgânico proveniente de resíduos da produção e abate de pequenos ruminantes. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em parcelas subdivididas, com medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo as parcelas as doses (0; 13,3; 26,6; 39,9; 52,3; 79,8 t ha-1 ) de composto orgânico e um tratamento adicional com adubos minerais e as subparcelas os ciclos (1, 2, 3 e 4) com 4 blocos, totalizando 28 parcelas. As variáveis mensuradas foram atributos físicos e químicos do solo, a diagnose foliar e a produtividade de capim-elefante. Para o fator ciclo, a adubação orgânica incrementou a umidade gravimétrica e umidade volumétrica e ainda houve diminuição da densidade de partículas em função dos ciclos. Com as doses do fertilizante orgânico houve aumento nas concentrações da matéria orgânica, amônio, nitrato, amônio + nitrato, fósforo e saturação por base; houve redução do valor da acidez potencial, além da elevação dos teores de nitrogênio e fósforo nas plantas. As doses de composto orgânico aumentaram a biomassa de forragem total de capim elefante. A adubação mineral proporcionou maior incremento da produção do capim em relação à adubação orgânica no decorrer dos ciclos. Abstract: The use of organic compost from residues of production and slaughter of small ruminants can increase dry matter production of elephant grass, in due function of quantity nutrients in this compost, thus reducing the animal production impacts in the environment and production costs in elephant grass fields. Due to the Lack of information in literature and the importance regarding organic fertilization in agriculture, the aim of this work was evaluate chemical and physical soil attributes, nutritional status in plants and production of elephant grass in function of doses of organic compound of residues of production and slaughter of small ruminants. The experimental design was in split-plot, with the main treatment the doses (0; 13,3; 26,6; 39,9; 52,3; 79,8 t ha-1 ) of organic compost and one additional treatment with mineral fertilization and secondary treatments was the cycles (1, 2, 3 and 4) with 4 blocks, and 28 plots. The measured variables were physical and chemical attributes in the soil, nutritional diagnosis in plants and production of elephant grass. For cycle factor the organic fertilization increased gravimetric and volumetric humidity, yet, occurred decrease of density in function of cycles. With the doses of organic compost increased organic matter, ammonium, nitrate, ammonium + nitrate, phosphor and base saturation; and decreased the value of potential acidity; and increased content of N and P in plants. The doses of organic compost increased the elephant grass production. The mineral fertilization increased the elephant grass production in relation of organic fertilization over the cycles.

Exigências energéticas para mantença e para o crescimento de frangos de corte

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar, pelo método fatorial, as exigências de energia metabolizável (EM) de frangos de corte. Foi conduzido um ensaio em câmaras climáticas mantidas às temperaturas de 13, 23 e 32ºC (±2ºC) para se verificar o efeito da temperatura sobre as exigências de energia metabolizável para mantença utilizando-se a técnica do abate comparativo. As exigências de energia metabolizável para ganho de peso foram determinadas com base no teor de energia corporal e na eficiência energética de utilização da EM. As exigências de mantença foram de 159,36; 116,17 e 128,66 kcal/kg0,75/dia para 13, 23 e 32ºC, respectivamente, verificando-se efeito quadrático da temperatura sobre as exigências de mantença (EMm=300,14 - 14,61.T + 0,2876.T², r²=0,90). As exigências de em para ganho de peso corporal foram de 3,72 kcal/g para machos e 3,98 kcal/g para fêmeas de 1 a 21 dias; 4,21 para machos e 3,93 para fêmeas de 22 a 42 dias; e 4,51 para machos e 7,04 para fêmeas de 43 a 56 dias. Considerando-se as exigências determinadas, foram elaborados modelos de predição das exigências diárias de energia para frangos de corte, nos quais foram considerados o peso corporal, a temperatura ambiente (para estimativa das exigências de mantença) e o ganho de peso (para cálculo das exigências de ganho). Com base nas comparações das exigências determinadas pelos modelos e nas recomendações do manual da linhagem, conclui-se que os modelos elaborados predizem as exigências energéticas dos frangos de corte.

