Remote sensing and core data needed to support planning and policy decision making

A variety of sustainable development research efforts and related activities are attempting to reconcile the issues of conserving our natural resources without limiting economic motivation while also improving our social equity and quality of life. Land use/land cover change, occurring on a global scale, is an aggregate of local land use decisions and profoundly impacts our environment. It is therefore the local decision making process that should be the eventual target of many of the ongoing data collection and research efforts which strive toward supporting a sustainable future. Satellite imagery data is a primary source of data upon which to build a core data set for use by researchers in analyzing this global change. A process is necessary to link global change research, utilizing satellite imagery, to the local land use decision making process. One example of this is the NASA-sponsored Regional Data Center (RDC) prototype. The RDC approach is an attempt to integrate science and technology at the community level. The anticipated result of this complex interaction between research and the decision making communities will be realized in the form of long-term benefits to the public.

Knowledge management challenges in small-and medium-sized enterprises

Background & Research Focus Managing knowledge for innovation and organisational benefit has been extensively investigated in studies of large firms (Smith, Collins & Clark, 2005; Zucker, et al., 2007) and to a large extent there is limited research into studies of small- and medium- sized enterprises (SMEs). There are some investigations in knowledge management research on SMEs, but what remains to be seen in particular is the question of where are the potential challenges for managing knowledge more effectively within these firms? Effective knowledge management (KM) processes and systems lead to improved performance in pursuing distinct capabilities that contribute to firm-level innovation (Nassim 2009; Zucker et al. 2007; Verona and Ravasi 2003). Managing internal and external knowledge in a way that links it closely to the innovation process can assist the creation and implementation of new products and services. KM is particularly important in knowledge intensive firms where the knowledge requirements are highly specialized, diverse and often emergent. However, to a large extent the KM processes of small firms that are often the source of new knowledge and an important element of the value networks of larger companies have not been closely studied. To address this gap which is of increasing importance with the growing number of small firms, we need to further investigate knowledge management processes and the ways that firms find, capture, apply and integrate knowledge from multiple sources for their innovation process. This study builds on the previous literature and applies existing frameworks and takes the process and activity view of knowledge management as a starting point of departure (see among others Kraaijenbrink, Wijnhoven & Groen, 2007; Enberg, Lindkvist, & Tell, 2006; Lu, Wang & Mao, 2007). In this paper, it is attempted to develop a better understanding of the challenges of knowledge management within the innovation process in small knowledge-oriented firms. The paper aims to explore knowledge management processes and practices in firms that are engaged in the new product/service development programs. Consistent with the exploratory character of the study, the research question is: How is knowledge integrated, sourced and recombined from internal and external sources for innovation and new product development? Research Method The research took an exploratory case study approach and developed a theoretical framework to investigate the knowledge situation of knowledge-intensive firms. Equipped with the conceptual foundation, the research adopted a multiple case study method investigating four diverse Australian knowledge-intensive firms from IT, biotechnology, nanotechnology and biochemistry industries. The multiple case study method allowed us to document in some depth the knowledge management experience of the theses firms. Case study data were collected through a review of company published data and semi-structured interviews with managers using an interview guide to ensure uniform coverage of the research themes. This interview guide was developed following development of the framework and a review of the methodologies and issues covered by similar studies in other countries and used some questions common to these studies. It was framed to gather data around knowledge management activity within the business, focusing on the identification, acquisition and utilisation of knowledge, but collecting a range of information about subject as well. The focus of the case studies was on the use of external and internal knowledge to support their knowledge intensive products and services. Key Findings Firstly a conceptual and strategic knowledge management framework has been developed. The knowledge determinants are related to the nature of knowledge, organisational context, and mechanism of the linkages between internal and external knowledge. Overall, a number of key observations derived from this study, which demonstrated the challenges of managing knowledge and how important KM is as a management tool for innovation process in knowledge-oriented firms. To summarise, findings suggest that knowledge management process in these firms is very much project focused and not embedded within the overall organisational routines and mainly based on ad hoc and informal processes. Our findings highlighted lack of formal knowledge management process within our sampled firms. This point to the need for more specialised capabilities in knowledge management for these firms. We observed a need for an effective knowledge transfer support system which is required to facilitate knowledge sharing and particularly capturing and transferring tacit knowledge from one team members to another. In sum, our findings indicate that building effective and adaptive IT systems to manage and share knowledge in the firm is one of the biggest challenges for these small firms. Also, there is little explicit strategy in small knowledge-intensive firms that is targeted at systematic KM either at the strategic or operational level. Therefore, a strategic approach to managing knowledge for innovation as well as leadership and management are essential to achieving effective KM. In particular, research findings demonstrate that gathering tacit knowledge, internal and external to the organization, and applying processes to ensure the availability of knowledge for innovation teams, drives down the risks and cost of innovation. KM activities and tools, such as KM systems, environmental scanning, benchmarking, intranets, firm-wide databases and communities of practice to acquire knowledge and to make it accessible, were elements of KM. Practical Implications The case study method that used in this study provides practical insight into the knowledge management process within Australian knowledge-intensive firms. It also provides useful lessons which can be used by other firms in managing the knowledge more effectively in the innovation process. The findings would be helpful for small firms that may be searching for a practical method for managing and integrating their specialised knowledge. Using the results of this exploratory study and to address the challenges of knowledge management, this study proposes five practices that are discussed in the paper for managing knowledge more efficiently to improve innovation: (1) Knowledge-based firms must be strategic in knowledge management processes for innovation, (2) Leadership and management should encourage various practices for knowledge management, (3) Capturing and sharing tacit knowledge is critical and should be managed, (4)Team knowledge integration practices should be developed, (5) Knowledge management and integration through communication networks, and technology systems should be encouraged and strengthen. In sum, the main managerial contribution of the paper is the recognition of knowledge determinants and processes, and their effects on the effective knowledge management within firm. This may serve as a useful benchmark in the strategic planning of the firm as it utilises new and specialised knowledge.

