Seasonality of net radiation in two sub-basins of Paracatu by the use of modis sensor products

The net radiation (Rn) represents the main source of energy for physical and chemical processes that occur in the surface-atmosphere interface, and it is used for air and soil heating, water transfer, in the form of vapor from the surface to the atmosphere, and for the metabolism of plants, especially photosynthesis. If there is no record of net radiation in certain areas, the use of information is important to help determine it. Among them we can highlight those provided by remote sensing. In this context, this work aims to estimate the net radiation, with the use of products of MODIS sensor, in the sub-basins of Entre Ribeiros creek and Preto River, located between the Brazilian states of Goiás and Minas Gerais. The SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) was used to obtain the Rn in four different days in the period of July to October, 2007. The Rn results obtained were consistent with others cited in the literature and are important because the orbital information can help determine the Rn in areas where there are not automatic weather stations to record the net radiation.

The purpose of consumer co-operation: implications for the management and governance of co-operatives

Extant research on consumer co-operation has acknowledged that the corporate purpose of consumer co-operatives deviates significantly from the purpose of investor-owned firms (IOFs – the dominant form in market economies and in theory development in the field of business economics) and also suggested that the management of consumer co-operatives differs from the management of IOFs. Despite this, there is a scarcity of research focusing on the management of consumer co-operatives in general and the ways this different purpose manifests in their management in particular. In other words, research on consumer cooperatives has only started to discover the importance of identifying the premises of these organizations and generating management and organization theories that take them into account. The overall objective of this study is to map out some of the implications that the purpose of consumer co-operation has for the management and governance of consumer co-operatives. To put it more precisely, by combining interview data gathered from Finnish consumer cooperatives (S Group, OP Bank Group and POP Bank) and extant literature, this study aims to generate or elaborate on definitions and outlines of the features that co-operative purpose poses for the strategic management, governance and managerial competence needed for consumer co-operatives. The study consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic, methods and publications, as well as discusses the overall outcomes. The second part consists of four publications that address the research questions from different viewpoints. The analyses of this study indicate that due to the purpose of consumer co-operation, the roles of locality and regionality become emphasized in their management. While locality and regionality are potential sources of competitive advantage for consumer co-operatives, geographic boundness sets significant boundary conditions for the strategic management of these organizations. Further, the purpose of consumer co-operation may pose several challenges to governance and set specific competence demands for the managers of these organizations. Associating the observations from various streams of research on management and governance with the purpose of consumer co-operation and examining these issues further, the thesis contributes to elaboration of theory in the field. While the thesis is by no means comprehensive (but instead reflects a co-operative research project in its early stages), it does shed light on some key ideas of management and governance and offers leads to theory and, thereby, will prove useful to elaborators, disseminators and appliers of knowledge on co-operation.

Effect of emotions on consumer decision-making in a high involvement product adoption context

This thesis was written in order participate in the emergent discussion on the role of emotions in consumer decision-making. The goal of the thesis was to find out which emotions affect consumer decision-making, how these emotions relate to traditional process models of consumer decision-making, and how emotions and other factors affect consumer decision-making. The thesis is placed into a context of high involvement product adoption. The empirical research was conducted according to a qualitative methodology, which combined video diaries and face-to-face or Skype interviews as data collection methods. The case product category was dancing poles, and four women participated in the study. The central results indicate that emotion and cognition walk hand in hand in consumer decision-making, that consumers experience a variety of emotions during a decision-making process, and that emotions have an important effect on consumer decision-making and consumer behavior.