Valoración médico deportiva y análisis de la pruebas de aptitud en estudiantes de danza

Para el acceso a los estudios oficiales de danza, se realizan pruebas de aptitud en los Conservatorios Profesionales de Danza de España. Estas son realizadas por profesores de danza que evalúan aptitudes rítmicas, expresivas y psicomotrices y por médicos que realizan una evaluación de las características física. Objetivos: En primer lugar: a) evaluar los ítems de calificación de la Prueba de Aptitud por parte del profesorado de danza; b) comprobar si se correlacionan con los rangos adjudicados por la Administración; c) proponer una adaptación de las calificaciones de los ítems de la evaluación de la Prueba de Aptitud. En segundo lugar y relativo a los ítems de la valoración médica del alumnado, nuestros objetivos fueron: a) determinar si existe mayor riesgo de padecer trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) en nuestra población; b) valorar cuales son las variables de composición corporal más sensibles y específicas para el cribaje de TCA; c) describir cuales son las mediciones de flexibilidad de la Prueba de Aptitud más entrenables al aplicar un plan de entrenamiento; d) discernir qué tipo de entrenamiento de flexibilidad alcanza mejores resultados. Métodos: Se plantearon 3 estudios. Para la valoración de los ítems y para el estudio de la composición corporal y los TCA se realizaron estudios de tipo transversal. En el estudio del entrenamiento de la flexibilidad se practicó un estudio longitudinal experimental con pre evaluación y 4 evaluaciones post intervención, de grupos aleatorizados a 3 tipos de entrenamiento: estiramiento activo (EA), estiramiento pasivo (EP) y estiramiento balístico (BAL), con un grupo control (CT). Sujetos: 216 sujetos fueron seleccionados para los diferentes estudios, profesorado (n=27) y alumnos (n=189). Para obtener la información y realizar el estudio de la valoración de los ítems se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc en dos páginas. En el estudio de la composición corporal las variables antropométricas, componentes del somatotipo y bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA) fueron relacionadas con el test EAT-26 para la discriminación de los TCA. Se obtuvieron medidas antropométricas mediante las técnicas estandarizadas de la ISAK y se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de forma clásica, la masa grasa mediante la ecuación de Slaughter y la masa muscular esquelética (MME) mediante ecuación de Poortmans. La BIA de cuerpo entero se realizó con protocolo estandarizado. La aleatorización a grupos de entrenamiento se realizó mediante asignación numérica aleatoria a doble ciego de los grupos. Resultados: El profesorado de danza clásica (CL) prioriza calificaciones en los ítems peso/talla, morfología del pie y extensión de piernas, los docentes de danza española (ES) y flamenco (FL) conceden mayor importancia a la evaluación de la morfología de las piernas y aspectos de ritmo y expresión, mientras que en danza contemporánea (CO) se destaca la calificación de la morfología de la columna y pelvis, existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la distribución de las calificaciones de determinados ítems de evaluación, siendo los rangos de calificación aportados por el profesorado diferente al aportado por la Administración. En el cuestionario EAT-26, se comprueba que existen diferencias en nuestra población entre los puntos de corte de 10 y 20, y por especialidades se muestra la danza española y la danza contemporánea con mayor prevalencia que la danza clásica y el baile flamenco. Mediante un análisis con curvas ROC, la MME expresada en kilogramos demuestra ser la más sensible y específica para la discriminación de los TCA y de las variables de la BIA son la reactancia (Xc) y el ángulo de fase (Af) las que destacan como mejores predictoras de los TCA. Con respecto al entrenamiento de la flexibilidad se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas de las tres medidas estudiadas abducción de cadera (ABD), distancia dedos-suelo (DDS) y flexión plantar (FP), de los tres grupos de entrenamiento a estudio EP, EA, BAL, con respecto al CO a la semana decimosegunda (P<0,001), la máxima mejoría fue en DDS, en el grupo BAL. En los grupos de entrenamiento no hubo descenso del rango de movimiento (ROM) tras el cese del entrenamiento. Conclusiones: Todos estos resultados deberían ser tenidos en cuenta en el diseño futuro de las prueba de aptitud y selección de futuros bailarines. La inclusión en las pruebas de elementos de valoración de la composición corporal con mayor sensibilidad para la discriminación de TCA nos puede aportar información para la prevención y diagnóstico. Unas calificaciones basadas en los criterios unificados del profesorado, en elementos más entrenables y en las aptitudes más innatas facilitarían el proceso evaluador y de selección.