National Profiles of In-Country Capacity to Support Disability-Inclusive Education; Fiji, Samoa, Soloman Islands and Vanuatu

This publication emanates from the four-country research project entitled “Strengthening capacity for disability-inclusive education development policy formulation, implementation and monitoring in the South Pacific region” funded by the Australian Development Research Award Scheme (ADRAS) and conducted jointly by the academic staff from the Queensland University of Technology and the University of the South Pacific.

Basic Income Grant in Namibia, a Viewpoint on the Proposal and on the Work of the BIG Coalition

This thesis studies the basic income grant proposal in Namibia. The proposal suggests a monthly grant of N$100 (approximately 10€) to all those Namibian citizens who do not receive the state pension. This thesis concentrates on the Basic Income Grant (BIG) Coalition and on its work. The formation and transformation of the coalition during the time period between 2003 and 2009 is analyzed with the help of data collected during two field work periods in 2008 and 2009. The data includes interviews, newspaper articles, observations and other background material. The analysis of this material is mainly conducted from organizational viewpoint. The final part of the thesis applies the results to the theory of Mosse, whose propositions about policy and practice will be discussed in relation to the basic income grant pilot project. The thesis argues that social legitimacy has been a vital resource for the work of the BIG Coalition and it has sought for it in various ways. The concept of social legitimacy originates from the resource dependence perspective of Pfeffer and Salancik, who propose that organizations are dependent on their environments, and on the resources provided by the surrounding environment. This thesis studies the concept of social legitimacy in the context of resource dependence theory. Social legitimacy is analyzed in the relations between the coalition and its environment, in the formation of the coalition, in the responses towards criticism, and finally in relation to the propositions concerning policy and practice. The work of the coalition in the pilot project will be analyzed through the propositions of Mosse concerning policy and practice. The results will describe and analyze key events in the formation of the BIG Coalition from the South African proposal until the end of the basic income pilot project. This BIG pilot project conducted in 2008-2009 is one of the most well-known activities of the coalition. The clashes between the coalition and its environment will be analyzed through four case studies. It will be shown that the project has been conducted in order to gain more legitimacy to the basic income grant proposal. The conclusion questions the legitimacy of the BIG Coalition as a research and development organization, and requests for more transparent research on the basic income proposal in Namibia.

