Periodic Breathing and Behavioral Awakenings at High Altitude.

Objectives. To study the relationship between nocturnal periodic breathing episodes and behavioral awakenings at high altitude. Methods. Observational study. It is 6-day ascent of 4 healthy subjects from Besisahar (760 meters) to Manang (3540 meters) in Nepal in March 2012. A recording pulse oximeter was worn by each subject to measure their oxygen saturation and the presence of periodic breathing continuously through the night. An actigraph was simultaneously worn in order to determine nocturnal behavioral awakenings. There were no interventions. Results. 187-hour sleep at high altitude was analyzed, and of this, 145 hours (78%) had at least one PB event. At high altitude, 10.5% (95% CI 6.5-14.6%) of total sleep time was spent in PB while 15 out of 50 awakenings (30%, 95% CI: 18-45%) occurring at high altitudes were associated with PB (P < 0.001). Conclusions. Our data reveals a higher than expected number of behavioral awakenings associated with PB compared to what would be expected by chance. This suggests that PB likely plays a role in behavioral awakenings at high altitude.

Contribution à l'évaluation de l'équilibre quasi-statique à l'aide d'une plate-forme de force

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

THE DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF SILOXANE PRECURSORS FOR CHIRAL PERIODIC MESOPOROUS ORGANOSILICA MATERIALS

The development of cost-effective and reliable methods for the synthesis and separation of asymmetric compounds is paramount in helping to meet society’s ever-growing demand for chiral small molecules. Of these methods, chiral heterogeneous supports are particularly appealing as they allow for the reuse of the chiral source. One such support, based on the synergy between chiral organic units and structurally stable inorganic silicon scaffolds are periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs). In the work described herein, I examine some of the factors governing the transmission of chirality between chiral dopants and prochiral bulk phases in chiral PMO materials. In particular, the exploration of 1,1’-binaphthalene-bridged chiral dopants with a focus on the point of attachment into the materials. Moreover, the effects of ordering in the materials are examined and reveal that chirality transfer is more facile in materials with molecular-scale order then those containing amorphous walls. Secondly, the issues surrounding the synthesis and purification of aryl-triethoxysilanes as siloxane precursors are addressed. Both the introduction of a two-carbon linker and the direct attachment of allyl and mixed allyldiethoxysilane species are explored. This work demonstrates that allyldiethoxysilanes are ideal, in that they are stable enough to permit facile synthesis, while still being able to hydrolyze completely to produce well-ordered materials. Lastly, the production of new bulk phases for chiral PMO materials is examined by introducing new prochiral nitrogen-containing siloxane precursors. Biphenyldiamine and bipyridine-bridged siloxane precursors are readily synthesized on reasonable scales. Their use as the bulk siloxane precursor in the production of PMO materials however, is precluded by insufficient gelation and additional siloxane precursors are necessary for the production of ordered materials. In addition to the research detailed above that forms the body of this thesis, two short works are appended. The first details the production of polythiophene assemblies mediated through coordination nanospaces, while the second explores the production of N-heterocyclic carbene functionalized gold nanoparticles through ligand exchange.

UPTAKE OF THE PERIODIC HEALTH EXAM AMONG ADULTS WITH INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES FROM 2003 TO 2015

Background: Over the past decade, annual heath exams have been de-emphasized for the general population but emphasized for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). The purpose of this project was to determine if there has been an increase in the uptake of the health exam among adults with IDD in Ontario, to what extent, and the effect on the quality of preventive care provided. Methods: Using administrative health data, the proportion of adults (18-64 years old) with IDD who received a health exam (long appointment, general assessment, and “true” health exam), a high value on the primary care quality composite score (PCQS), and a health exam or high PCQS each year was compared to the proportion in a propensity score matched sample of the general population. Negative binomial and segmented negative binomial regression controlling for age and sex were used to determine the relative risk of having a health exam/high PCQS/health exam or PCQS over time. Results: Pre joinpoint, the long appointment and general assessment health exam definitions saw a decrease and the “true” health exam saw an increase in the likelihood of adults having a health exam. Post joinpoint, all health exam definitions saw a decrease in the likelihood of adults having a health exam. Pre joinpoint, all PCQS measures (high PCQS, long appointment or high PCQS, “true” health exam or high PCQS) saw an increase in the likelihood for adults to achieve a high PCQS or high PCQS/have a health exam. Post joinpoint, all PCQS measures saw a decrease in the likelihood for adults to achieve a high PCQS or high PCQS/have a health exam. Achieving a high PCQS was strongly associated with having a health exam regardless of health exam definition or IDD status. Conclusions: Despite the publication of guidelines, only a small proportion of adults with IDD are receiving health exams. This indicates that the publication of guidelines alone was not sufficient to change practice. More targeted measures, such as the implementation of an IDD-specific health exam fee code, should be considered to increase the uptake of the health exam among adults with IDD.

