Hipovitaminose A em crianças de áreas rurais do semi-árido baiano

Objetivou-se avaliar a distribuição e a magnitude da deficiência de vitamina A e o consumo dietético de 161 crianças de 6 a 72 meses de idade, de áreas rurais do Município de Cansanção-Bahia, Brasil. Os níveis de retinol sérico foram medidos pelo método espectrofotométrico (Bessey-Lowry modificado por Araújo e Flores, 1978). A média do retinol sérico distribuiuse homogeneamente entre as diferentes faixas etárias. Níveis inadequados de retinol sérico (deficiente <10,0 µg/dl e baixos <20,0 µg/dl) foram detectados em 44,7% das crianças, caracterizando a deficiência como problema de saúde pública. Os níveis de retinol sérico não mostraram associação estatisticamente significante com sexo e idade das crianças, contudo as menores de 24 meses apresentaram prevalência mais alta de níveis inadequados. A principal fonte de vitamina A, disponível para essas crianças, é representada pelos carotenóides, em especial beta-caroteno. Foi observada maior diversificação no consumo dos alimentos de conteúdos moderado e baixo em vitamina A no grupo de 24 a 72 meses de idade, sem contudo assegurar níveis adequados de retinol sérico para este grupo etário.

Situação nutricional e alimentar de pré-escolares no semi-árido da Bahia (Brasil): I.Avaliação antropométrica

Foram estudados 754 pré-escolares de áreas urbanas de sete municípios do semi-árido da Bahia, Brasil. Os objetivos foram determinar a prevalência de déficit ponderal e estatural, indicativos de desnutrição atual e/ou pregressa e sua associação com a idade, sexo, renda em salário-mínimo (SM), escolaridade materna e adequação do consumo alimentar. Encontrou-se 22,9% de crianças com altura/idade abaixo de -2,0 DP (desnutrição pregressa), 19,1% com peso/idade e 3,6% com peso/altura abaixo de -2,0 DP (desnutrição atual). Em relação ao inquérito dietético somente 6,8% das crianças haviam consumido no dia anterior uma dieta que suprisse os requerimentos energéticos para sua faixa etária. Houve forte associação entre os indicadores A/l e P/l inadequados com renda familiar per capita (p=0,001 e p=0,000, respectivamente); crianças de famílias com renda per capita < 1/4 SM tinham duas vezes mais chance de estar desnutridas se comparadas com as do estrato de renda >1/2 SM. Em relação ao P/A como também P/l, os pré-escolares estudados no semi-árido apresentaram prevalências significativamente superiores às encontradas por pesquisa nacional realizada na mesma época (p=0,047 e p=0,000, respectivamente). Esses achados surpreendem, já que nas últimas décadas tem sido demonstrada no Brasil uma melhoria signifivativa na desnutrição e mortalidade infantil e parecem indicar que as crianças do semi-árido não lograram ainda alcançar os mesmos benefícios que o restante da população infantil brasileira.

Situação nutricional e alimentar de pré-escolares no semi-árido da Bahia (Brasil): II ­ Hipovitaminose A

Foram estudados 754 pré-escolares de áreas urbanas de sete municípios do semi-árido do Estado Bahia, Brasil, com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência da hipovitaminose A e sua associação com a idade, sexo, renda em salário-mínimo, escolaridade materna e adequação dietética em vitamina A. Na amostra estudada não se registrou nenhum caso de sinais e/ou sintomas de xeroftalmia durante o exame clínico-oftalmológico. Em 563 crianças foi possível a coleta de sangue para determinação de retinol sérico; encontrou-se um valor médio de 20,3 µg/dl (DP=10,8µg/dl) e uma prevalência de 15,3% de níveis deficientes (abaixo de 10,0 µg/dl). Em todos os sete municípios estudados a prevalência de retinol sérico deficiente foi superior a 5,0% que é nível crítico proposto pela OMS para considerar a hipovitaminose A como problema de saúde pública. A distribuição de retinol sérico encontrada não teve relação com o sexo das crianças, mas com a idade, diminuindo a prevalência de níveis deficientes e baixos na medida em que a idade aumenta. Não se encontrou associação entre renda familiar per capita ou escolaridade materna e a prevalência de níveis de retinol deficiente. Os resultados de consumo alimentar provenientes do inquérito recordatório de 24h mostraram que apenas 8% das crianças consumiram quantidades adequadas de retinol ou de seus precursores; 66% ingeriam abaixo da metade e quase 35% delas não chegaram a ingerir nem um quarto da quantidade recomendada para sua faixa etária. A carência de vitamina A deve ser considerada como problema de saúde pública severo, tanto pela alta prevalência de níveis deficientes de retinol em todos os municípios como também pela dimensão da inadequação dietética.