Whose ETSIP? National and local ownership of Namibia's education and training sector improvement programme

Tämä työ tarkastelee kansallista ja paikallista omistajuutta Namibian opetussektorin kehittämisohjelmassa. Opetussektorin kehittämisohjelma ETSIP on 15-vuotinen sektoriohjelma vuosille 2005-2015 ja sen tavoitteena on edesauttaa Namibian kehittymistä tietoyhteiskunnaksi. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää miten kansallinen ja paikallinen omistajuus on toteutunut ETSIP prosessin aikana. Erityisesti pyritään selvittämään paikallistason opetussektorin virkamiesten näkemyksiä ETSIP prosessista, heidän roolistaan siinä ja siitä millaisia vaikuttamisen ja hallinnan mahdollisuuksia heillä on ollut prosessin aikana. Tutkimuksen lähtökohta on laadullinen ja lähestymistapa konstruktionistinen: tutkimus tarkastelee todellisuutta ihmisten kokemusten, näkemysten ja toiminnan kautta. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu haastatteluista, epävirallisista keskusteluista, lehtiartikkeleista ja ETSIP dokumenteista. Tutkimus osoittaa että kansallinen omistajuus on epämääräinen käsite sillä kansallisia toimijoita ja näkemyksiä on useita. Tutkimus vahvistaa Castel-Brancon huomion siitä, että omistajuutta on tarkasteltava kontekstissaan: muuttuvana ja kilpailtuna. ETSIPin rinnalle ollaan valmistelemassa uutta strategista ohjelmaa opetusministeriölle mikä saattaa muuttaa omistajuutta ETSIPiin. ETSIP dokumenttien omistajuusretoriikka myötäilee kansainvälisiä sitoumuksia avun vaikuttavuuden parantamiseksi mutta niistä puuttuu syvällisempi analyysi siitä, miten kansallinen ja paikallinen omistajuus toteutuisi käytännössä. Avunantajien näkemys omistajuudesta on suppea: omistajuus nähdään lähinnä sitoutumisena ennalta määrättyyn politiikkaohjelmaan. Haastatteluaineistosta nousee esiin Whitfieldin ja Frazerin jaottelu suppeista ja laajoista omistajuuskäsityksistä. Sitoutumista ETSIP ohjelmaan pidetään tärkeänä mutta riittämättömänä määritteenä omistajuudelle. Paikallisella tasolla sitoutuminen ETSIP ohjelman periaatteisiin ja tavoitteisiin on toteutunut melko hyvin mutta jos omistajuutta tarkastellaan laajemmin vaikutusvallan ja hallinnan käsitteiden kautta voidaan todeta että omistajuus on ollut heikkoa. Paikallisella tasolla ei ole ollut juurikaan vaikutusvaltaa ETSIP ohjelman sisältöön eikä mahdollisuutta hallita ohjelman toteutusta ja päättää siitä mitä hankkeita ohjelman kautta rahoitetaan. Tujanin demokraattisen omistajuuden käsite kuvaa tarvetta muuttaa ja laajentaa omistajuusajattelua huomioiden paikallisen tason paremmin. Tämä tutkimus viittaa siihen että omistajuuden toteutuminen paikallisella tasolla edellyttäisi institutionaalisen kulttuurin muutosta ja institutionaalisen legitimiteetin vahvistamista. Omistajuuden mahdollistamiseksi paikallisella tasolla tarvittaisiin poliittista johtajuutta, luottamusta, vastuullisuuden kulttuurin kehittämistä, tehokkaampaa tiedonjakoa, laajaa osallistumista, vuoropuhelua ja yhteistyötä. Ennen kaikkea tarvittaisiin paikallisen tason vaikutusvaltaa päätöksenteossa ja kontrollia resurssien käytöstä. Tälle muutokselle on selvä tarve ja tilaus.