Risk factors associated with negative in-vivo diagnostic results in bovine tuberculosis-infected cattle in Spain

BACKGROUND Despite great effort and investment incurred over decades to control bovine tuberculosis (bTB), it is still one of the most important zoonotic diseases in many areas of the world. Test-and-slaughter strategies, the basis of most bTB eradication programs carried out worldwide, have demonstrated its usefulness in the control of the disease. However, in certain countries, eradication has not been achieved due in part to limitations of currently available diagnostic tests. In this study, results of in-vivo and post-mortem diagnostic tests performed on 3,614 animals from 152 bTB-infected cattle herds (beef, dairy, and bullfighting) detected in 2007-2010 in the region of Castilla y León, Spain, were analyzed to identify factors associated with positive bacteriological results in cattle that were non-reactors to the single intradermal tuberculin test, to the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay, or to both tests applied in parallel (Test negative/Culture + animals, T-/C+). The association of individual factors (age, productive type, and number of herd-tests performed since the disclosure of the outbreak) with the bacteriology outcome (positive/negative) was analyzed using a mixed multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS The proportion of non-reactors with a positive post-mortem result ranged from 24.3% in the case of the SIT test to 12.9% (IFN-γ with 0.05 threshold) and 11.9% (95% CI 9.9-11.4%) using both tests in parallel. Older (>4.5 years) and bullfighting cattle were associated with increased odds of confirmed bTB infection by bacteriology, whereas dairy cattle showed a significantly lower risk. Ancillary use of IFN-γ assay reduced the proportion of T-/C + animals in high risk groups. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the likelihood of positive bacteriological results in non-reactor cattle is influenced by individual epidemiological factors of tested animals. Increased surveillance on non-reactors with an increased probability of being false negative could be helpful to avoid bTB persistence, particularly in chronically infected herds. These findings may aid in the development of effective strategies for eradication of bTB in Spain.

First evidence of Schmallenberg virus introduction in Portugal, 2014

Objectives: Serra da Estrela native (SEN) breed of sheep is one of the most important in Portugal, standing responsible for the production of one of the most internationally recognized cheeses in the world, "Queijo Serra da Estrela” (protected designation of origin). One of the major risks to the sustainability of SEN dairy flocks if footrot, an infectious diseases that causes lameness, decrease in milk production, weight loss and decrease in fertility. The aim of this work was to determine which parameters become decisive for the appearance of footrot in SEN dairy flocks, while establishing associations with environmental and nutritional variables. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out by performing an especially designed 27 multiple choice questionnaire, based on the underlying causes of lameness in livestock and in the clinical diagnosis performed by the vet techinichian of the clinical cases evaluated at the moment of the inquiry. The survey was performed during the execution of the oficial veterinary health program between February and September of 2014 by a veterinarian team from the Association of SEN Sheep Breeders (ANCOSE). The ovine producers (N=30, with a total of 1270 animals) were randomly selected from the extense area of production of “Queijo Serra da Estrela”. The parameters evaluated in the study were: season and consequent weather changes during the period of the study, floor types, hygiene conditions, bed types, the existence and use of footbaths, location of footbaths, foot trimming and foot hygiene procedures. After the construction of the database and using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 the frequency response for each item was calculated. Results: All SEN livestock producers are proactive in the treatment of lameness (70%). About 99.7% of lameness was related with footroot and most appeared in winter (36.7%). In some occasions there was not a specific season distribution (56.7% rainiest years). From the analyzed farms, 70% use straw as a floor bed, followed by bush (21%). 45.6% of animals were clinically diagnosed with footrot and were sheltered in straw floor. Bed quality is good in 40%, however frequent changes in the floor bed in the preceding 15 days had a higher rate of footroot diagnosed cases (33,23%) compared to monthly changes. Regarding sheepfold animal number, the distribution is proper in 36.7%, elevated in 30%, overcrowded in 6.7% and low in 23.3%. Clinically ill diagnosed animals in last category were the lowest observed (3%). Concerning hoof trimming, 76.7% trims while 23.3% reported not to perform that task. From those that perform trimming, 73.9% do it only when necessary, 21.7% at the time of clipping and 4.4% when the animal is affected. One curious result was that animals who perform trimming at clipping had higher footrot cases (52.6%), unlike those who trim only when necessary (40.2%) or even when animals are clinically ill (0.91%). Mostly all in the presence of footrot choose a local treatment (95.2%) using antibiotic sprays, instead of parenteral antibiotic treatment. Footbath is rarely used in the prevention (13.3%) of this disease and when it is misconceived (25%) and incorrectly formulated (100%). Conclusions: This study was the first performed in Portugal focusing footrot caracterization in native SEN flocks.Economic impact in SEN dairy flocks is atributed to factors such as direct decrease in milk and meat production,early slaughter of affected animals due to non responsive treatment and medical expenses.The most effective eradication method combines first of all the ability to understand the problems of SEN producers and implementation of preventive measures and treatment of footrot.Often linked to lack of formation, the advance age of portuguese producers the mentality and social factors block the advance of veterinarian intervention itself.