Factors affecting nutrition behavior among middle-class adolescents in urban area of Northern region of Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Brazil has been called a nation in nutrition transitional because of recent increases in the prevalence of obesity and related chronic diseases. With overweight conditions already prevalent among middle-income populations, there exists a need to identify factors that influence nutrition behavior within this group. OBJECTIVE: To address this subject, a research study was implemented among middle-class adolescents attending a large private secondary school in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The study determined the availability and accessibility of snack foods as well as subjects’ attitudes and preferences towards, and the influence of family and friends on healthy (high-nutrient density) snack choices. METHODS: The 4-stage process included: (a) a nutrition expert focus group discussion that reported local nutrition problems in general and factors related to adolescent nutrition, (b) an adolescent pilot survey (n=63) that solicited information about snacking preferences and habits as well as resources for nutrition information and snack money; (c) a survey of various area food market sources to determine the availability and accessibility of high nutrient density snacks; and (d) a follow-up adolescent survey (n=55) that measured snack food preferences and perceptions about their cost and availability. RESULTS: Results included the finding that, although affordable high nutrient density snacks were available, preferences for low nutrient density snacks prevailed. The adolescents were reportedly more likely to be influenced by and obtain nutrition information from family members than friends. CONCLUSION: From study results it is apparent that a focus on food availability will not automatically result in proper nutritional practices among adolescents. This fact and the parental influence detected are evidence of a need to involve adolescents and their parents in nutrition education campaigns to improve adolescent snack food choices.

Patterns of induced abortion in urban area of Southeastern region, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess the behavior of induced abortion as a function of certain demographic variables, for the population of fertile women (15 to 49 years old) residing in the Vila Madalena subdistrict S. Paulo (Brazil). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two population samples were selected. One sample, with 996 women, investigated the incidence of induced abortions during 1987, using the RRT. In the other, involving 1,004 women, the same information was detected through a conventional approach. In both samples, the induced abortion occurring during the reproductive life was recorded in direct fashion. Though this analysis refers only to information about past abortions, that is by 2,000 women -, it should be noted that it is exactly the RRT that lends credibility to the found or results given results. CONCLUSION: The analysis furnishes evidence showing that single women, young women between the ages of 15 and 19, women who have not had live births, women who have a number of children below the expected ideal, women who use contraceptive methods (especially inefficient ones) and women who do not have any restrictions as to abortion constitute the categories most inclined to resort to induced abortion. This grouping suggests the existence of interrelationships between categories, that is, each of these categories is probably composed primarily of the same women, those who are at the beginning of their reproductive lives.

Performance of an immunochromatography test for vivax malaria in the Amazon region, Brazil

The study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the ICT malaria Pf/PvTM test for vivax malaria diagnosis in Belém, Amazon region, Brazil. The results of blood malaria parasites examination using an immunochromatography test were compared with thick blood film (TBF) examination. It was also evaluated the performance of this test storaged at three different temperatures (25°C, 30°C, and 37°C) for 24 hours before use. Overall sensitivity of ICT Pf/PvTM was 61.8% with a specificity of 100%, positive and negative predictive value of 100% and 71.8%, respectively and accuracy of 80.6%. The test sensitivity was independent of the parasite density. This test needs to be further reviewed in order to have better performance for P. vivax malaria diagnosis.

Membrane selectivity versus sensor response in hydrogenated amorphous silicon CHEMFETs using a semi-empirical model

Toxic amides, such as acrylamide, are potentially harmful to Human health, so there is great interest in the fabrication of compact and economical devices to measure their concentration in food products and effluents. The CHEmically Modified Field Effect Transistor (CHEMFET) based onamorphous silicon technology is a candidate for this type of application due to its low fabrication cost. In this article we have used a semi-empirical modelof the device to predict its performance in a solution of interfering ions. The actual semiconductor unit of the sensor was fabricated by the PECVD technique in the top gate configuration. The CHEMFET simulation was performed based on the experimental current voltage curves of the semiconductor unit and on an empirical model of the polymeric membrane. Results presented here are useful for selection and design of CHEMFET membranes and provide an idea of the limitations of the amorphous CHEMFET device. In addition to the economical advantage, the small size of this prototype means it is appropriate for in situ operation and integration in a sensor array.

Reposição do sistema semi-automático Pyxis® num Hospital Central Universitário: avaliação do número de unidades repostas

Introdução: No Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE a partir de 2008, foi implementado o sistema semi-automático de reposição de stocks nivelados de medicamentos, Pyxis®, atualmente implementado em 16 serviços clínicos. Atendendo ao crescimento verificado na implementação deste sistema automatizado na instituição, este trabalho pretende dar a conhecer a realidade de preparação da medicação para reposição no sistema semi-automático Pyxis®, por avaliação do número de unidades de medicamentos repostos diariamente e por dia da semana. Material e Métodos: Desenvolveu-se um estudo longitudinal retrospetivo onde se analisou a totalidade de serviços com implementação Pyxis® através do registo diário de reposição dos diferentes Serviços Clínicos num período de 41 dias consecutivos. Numa segunda fase, os dados foram sintetizados sob a forma de tabelas em Microsoft Office Excel®, tendo posteriormente sido construídos os respetivos gráficos para análise. Resultados: Os resultados, representados graficamente, mostram que a segunda-feira é o dia da semana com maior número de reposições de medicamentos, sendo os serviços com maior número de reposições totais UCI Geral, UCI Neurocríticos, Cirurgia Cardiotorácica e UCIPU. Discussão / Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar uma sobrecarga de referências de medicamentos e unidades repostas às segundas-feiras, atingindo, em muitos serviços, valores de unidades repostas duas vezes superior à média de reposições do serviço (por ex. UCI Neurocíticos). Contudo, apesar do reduzido período de análise, os dados parecem evidenciar que o facto de haver reposições ao domingo agiliza o processo de reposição dos Pyxis® às segundas-feiras.