Rasvankestävät paperit ja kartongit

Rasvankestävyydellä tarkoitetaan sitä, että materiaali hylkii tai kestää rasvaa tietyn ajan läpäisemättä sen pintaa. Rasvankestäviä papereita ja kartonkeja löytyy kaikkialta. Erilaiset ruuanvalmistuspaperit, kuten esimerkiksi leivinpaperi ja voipaperi, ovat rasvankestäviä. Myös pakkauksissa käytetään paljon rasvankestäviä papereita ja kartonkeja. Rasvankestäviltä tuotteilta vaaditaan erilaisia ominaisuuksia riippuen niiden käyttötarkoituksesta. Pakkausmateriaaleilta vaaditaan esimerkiksi lujuutta ja kestävyyttä fyysistä rasitusta, valoa, hajuja ja mikrobeja vastaan. Ruuanvalmistusmateriaaleilta vaaditaan puolestaan lujuutta ja kestävyyttä lämpöä, kosteutta ja fyysistä rasitusta vastaan. Rasvankestäviltä papereilta vaaditaan rasvankestävyyden lisäksi hyvää vetolujuutta, märkälujuutta ja hyviä optisia ominaisuuksia. Neliömassan tulee asettua 20─80 g/m2 välille ja metallipitoisuudet eivät saa olla liian korkeat. Myös tuotteiden kierrätettävyys on nostanut asemaansa viimeaikoina. Tuotteen tuotannon ja itse tuotteen ympäristöystävällisyys ovat todella arvostettuja kuluttajan, tuottajan, Suomen, EU:n ja koko maailman näkökulmista. Jotta tuotteesta saadaan rasvankestävää, vaaditaan siltä erilaisia barrier-ominaisuuksia. Rasvankestävällä paperilla vaaditaan hyviä barrier-ominaisuuksia esimerkiksi rasvan, ilman, veden, vesihöyryn sekä hapen läpäisevyyksissä. Rasvankestäviä papereita ja kartonkeja voidaan valmistaa kemiallisilla ja mekaanisilla tavoilla. Happokäsittely ja fluorokemikaalien lisääminen ovat kemiallisia tapoja, kun taas sellun jauhaminen pitkään matalassa lämpötilassa on mekaaninen tapa valmistaa rasvankestävää paperia. Näiden tapojen lisäksi rasvankestäviä papereita voidaan tehdä erilaisten pinnoitusten avulla. Erilaiset muovit ovat yleisemmin käytettyjä pinnoitemateriaaleja. Esimerkiksi PE- ja PET-päällysteet ovat käytettyjä rasvankestävissä tuotteissa. Viime aikoina on kehitetty paljon erilaisia biomateriaaleja, joista voidaan tehdä rasvankestävä pinnoite. Lipideistä, hydrokolloideista ja erilaisista komposiiteista voidaan luoda uusien tekniikoiden avulla rasvankestäviä pinnoitteita. Rasvankestävyydestä voidaan saada jonkinlainen käsitys WVTR-asteen, Cobb-arvon ja kontaktikulman mittausten avulla. Rasvankestävyyttä voidaan myös mitata erilaisten standarditestien avulla. TAPPI:lla, ISO:lla ja ASTM:llä on useita erilaisia standardeja. Lähes kaikissa rasvankestävyysstandardeissa tuloksen saaminen perustuu visuaaliseen havaintoon, mikä aiheuttaa välillä hankaluuksia tulosten luotettavuuteen, koska tuloksen määrittää ihmissilmä, ja kaikilla testin tekijöillä on erilainen silmä, joka aistii eri tavalla.

Propulsion products services laakerikunnonvalvonnan ansaintalogiikan kehittäminen

Tämän työn ensisijaisena tavoitteena on selvittää ABB Oy, Marine & Cranes, Propulsion Products Services tarjoamien laakerikunnonvalvontatuotteiden luonne, tuotteistuksen tila, liiketoimintamalli ja tutkia, kuinka olemassa olevaa ansaintalogiikkaa voidaan kehittää. Teoreettisessa osassa käydään läpi palvelun määritelmää, palveluiden tuotteistamista, akateemisia tuotteistusprosessimalleja sekä liiketoimintamallin käsitettä. Liiketoimintamallin käsittely työssä keskittyy Osterwalderin (2010) liiketoimintamallikehykseen. Teoriaosuuden materiaalia hyödynnetään empiirisessä osuudessa laakerikunnonvalvonnan tuotteiden tuotteistuksen tilan, tuotteistusprosessimallin, liiketoimintamallin ja ansaintalogiikan kehittämiseen. Työn keskeisimpinä tuloksina saatiin kehitysehdotuksia työntilaajalle liittyen laakerikun- nonvalvonnan ansaintalogiikkaan ja palveluiden tuotteistamiseen. Työssä ilmeni, että yrityksen olisi suositeltavaa optimoida tehtävien palveluiden suorittamissatamat. Jo olemassa olevien tuotteiden dokumentointia tulisi täydentää työssä ehdotetun mukaisesti. Omien resurssien laajempaa käyttämistä tulisi lisätä ja laakerikunnonvalvonnan palvelupakettien päivittämistarve sekä valmiiden tuotteiden säännöllinen päivittäminen ja niiden mahdollinen poistaminen valikoimasta tulisi ottaa osaksi käytössä olevaa prosessia.

Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers in traceability of retail beef samples

Several characteristics are important in a traceability system of animal products, such as age at slaughter, breed composition, besides information of the productive chain. In general, the certification agent records information about the animals and the system which it came from, although cannot guarantee that the slaughtering, meat processing and distribution are error proof. Besides, there is a differential price, at least at the international market, based on sex and breed composition of the animals. Genetic markers allow identification of characteristics controlled in the beef cattle traceability program, as sex and breed composition, in order to correctly identify and appraise the final product for the consumer. The hypothesis of this study was that the majority beef samples retailed in the local market originate from female with a great participation of zebu breeds. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize retail beef samples with DNA markers that identify cattle sex and breed composition. Within 10 beef shops localized in Pirassununga, SP, Brazil, 61 samples were collected, all were genotyped as harboring Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA and 18 were positive for the Y chromosome amplification (male). For the marker sat1711b-Msp I the frequency of the allele A was 0.278 and for the marker Lhr-Hha I the frequency of the allele T was 0.417. The results of sat1711b-Msp I and Lhr-Hha I allelic frequencies are suggestive that the proportion of indicus genome compared with the taurine genome in the market meat is smaller than the observed in the Nellore breed. The procedure described in this study identified sex and subspecies characteristics of beef meat samples, with potential application in meat products certification in special as an auxiliary tool in beef cattle traceability programs.

DEVELOPING A CROWDSOURCED VIDEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH METHOD FOR CONSUMER CULTURE RESEARCH

The purpose of this study is to develop a crowdsourced videographic research method for consumer culture research. Videography provides opportunities for expressing contextual and culturally embedded relations. Thus, developing new ways to conduct videographic research is meaningful. This study develops the crowdsourced videographic method based on a literature review and evaluation of a focal study. The literature review follows a qualitative systematic review process. Through the literature review, based on different methodological, crowdsourcing and consumer research related literature, this study defines the method, its application process and evaluation criteria. Furthermore, the evaluation of the focal study, where the method was applied, completes the study. This study applies professional review with self-evaluation as a form of evaluation, drawing from secondary data including research task description, screenshots of the mobile application used in the focal study, videos collected from the participants, and self-evaluation by the author. The focal study is analyzed according to its suitability to consumer culture research, research process and quality. Definitions and descriptions of the research method, its process and quality criteria form the theoretical contribution of this study. Evaluating the focal study using these definitions underlines some best practices of this type of research, generating the practical contribution of this study. Finally, this study provides ideas for future research. First, defining the boundaries of the use of crowdsourcing in various parts of conducting research. Second, improving the method by applying it to new research contexts. Third, testing how changes in one dimension of the crowdsourcing models interact with other dimension. Fourth, comparing the quality criteria applied in this study to various other quality criteria to improve the method’s usefulness. Overall, this study represents a starting point for further development of the crowdsourced videographic research method.

Learning to Understand the Retailers - The New Approach of a Paperboard Manufacturer

The aim of the study is to expand networking between a packaging material manufacturer and retailers in order to develop products which appeal to brand owners and their customers. The in-built targets are to understand the retailer’s role in the value chain, clarify who makes packaging decision of private label products, and canvass the importance of sustainability. The present value chain of the packaging material manufacturer is reviewed first. It is assumed that sustainability could be a common interest, and The Consumer Goods Forum’s “A Global Language for Packaging and Sustainability” report is shortly discussed. The presentation of the most common packaging materials is based on a guide called “Packaging in the Sustainability Agenda: A Guide for Corporate Decision Makers”. The terms manufacturer’s brand and private label are defined. A retail value chain with emphasis on the role of customers as partners is introduced. The study area is the Nordic countries, and the information about Nordic retailers was provided first by desk research. The interviews were made in Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. The study method is qualitative: the intention was to get initial insights, ideas and understandings. The results are compiled under the headings: sustainability, private labels, cooperation and packaging development. Also the reasons for good profitability of private labels are explained. Sustainability or responsibility is a key driver for innovation in the retail sector. Private labels have become brands. The ways of cooperation between a packaging material manufacturer and a retailer could be education and training. Packaging development is of great interest to retailers and they are willing to contribute.