Disciplinamento do processo e julgamento do mandado de injunção : uma análise sistemática

Analisa o Projeto de Lei nº 6.002/1990 e apensos, que pretendem disciplinar o processo e julgamento do mandado de injunção individual e coletivo. A abordagem e o desenvolvimento da pesquisa serão realizados no contexto da judicialização da política ou do ativismo judicial, questionando-se qual será a efetividade dos limites/parâmetros impostos ao Supremo Tribunal Federal, acaso o Projeto de Lei nº 6.002/1990 e apensos, se transformem em norma jurídica. Tem-se como hipótese compreender se o pretenso disciplinamento limitará o ativismo judicial que retira o protagonismo do Poder Legislativo e o seu papel preponderante de poder legiferante. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa são examinar a extensão e os efeitos das decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal no julgamento de alguns mandados de injunção; avaliar se a conduta omissiva do Poder Legislativo causa prejuízos à sua própria imagem e se essa omissão inviabiliza o exercício de direitos, liberdades e prerrogativas constitucionais. A metodologia do trabalho será balizada na análise sistemática dos Mandados de Injunção números 107/1989-DF, 631/2000-MS, 670/2002-ES, 708/2004-DF, 712/2004-PA, 721/2005- DF, 758/2007-DF, 786/2007-DF e 795/2007-DF; na análise do Projeto de Lei nº 6.002/1990 e apensos; na Constituição Federal. O trabalho terá como principais referenciais teóricos e conceituais fontes e bibliografia apropriadas, a exemplo dos doutrinadores Alexandre de Moraes, Cândido Rangel Dinamarco, José Afonso da Silva, José Joaquim Gomes Canotilho,Luís Roberto Barroso e Manoel Gonçalves Ferreira Filho.

The improved management of small-scale cage culture in Asia: final technical report

The purpose of the project is to develop sustained small-scale cage fish culture in inland and coastal waters through improved understanding of the social, institutional and resource environment of resource poor groups. Two Asian countries, Bangladesh (inland systems) and Vietnam (marine), were studied with this workshop bringing together both sides of the project together with representatives of collaborative institutions, government departments and universities. Addressing the overall aim of producing guidelines for the planning and extension of cage aquaculture in Asia a combination of group work and plenary discussion was conducted producing the following outputs. 1) An assessment of cage aquaculture potential, 2) Development options for small-scale cage culture, 3) A review of tools and methodologies and 4) Policy initiatives for sustainable cage culture development. Key issues raised were the use of outputs as a guide to be adapted to regional circumstances to facilitate farmer and extension worker discussion and not as a rigid methodology. The degree of linkage between development, research and government institutions was also considered a crucial factor in benefiting the research and development of cage culture at the local, regional and national level and vital in affecting the future policies by both development and government institutions. [PDF contains 242 pages]

Fluxos financeiros em pesquisa e desenvolvimento em saúde de 2003 a 2005: um exame dos investimentos do Ministério da Saúde segundo a Agenda Nacional de Prioridades de Pesquisa em Saúde

A atividade de pesquisa em saúde é uma área de interesse e importância para o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade. Ela pode contribuir no processo de redução das desigualdades na saúde. A constituição de agendas de prioridades em pesquisa, enquanto um instrumento técnico-político indutor de financiamentos de pesquisas alinhadas às necessidade sociais e sanitárias, seria uma das estratégias a serem utilizadas na busca dessa redução. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear a aplicação dos recursos financeiros aplicados em pesquisa e desenvolvimento em saúde pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS) durante o período 2003-2005, conforme Agenda Nacional de Prioridades de pesquisa em Saúde (ANPPS), estabelecida em 2004. Utilizaram-se os dados procedentes de pesquisa realizada com a finalidade primária de mensurar os fluxos de recursos investidos em P&D/S no país no período, sendo considerados apenas os investimentos oriundos do próprio MS. Foi computado apenas o financiamento direto em pesquisa e efetivamente pago, excluindo-se dispêndios com salários. As pesquisas forma categorizadas segundo as 24 Subagendas da ANPPS por dois pesquisadores, independentemente, com as discordâncias sendo resolvidas por consenso. O volume de recursos aplicados pelo MS no período foi cerca de R$ 409,7 milhões. Em termos da distribuição dos recursos, segundo as Subagendas componentes da ANPPS, os dado apontaram para uma concentração de fomento em cinco Subagendas principais: Doenças Transmissíveis, Complexo produtivo da Saúde, Pesquisa clínica, Assistência farmacêutica e Doenças não transmissíveis. Somadas, elas representaram investimentos da ordem de R$ 324 milhões para o período 2003-2005. Todas as 24 Subagendas receberam algum tipo de financiamento no período, embora alguns tenham sido de pequena monta. No período sob análise, ocorreram os passos iniciais para a construção e institucionalização da Agenda. Dessa maneira, o estudo realizado pode servir para estabelecer um ponto inicial (como um marco zero) para posteriores estudos sobre o potencial indutor deste instrumento, contribuindo para avaliações acerca da aproximação entre os investimentos em P&D/S no país e as necessidades sanitárias da população e, para o desenvolvimento do SUS.