Footrot caracterization in serra da estrela native flocks

Objectives: Serra da Estrela native (SEN) breed of sheep is one of the most important in Portugal, standing responsible for the production of one of the most internationally recognized cheeses in the world, "Queijo Serra da Estrela” (protected designation of origin). One of the major risks to the sustainability of SEN dairy flocks if footrot, an infectious diseases that causes lameness, decrease in milk production, weight loss and decrease in fertility.The aim of this work was to determine which parameters become decisive for the appearance of footrot in SEN dairy flocks, while establishing associations with environmental and nutritional variables. Materials and methods: The present study was carried out by performing an especially designed 27 multiple choice questionnaire, based on the underlying causes of lameness in livestock and in the clinical diagnosis performed by the vet techinichian of the clinical cases evaluated at the moment of the inquiry. The survey was performed during the execution of the oficial veterinary health program between February and September of 2014 by a veterinarian team from the Association of SEN Sheep Breeders (ANCOSE). The ovine producers (N=30, with a total of 1270 animals) were randomly selected from the extense area of production of “Queijo Serra da Estrela”. The parameters evaluated in the study were: season and consequent weather changes during the period of the study, floor types, hygiene conditions, bed types, the existence and use of footbaths, location of footbaths, foot trimming and foot hygiene procedures. After the construction of the database and using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0 the frequency response for each item was calculated. Results: All SEN livestock producers are proactive in the treatment of lameness (70%). About 99.7% of lameness was related with footroot and most appeared in winter (36.7%). In some occasions there was not a specific season distribution (56.7% rainiest years). From the analyzed farms, 70% use straw as a floor bed, followed by bush (21%). 45.6% of animals were clinically diagnosed with footrot and were sheltered in straw floor. Bed quality is good in 40%, however frequent changes in the floor bed in the preceding 15 days had a higher rate of footroot diagnosed cases (33,23%) compared to monthly changes. Regarding sheepfold animal number, the distribution is proper in 36.7%, elevated in 30%, overcrowded in 6.7% and low in 23.3%. Clinically ill diagnosed animals in last category were the lowest observed (3%). Concerning hoof trimming, 76.7% trims while 23.3% reported not to perform that task. From those that perform trimming, 73.9% do it only when necessary, 21.7% at the time of clipping and 4.4% when the animal is affected. One curious result was that animals who perform trimming at clipping had higher footrot cases (52.6%), unlike those who trim only when necessary (40.2%) or even when animals are clinically ill (0.91%). Mostly all in the presence of footrot choose a local treatment (95.2%) using antibiotic sprays, instead of parenteral antibiotic treatment. Footbath is rarely used in the prevention (13.3%) of this disease and when it is misconceived (25%) and incorrectly formulated (100%). Conclusion: This study is the first performed in Portugal focusing on footrot caracterization in native SEN flocks. The economic impact in SEN dairy flocks is atributed to factors such as the direct decrease in milk and meat production, the early slaughter of affected animals due to a non responsive treatment, and medical expenses. The most effective eradication method combines first of all the ability to understand the problems of SEN producers and then the implementation of preventive measures and treatment of footrot. Often linked to the lack of formation, and the advanced age of portuguese producers, the mentality and social factors block the advance of veterinarian intervention itself.

Potential mitigation of midwest grass-finished beef production emissions with soil carbon sequestration in the United States of America