Designing a Demand Forecasting Process in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods Context

The purpose of this thesis was to study the design of demand forecasting processes. A literature review in the field of forecasting was conducted, including general forecasting process design, forecasting methods and techniques, the role of human judgment in forecasting and forecasting performance measurement. The purpose of the literature review was to identify the important design choices that an organization aiming to design or re-design their demand forecasting process would have to make. In the empirical part of the study, these choices and the existing knowledge behind them was assessed in a case study where a demand forecasting process was re-designed for a company in the fast moving consumer goods business. The new target process is described, as well as the reasoning behind the design choices made during the re-design process. As a result, the most important design choices are highlighted, as well as their immediate effect on other processes directly tied to the demand forecasting process. Additionally, some new insights on the organizational aspects of demand forecasting processes are explored. The preliminary results indicate that in this case the new process did improve forecasting accuracy, although organizational issues related to the process proved to be more challenging than anticipated.

Ketterien menetelmien hyödyntäminen sulautettujen järjestelmien kehityksessä

Sulautettujen järjestelmien projekti voidaan toteuttaa monella tavalla. Projektiin liittyy aina ohjelmiston, sekä laitteiston kehittäminen. Ohjelmiston suunnittelulla on suuri painoarvo ja tämä näkyy erityisesti varsinkin kulutuselektroniikassa. Kannettavien laitteiden räjähdysmäisesti lisääntynyt myynti ja käyttö ovat tuoneet markkinoille lisää rahaa ja mielenkiintoa. Tästä johtuen markkinoille tulee joka vuosi entistä kehittyneempiä laitteita. Laitteiston kehittymisen sekä asiakkaiden vaatimusten lisääntyessä ohjelmistojen koko on kasvanut. Tämä on luonut tarpeen myös sulautettujen järjestelmien projekteille ottaa käyttöön jokin tietty metodi ohjelmistojen tuotannossa. Ongelmana on kuitenkin se, että sulautettujen järjestelmien projekteihin on sovellettu metodeita, joita ei ole alun perin suunniteltu laitteiston ja ohjelmiston yhteissuunnitteluun ja toteuttamiseen. Miten voidaan valita oikea metodi sulautettujen järjestelmien projektiin? Tässä työssä esitellään perinteisiä ohjelmistotuotannon metodeita, sekä keskitytään eri ketterien metodien tutkimiseen. Tämä työ selvittää mikä vaikuttaa metodin valintaan sulautetun järjestelmän projektille. Tässä tutkimuksessa päädytään siihen johtopäätökseen, että sulautetuin järjestelmän suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa ketterien menetelmien käyttö parantaa projektin mahdollisuutta onnistua täyttämään asiakkaan vaatimukset. Ketterien menetelmien käyttö ei poista tarvetta kehittää menetelmää, joka lähtökohtaisesti ottaa huomioon laitteiston ja ohjelmiston yhteissuunnittelun.

E-business solutions as a part of a customer service portfolio

Tässä työssä tutkittiin sähköisen liiketoiminnan palveluiden tarvetta kartonkiteollisuudessa. Palveluiden tarvetta ja sisältöä tutkittiin suomalaisessa metsäteollisuusyrityksessä. Tutkimus suoritettiin teemahaastatteluin ja sitä täydennettiin tekemällä yritys case. Tutkimuksen pohjana toimi esiselvitys, jossa muutamia sähköisen liiketoiminnan palveluita oli tunnistettu. Sähköisen liiketoiminnan palveluiden on havaittu lisääntyneen merkittävästi yritystenvälisessä liiketoiminnassa. Kuluttajakaupassa sähköisen liiketoiminnan palvelut ovat olleet jo pitkään käytössä. Sähköisen kaupankäynnin lisääntyminen on ajanut yrityksiä perustamaan sähköisiä kauppapaikkoja, modernisoimaan toimitusmallejaan tai palvelukonseptejaan sekä huomioimaan sähköisen tiedonvaihdon vaikutuksia liiketoimissaan. Tutkimuksen tulokset johtivat kolmeen johtopäätökseen. Tutkimus osoitti, että sähköisen liiketoiminnan palvelut ovat osa nykyaikaista yritystenvälistä liiketoimintaa. Palveluita on olemassa ja niitä on tarjolla yrityksen kilpailijoiden toimesta maailmanlaajuisesti. Toiseksi tutkimus osoitti, että toimitusketjun tulevaisuus on palveluiden kehittämisessä ja niiden rakentamisessa. Kartonkituotteet lähenevät toisiaan laadullisesti kokoajan, sähköiset palvelut voivat tuoda kilpailuetua ja niiden avulla voidaan erottua markkinoilla. Kolmanneksi, sähköiseen liiketoimintaan on panostettava ja palveluita on rakennettava toimitusmalleja tukevaksi. Palveluiden sisällön on huomioitava asiakastarpeet.