Impact of the background Region of Interest in the relative renal function

Renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA) is performed with the aim of detect cortical abnormalities related to urinary tract infection and accurately quantify relative renal function (RRF). For this quantitative assessment Nuclear Medicine Technologist should draw regions of interest (ROI) around each kidney (KROI) and peri-renal background (BKG) ROI although controversy still exists about BKG-ROI. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the normalization procedure, number and location of BKG-ROI on the RRF in 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy.

Entrepreneurship Strategies in a Portuguese and in a Polish Region

In the present paper we will consider strategies of innovation, risk and proactivity as entre/ intrapreneurship strategies. This study was done in a Portuguese and in a Polish region. In Portugal the region was Vale do Sousa, located in the northern Portugal. The Polish region was Lublin Voivodeship and it is situated in the south-eastern part of the country. The study focused on Industrial and Construction sectors. In order to get a valid sample, a group of 251 firms were analysed in Portugal, and 215 in Poland. However, the minimum sample size in Poland should be 323. Since this is a work in progress, we are aiming for this number of questionnaires. Each strategy was analysed individually for both regions and the results pointed to a lack of culture of entrepreneurship in firms’ management. Only Proactivity presented a positive result in firms’ management. Polish firms tend to be more innovative and more risk takers, while in proactivity Portuguese ones present a slightly higher result. Combining the strategy results, it was possible to identify that 61.2% of Portuguese firms present a low level of entrepreneurship, while 60% of Polish firms present a moderate level. Considering intrapreneurship good levels, while Portugal account for 5.2% this figure is 19.1% in Poland.

Planning, Cooperation and Competition: A case study in industry and construction in a Portuguese Region

In the present paper we analyzed the behavior of firms in the construction and manufacturing sectors, located in the region of Vale do Sousa, in the north of Portugal. From the literature, even existing some disagreements, it is possible to conclude that planning is crucial for firms survival and growth. Cooperation is another aspect that the literature presents as an important factor for firms sustainability. It also plays a major role in competition, since firms are adopting coopetition strategies. By studying a sample of 251 firms, it was possible to realize, that the majority started their business without a formal planning, and they keep going without using it. In cooperation aspects, there is a lack of cooperation. It was possible to verify, that existing cooperation has some evidence but at a vertical level. These vertical relations were also identified in stakeholder’s involvement.

Navegação de um robô autónomo semi-industrial usando diferentes técnicas sensoriais

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Strong and weak Allee effects and chaotic dynamics in Richards' growths

In this paper we define and investigate generalized Richards' growth models with strong and weak Allee effects and no Allee effect. We prove the transition from strong Allee effect to no Allee effect, passing through the weak Allee effect, depending on the implicit conditions, which involve the several parameters considered in the models. New classes of functions describing the existence or not of Allee effect are introduced, a new dynamical approach to Richards' populational growth equation is established. These families of generalized Richards' functions are proportional to the right hand side of the generalized Richards' growth models proposed. Subclasses of strong and weak Allee functions and functions with no Allee effect are characterized. The study of their bifurcation structure is presented in detail, this analysis is done based on the configurations of bifurcation curves and symbolic dynamics techniques. Generically, the dynamics of these functions are classified in the following types: extinction, semi-stability, stability, period doubling, chaos, chaotic semistability and essential extinction. We obtain conditions on the parameter plane for the existence of a weak Allee effect region related to the appearance of cusp points. To support our results, we present fold and flip bifurcations curves and numerical simulations of several bifurcation diagrams.

Assesing multileaf collimator effect on the build-up region using Monte Carlo method

Previous Monte Carlo studies have investigated the multileaf collimator (MLC) contribution to the build-up region for fields in which the MLC leaves were fully blocking the openings defined by the collimation jaws. In the present work, we investigate the same effect but for symmetric and asymmetric MLC defined field sizes (2×2, 4×4, 10×10 and 3×7 cm2). A Varian 2100C/D accelerator with 120-leaf MLC is accurately modeled fora6MVphoton beam using the BEAMnrc/EGSnrc code. Our results indicate that particles scattered from accelerator head and MLC are responsible for the increase of about 7% on the surface dose when comparing 2×2 and 10×10 cm2 fields. We found that the MLC contribution to the total build-up dose is about 2% for the 2×2 cm2 field and less than 1% for the largest fields.

Fatores críticos de sucesso das empresas de animação turística da Região Autónoma dos Açores

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão de Empresas/MBA