奶水牛卵胞质内单精子注射(ICSI)胚胎体外发育潜能的研究

本试验以奶水牛为研究对象,探讨卵胞质内单精子注射(ICSI)操作液中添加不同浓度聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、细胞松弛素(CB)、透明质酸(HA)对早期胚胎发育的影响.旨在探寻一套适合奶水牛ICSI的操作程序,为高效生产奶水牛体外胚胎提供科学依据.结果表明:4%PVP组卵裂率高于6%PVP组和8%PVP组(65.8%vs59.5%、44.4%,P<0.05):4%PVP组囊胚率高于6%PVP组(21.0%vs16.2%,P<0.05)和8%PVP组(21.0%vs8.3%,P<0.01);添加CB组的卵裂率高于未加CB组(73.3%vs68.9%,P>0.05),添加CB组囊胚率高于未加CB组(22.2%vs20.0%,P<0.05);操作液中添加1.5mg/mL HA更有利于胚胎的发育.1.5mg/mL HA组和4%PVP组相比较,操作过程中润滑作用相似,HA组卵裂率略高于PVP组(71.0%vs65.8%,P<0.05);HA组囊胚数略高于PVP组(22.6%vs21.0%,P>0.05).

围绕主题的同步交互学习支持方法的研究及工具开发

现代信息技术的发展促使世界各国进行教育信息化的改革。用IT技术辅助教学，特别是网络教学成为信息化教育的主要应用之一，它在提高教学效率的同时，缓解了知识爆炸对教育所带来的冲击，可是目前的IT技术只是用于加固传统落后的教学模式，不能从根本上改变现代教育不适应知识经济发展的社会需求，需要思考能建立适应信息社会人才需要的教育模式。 多尔的后现代课程观批判了现代主义课程观的弊端，例如封闭性、简单性和累积性，重视课程系统的开发性，课程内容的丰富性，注重学习环境的关联性。而网络教学突破教学时空的局限，提供丰富的教育资源，优化自主学习，强化教学互动。因此将后现代课程观理念融入网络教学的教学模式，用网络教学来支持后现代课程教学理念的实现，能为解决现代教学存在的问题开辟新的道路。 本文抓住后现代课程观的核心概念之一交互，通过分析目前网络教学中交互支持工具的现状，提出了围绕主题的同步交互学习支持的方法和工具实现，将后现代课程观中的交互理念与围绕主题学习的思想相结合，利用即时通信和个性化知识的再组织辅助学习中的交互过程，使得整个交互过程与学习内容紧密结合，提高了学习的效率和质量，体现了后现代课程观对课程教学的指导意义。