Launching the product innovation to a market: case study from a dairy industry

In the environment of ever-changing needs of customers, technologies and competitors, the survival of the company depends on how well it researches, develops and implements new products to the market. The need for development of new products relates to many factors: globalization, international competition which is now underway on a global scale, scientific advances and development of production, changes in consumer preferences and consumer behavior. In this study the focus is on the company form a dairy products industry. This study is aimed to defining the role of product innovation launch strategy in an overall enterprise strategy, and to select the optimal combination of its marketing tools. The main purpose of this study is to determine place and the role of innovative marketing based in the innovation process, and to determine launch and positioning strategies in the general concept of an innovative product. The object of the study is the Russian enterprise, which is aimed to achieve a competitive advantage through the continuous production of new products, upgrade existing ones and improve innovation management practices. Research showed that the differentiation strategy is suitable for launching the dairy industry product innovation to a market.

Beauty for Sale - An Empirical Study of Appearance-Related Consumption in Finland

This study examines appearance-related consumption in Finland. The theoretical portion discusses appearance-related consumption, on one hand from a consumer culture perspective, as both a possibility and responsibility for everyone; and on the other hand, from the point of view of behaviour and attitudes associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle-related factors. The empirical part of the study concentrates on the following aspects: 1) Finns’ appearance-related consumption patterns, attitudes towards appearance-related consumption and attending to one’s looks through consumption, as well as general changes in consumption patterns and attitudes; 2) gender differences in attitudes and consumption patterns, and their possible changes over time, and; 3) other differences among population groups in attitudes and consumption patterns, and their possible changes over time. The following dissertation utilises data from seven different nationally representative surveys. Data include Finnish Household Budget surveys from 1998 (N=4 359), 2001 (N=5 495) and 2006 (N=4 007), as well as, The Everyday Life and Well-being Survey (N=908) collected in 2011, and Finland 1999 (N=2 417), Finland 2004 (N=3 574) and Finland 2009 (N=1 202) surveys. The study indicates that Finns’ relationship to appearance-related consumption is, generally, somewhat inconsistent. In Finland, a significant share of a household’s total spending, around the EU average, is allocated to products and services related to appearance. In addition, at an attitudinal level, physical appearance is important to most Finnish consumers. However, in many respects, these attitudes reflect a certain reservation towards appearance-related consumption practices. The number of those consumers who see themselves as truly dedicated to attending to their looks through consumption is quite small, whereas the amount of those willing to take a reserved or even negative attitude towards appearance-related consumption is clearly higher. Attitudes towards attending to one’s looks and the importance of appearance-related consumption had not changed during the past decade. Study shows that at present, appearance-related consumption is a form of consumption that is particularly important to women, younger consumers, people with middle or higher income, and those with normal weight. Gender is in the key role when explaining appearance-related consumption and contrary to common belief, gender differences seem to have stayed quite stable. The results also indicate that, to some extent, differences between younger and older age groups might be diminishing.

Determination of decomposition products of flotation collector chemicals using capillary electrophoresis