Locally quasi-nilpotent elementary operators

Let A be a unital dense algebra of linear mappings on a complex vector space X. Let φ = Σⁿ _i=1 M_ai,_bi be a locally quasi-nilpotent elementary operator of length n on A. We show that, if {a1, . . . , an} is locally linearly independent, then the local dimension of V (φ) = span{b_ia_j : 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n} is at most n(n−1) 2 . If ldim V (φ) = n(n−1) 2 , then there exists a representation of φ as φ = Σⁿ _i=1 M_ui,_vi with v_iu_j = 0 for i ≥ j. Moreover, we give a complete characterization of locally quasinilpotent elementary operators of length 3.

Mental Health and Morbidity of Caregivers and Co-Residents of individuals with Dementia: A Quasi-Experimental Design

Objectives: To determine if providing informal care to a co-resident with dementia symptoms places an additional risk on the likelihood of poor mental health or mortality compared to co-resident non-caregivers.
Design: A quasi-experimental design of caregiving and non-caregiving co-residents of individuals with dementia symptoms, providing a natural comparator for the additive effects of caregiving on top of living with an individual with dementia symptoms. 
Methods: Census records, providing information on household structure, intensity of caregiving, presence of dementia symptoms and self-reported mental health, were linked to mortality records over the following 33 months. Multi-level regression models were constructed to determine the risk of poor mental health and death in co-resident caregivers of individuals with dementia symptoms compared to co-resident non-caregivers, adjusting for the clustering of individuals within households.
Results: The cohort consisted of 10,982 co-residents (55.1% caregivers), with 12.1% of non-caregivers reporting poor mental health compared to 8.4% of intense caregivers (>20 hours of care per week). During follow-up the cohort experienced 560 deaths (245 to caregivers). Overall, caregiving co-residents were at no greater risk of poor mental health but had lower mortality risk than non-caregiving co-residents (ORadj=0.93, 95% CI 0.79, 1.10 and ORadj=0.67, 95% CI 0.56, 0.81, respectively); this lower mortality risk was also seen amongst the most intensive caregivers (ORadj=0.65, 95% CI 0.53, 0.79).
Conclusion: Caregiving poses no additional risk to mental health over and above the risk associated with merely living with someone with dementia, and is associated with a lower mortality risk compared to non-caregiving co-residents.

Discrete-time positive periodic systems with state and control constraints

The aim of this paper is to provide an efficient control design technique for discrete-time positive periodic systems. In particular, stability, positivity and periodic invariance of such systems are studied. Moreover, the concept of periodic invariance with respect to a collection of boxes is introduced and investigated with connection to stability. It is shown how such concept can be used for deriving a stabilizing state-feedback control that maintains the positivity of the closed-loop system and respects states and control signals constraints. In addition, all the proposed results can be efficiently solved in terms of linear programming.

Modélisation en bandes C et X de la rétrodiffusion de couverts de neige sèche : évaluation de l’apport de l’approximation quasi-cristalline pour les milieux denses.