Beef production can be environmentally detrimental due in large part to associated enteric methane (CH4) production, which contributes to climate change. However, beef production in well-managed grazing systems can aid in soil carbon sequestration (SCS), which is often ignored when assessing beef production impacts on climate change. To estimate the carbon footprint and climate change mitigation potential of upper Midwest grass-finished beef production systems, we conducted a partial life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing two grazing management strategies: 1) a non-irrigated, lightly-stocked (1.0 AU/ha), high-density (100,000 kg LW/ha) system (MOB) and 2) an irrigated, heavily-stocked (2.5 AU/ha), low-density (30,000 kg LW/ha) system (IRG). In each system, April-born steers were weaned in November, winter-backgrounded for 6 months and grazed until their endpoint the following November, with average slaughter age of 19 months and a 295 kg hot carcass weight. As the basis for the LCA, we used two years of data from Lake City Research Center, Lake City, MI. We included greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with enteric CH4, soil N2O and CH4 fluxes, alfalfa and mineral supplementation, and farm energy use. We also generated results from the LCA using the enteric emissions equations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We evaluated a range of potential rates of soil carbon (C) loss or gain of up to 3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Enteric CH4 had the largest impact on total emissions, but this varied by grazing system. Enteric CH4 composed 62 and 66% of emissions for IRG and MOB, respectively, on a land basis. Both MOB and IRG were net GHG sources when SCS was not considered. Our partial LCA indicated that when SCS potential was included, each grazing strategy could be an overall sink. Sensitivity analyses indicated that soil in the MOB and IRG systems would need to sequester 1 and 2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 for a net zero GHG footprint, respectively. IPCC model estimates for enteric CH4 were similar to field estimates for the MOB system, but were higher for the IRG system, suggesting that 0.62 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 greater SCS would be needed to offset the animal emissions in this case.

Epidemiological studies of Johne’s Disease in cattle from Scottish farms, with a focus on slaughterhouse investigations

The PARABAN project has been a Scotland-wide initiative to develop and deliver farm-specific ‘best practice’ for the control of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle using ‘Knowledge Exchange’. A range of partners have been involved, including nine ‘Champion Farms’. With input from the farmer, his/her vet and PARABAN advisors, a tailored monitoring and control programme was devised for each ‘Champion Farm’, taking into account the history of the disease on the farm, the physical facilities available and farmer objectives. Culling decisions based on live animal test results were incorporated into each farm-specific programme to complement the management programme already in place to maintain each herd. Results were analysed and discussed with all the partners throughout the project and then offered for wider scrutiny at farm open days. Feedback and questions from these open days have been used to complete the ‘Knowledge Exchange’ cycle. As a major component of the PARABAN project the author collected samples from all adult animals culled from ‘Champion Farms’ at slaughter or as fallen stock, irrespective of in-life MAP test status. These were then subjected to histopathological examination by experienced veterinary pathologists and the results compared with the results from in-life MAP testing. This was intended to evaluate the contribution slaughterhouse sampling could make towards decision making for disease control on farm and formed the main aim of this thesis. In total, samples of terminal ileum and draining lymph node were collected from three-hundred and fifty-two animals. A positive result on histopathology was defined as the presence of lesions typical of MAP and also the presence of acid-fast bacteria within the sections. There was found to be fair agreement between the overall results from histopathology and serum ELISA (Kappa = 0.33), though there appeared to be some variation in agreement between the tests on the individual ‘Champion Farms’. The presence of MAP was confirmed in seven of the eight farms which contributed animals to this study, despite sometimes prolonged efforts at controlling the disease. A separate study was undertaken to make use of the archives of the Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety at the Veterinary School, University of Glasgow. The archive contained records of cases from across southern Scotland and northern England. Analysis of the data generated from examination of these records suggested that MAP is widespread within the Scottish cattle herd and may well be increasing

El rol de las redes de apoyo transnacional en la evolución del régimen de trata de personas en la región del mekong, 2004-2015

Con el fin de la unipolaridad no sólo se fortalecieron mecanismos de gobernanza global como los Regímenes Internacionales, sino también se fortalecieron actores no estatales. A pesar de la importancia que tomaron estos dos elementos aún no existe una teoría que explique exhaustivamente la relación que existe entre ellos. Es por lo anterior que, la investigación busca responder de qué manera el rol de las Redes de Apoyo Transnacional ha incidido en la evolución del régimen de tráfico de personas en la Región del Mekong. Asimismo tiene como objetivo comprender las relación entre el Régimen y las Redes de Apoyo Transnacional a través de la formulación de un caso de estudio basado en metodologías cualitativas, específicamente, en el análisis teórico-constructivista y el análisis de contenido de documentos producidos por actores estatales y no estatales.

El concepto de sublimación en psicoanálisis, una revisión de literatura

Este trabajo es una revisión de literatura que abarca una serie de artículos disponibles en la base de datos de la Universidad del Rosario, publicados entre los años 2006- 2016. En total se revisaron 52 artículos. Se presenta el concepto de sublimación según el psicoanálisis, el cual ha sido investigado en áreas como la religión, la filosofía, el arte, la cultura y en algunos casos en donde este se evidencia; finalmente se presentan conclusiones sobre dicho concepto durante últimos 10 años.