Vaahdotusta käytetään yleisesti erottamaan eri mineraaleja malmista. Tässä menetelmässä käytetään erityisiä pinta-aktiivisia aineita, joita kutsutaan kokoojakemikaaleiksi, muuntamaan halutut mineraalit hydrofobisiksi ja erottamaan ne hydrofiilisistä partikkeleista ilmakuplien avulla. Eräs tärkeimmistä kokoojakemikaalien ryhmistä on ksantaatit. Ksantaateilla on havaittu taipumusta hajota useiksi erilaisiksi hajoamistuotteiksi vaahdotusprosessin aikana. Näillä hajoamistuotteilla voi olla monia haitallisia vaikutuksia vaahdotuksen tuloksiin. Näiden tuotteiden tunnistaminen ja määrittäminen on tärkeää vaahdotusprosessin paremman ymmärtämisen kannalta. Työn kirjallisuusosassa vaahdotusprosessi, ksantaatit ja niiden yleisimmät hajoamistuotteet on esitelty, kuten myös käytetty analyysimenetelmä, kapillaarielektroforeesi. Työn kokeellisessa osassa etsittiin sopivaa erotusmenetelmää etyyliksantaatin, etyylitiokarbonaatin, etyyliperksantaatin ja etyyliksantyylitiosulfaatin erottamiseksi kapillaarilelektroforeesilla. Pääasiassa keskityttiin kahteen eri erotusmenetelmään. Ensimmäinen menetelmä kykeni erottamaan kaikki tutkitut tuotteet puhdasvesinäytteissä, ja toinen menetelmä oli sopiva näiden tuotteiden erottamiseen prosessivesinäytteissä. Jälkimmäistä menetelmää kokeiltiin käytännössä rikastamolla, jossa sillä kyettiin erottamaan isobutyyliksantaatti, isobutyylitiokarbonaatti, ja suurella todennäköisyydellä myös isobutyyliperksantaatti.

The accumulation of financial and social capital as a means to achieve a sustained competitive advantage for consumer co-operatives

By so far, scholars have discussed how the characteristics of consumer co-operatives (cooperative principles, values and the dual role of members as the users and owners) can potentially give them a competitive advantage over investor-owned firms (IOFs). In addition, concern for the community (as partly derived from locality and regionality) has been seen as a potential source of success for consumer co-operatives. On the other hand, the geographicbound purpose of consumer co-operation causes that consumer co-operative can be regarded as a challenging company form to manage. This is because, according to the purpose of consumer co-operation, co-operatives are obligated to 1) provide the owners with services and goods that are needed and do so at more affordable prices than their competitors do and/or 2) to operate in areas in which competitors do not want to operate (for example, because of the low profitability in certain area of business or region). Thus, consumer co-operatives have to operate very efficiently in order to execute this geographic-bound corporate purpose (e.g. they cannot withdraw from the competition during the declining stages of business). However, this efficiency cannot be achieved by any means; as the acceptance from the important regional stakeholders is the basic operational precondition and lifeline in the long run. Thereby, the central question for the survival and success of consumer co-operatives is; how should the consumer co-operatives execute its corporate purpose so it can be the best alternative to its members in the long run? This question has remained unanswered and lack empirical evidence in the previous studies on the strategic management of consumer cooperation. In more detail, scholars have not yet empirically investigated the question: How can consumer co-operatives use financial and social capital to achieve a sustained competitive advantage? It is this research gap that this doctoral dissertation aims to fulfil. This doctoral dissertation aims to answer the above questions by combining and utilizing interview data from S Group co-operatives and the central organizations in S Group´s network (overall, 33 interviews were gathered), archival material and 56 published media articles/reports. The study is based on a qualitative case study approach that is aimed at theory development, not theory verification (as the theory is considered as nascent in this field of study). Firstly, the findings of this study indicate that consumer co-operatives accumulate financial capital; 1) by making profit (to invest and grow) and 2) by utilizing a network-based organizational structure (local supply chain economies). As a result of financial capital accumulation, consumer co-operatives are able to achieve efficiency gains but also remain local. In addition, a strong financial capital base increases consumer co-operatives´ independence, competitiveness and their ability to participate in regional development (which is in accordance with their geographically bound corporate purpose). Secondly, consumer cooperatives accumulate social capital through informal networking (with important regional stakeholders), corporate social responsibility (CSR) behaviour and CSR reporting, pursuing common good, and interacting and identity sharing. As a result of social capital accumulation, consumer co-operatives are able to obtain the resources for managing; 1) institutional dependencies and 2) customer relations. By accumulating both social and financial capital through the above presented actions, consumer co-operatives are able to achieve sustained competitive advantage. Finally, this thesis provides useful ideas and new knowledge for cooperative managers concerning why and how consumer co-operatives should accumulate financial and social capital (to achieve sustained competitive advantage), while aligning with their corporate purpose.