La compréhension et la modélisation de l’interaction de l’onde électromagnétique avec la neige sont très importantes pour l’application des technologies radars à des domaines tels que l’hydrologie et la climatologie. En plus de dépendre des propriétés de la neige, le signal radar mesuré dépendra aussi des caractéristiques du capteur et du sol. La compréhension et la quantification des différents processus de diffusion du signal dans un couvert nival s’effectuent à travers les théories de diffusions de l’onde électromagnétique. La neige, dans certaines conditions, peut être considérée comme un milieu dense lorsque les particules de glace qui la composent y occupent une fraction volumique considérable. Dans un tel milieu, les processus de diffusion par les particules ne se font plus de façon indépendante, mais de façon cohérente. L’approximation quasi-cristalline pour les milieux denses est une des théories élaborées afin de prendre en compte ces processus de diffusions cohérents. Son apport a été démontré dans de nombreuses études pour des fréquences > 10 GHz où l’épaisseur optique de la neige est importante et où la diffusion de volume est prédominante. Par contre, les capteurs satellitaires radar présentement disponibles utilisent les bandes L (1-2GHz), C (4-8GHz) et X (8-12GHz), à des fréquences principalement en deçà des 10 GHz. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer l’apport du modèle de diffusion issu de l’approximation quasi-cristalline pour les milieux denses (QCA/DMRT) dans la modélisation de couverts de neige sèches en bandes C et X. L’approche utilisée consiste à comparer la modélisation de couverts de neige sèches sous QCA/DMRT à la modélisation indépendante sous l’approximation de Rayleigh. La zone d’étude consiste en deux sites localisés sur des milieux agricoles, près de Lévis au Québec. Au total 9 champs sont échantillonnés sur les deux sites afin d’effectuer la modélisation. Dans un premier temps, une analyse comparative des paramètres du transfert radiatif entre les deux modèles de diffusion a été effectuée. Pour des paramètres de cohésion inférieurs à 0,15 à des fractions volumiques entre 0,1 et 0,3, le modèle QCA/DMRT présentait des différences par rapport à Rayleigh. Un coefficient de cohésion optimal a ensuite été déterminé pour la modélisation d’un couvert nival en bandes C et X. L’optimisation de ce paramètre a permis de conclure qu’un paramètre de cohésion de 0,1 était optimal pour notre jeu de données. Cette très faible valeur de paramètre de cohésion entraîne une augmentation des coefficients de diffusion et d’extinction pour QCA/DMRT ainsi que des différences avec les paramètres de Rayleigh. Puis, une analyse de l’influence des caractéristiques du couvert nival sur les différentes contributions du signal est réalisée pour les 2 bandes C et X. En bande C, le modèle de Rayleigh permettait de considérer la neige comme étant transparente au signal à des angles d’incidence inférieurs à 35°. Vu l’augmentation de l’extinction du signal sous QCA/DMRT, le signal en provenance du sol est atténué d’au moins 5% sur l’ensemble des angles d’incidence, à de faibles fractions volumiques et fortes tailles de grains de neige, nous empêchant ainsi de considérer la transparence de la neige au signal micro-onde sous QCA/DMRT en bande C. En bande X, l’augmentation significative des coefficients de diffusion par rapport à la bande C, ne nous permet plus d’ignorer l’extinction du signal. La part occupée par la rétrodiffusion de volume peut dans certaines conditions, devenir la part prépondérante dans la rétrodiffusion totale. Pour terminer, les résultats de la modélisation de couverts de neige sous QCA/DMRT sont validés à l’aide de données RADARSAT-2 et TerraSAR-X. Les deux modèles présentaient des rétrodiffusions totales semblables qui concordaient bien avec les données RADARSAT-2 et TerraSAR-X. Pour RADARSAT-2, le RMSE du modèle QCA/DMRT est de 2,52 dB en HH et 2,92 dB en VV et pour Rayleigh il est de 2,64 dB en HH et 3,01 dB en VV. Pour ce qui est de TerraSAR-X, le RMSE du modèle QCA/DMRT allait de 1,88 dB en HH à 2,32 dB en VV et de 2,20 dB en HH à 2,71 dB en VV pour Rayleigh. Les valeurs de rétrodiffusion totales des deux modèles sont assez similaires. Par contre, les principales différences entre les deux modèles sont bien évidentes dans la répartition des différentes contributions de cette rétrodiffusion totale.

Report on the Status of Findings and Recommendations from the City of Lambs Grove Periodic Examination Report dated September 4, 2014 for the period June 1, 2015 through February 29, 2016

Report on the Status of Findings and Recommendations from the City of Lambs Grove Periodic Examination Report dated September 4, 2014 for the period June 1, 2015 through February 29, 2016

A Periodic State Space Model to Monthly Long-term Temperature Data

This work presents a periodic state space model to model monthly temperature data. Additionally, some issues are discussed, as the parameter estimation or the Kalman filter recursions adapted to a periodic model. This framework is applied to monthly long-term temperature time series of Lisbon.