围绕主题的同步交互学习支持方法的研究及工具实现

现代信息技术的发展促使世界各国进行教育信息化的改革。用IT技术辅助教学，特别是网络教学成为信息化教育的主要应用之一，它在提高教学效率的同时，缓解了知识爆炸对教育所带来的冲击，可是目前的IT技术只是用于加固传统落后的教学模式，不能从根本上改变现代教育不适应知识经济发展的社会需求，需要思考能建立适应信息社会人才需要的教育模式。 多尔的后现代课程观批判了现代主义课程观的弊端，例如封闭性、简单性和累积性，重视课程系统的开发性，课程内容的丰富性，注重学习环境的关联性。而网络教学突破教学时空的局限，提供丰富的教育资源，优化自主学习，强化教学互动。因此将后现代课程观理念融入网络教学的教学模式，用网络教学来支持后现代课程教学理念的实现，能为解决现代教学存在的问题开辟新的道路。 本文抓住后现代课程观的核心概念之一交互，通过分析目前网络教学中交互支持工具的现状，提出了围绕主题的同步交互学习支持的方法和工具实现，将后现代课程观中的交互理念与围绕主题学习的思想相结合，利用即时通信和个性化知识的再组织辅助学习中的交互过程，使得整个交互过程与学习内容紧密结合，提高了学习的效率和质量，体现了后现代课程观对课程教学的指导意义。

渤海海域河流相油藏精细描述技术及应用研究

Aiming at the character of Bohaii Sea area and the heterogeneity of fluvial facies reservoir, litho-geophysics experiments and integrated research of geophysical technologies are carried out. To deal with practical problems in oil fields of Bohai area, such as QHD32-6, Southern BZ25-1 and NP35-2 et al., technology of reservoir description based on seismic data and reservoir geophysical methods is built. In this dissertation, three points are emphasized: ①the integration of multidiscipline; ②the application of new methods and technologies; ③the integration of quiescent and dynamic data. At last, research of geology modeling and reservoir numerical simulation based on geophysical data are integrated. There are several innovative results and conclusion in this dissertation: (1)To deal with problems in shallow sea area where seismic data is the key data, a set of technologies for fine reservoir description based on seismic data in Bohai Sea area are built. All these technologies, including technologies of stratigraphic classification, sedimentary facies identification, structure fine characterization, reservoir description, fluid recognition and integration of geological modeling& reservoir numerical simulation, play an important role in the hydrocarbon exploration and development. In the research of lithology and hydrocarbon-bearing condition, petrophysical experiment is carried out. Outdoors inspection and experiment test data are integrated in seismic forward modeling& inversion research. Through the research, the seismic reflection rules of fluid in porosity are generated. Based on all the above research, seismic data is used to classify rock association, identify sedimentary facies belts and recognition hydrocarbon-bearing condition of reservoir. In this research, the geological meaning of geophysical information is more clear and the ambiguity of geophysical information is efficiently reduced, so the reliability in hydrocarbon forecasting is improved. The methods of multi-scales are developed in microfacies research aiming at the condition of shallow sea area in Bohai Sea: ① make the transformation from seismic information to sedimentary facies reality by discriminant analysis; ②in research of planar sedimentary facies, make microfacies research on seismic scale by technologies integration of seismic multi-attributes analysis& optimization, strata slicing and seismic waveform classification; ③descript the sedimentary facies distribution on scales below seismic resolution with the method of stochastic modeling. In the research of geological modeling and reservoir numerical simulation, the way of bilateral iteration between modeling and numerical simulation is carried out in the geological model correction. This process include several steps: ①make seismic forward modeling based on the reservoir numerical simulation results and geological models; ②get trend residual of forward modeling and real seismic data; ③make dynamic correction of the model according to the above trend residual. The modern integration technology of reservoir fine description research in Bohai Sea area, which is developed in this dissertation, is successfully used in (1)the reserve volume evaluation and development research in BZ25-1 oil field and (2)the tracing while drilling research in QHD32-6 oil field. These application researches show wide application potential in hydrocarbon exploration and development research in other oil fields.

Novas exigências aos trabalhadores do conhecimento agropecuário: contribuições à gestão de PD&I na Embrapa.

O atual contexto socioeconômico vem impondo às organizações a adoção de novos comportamentos que vão desde a promoção de modelos de gestão inovadores à implementação de processos de qualidade, passando pela ampliação de sua capacidade de criarem diferenciais competitivos. Nessa trajetória, o que as empresas constatam é que as pessoas são as únicas fontes geradoras de conhecimento e que, tanto elas, quanto o conhecimento que produzem, são os principais fatores de competitividade organizacional. Na Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), instituição pública de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação tecnológica (PD&I), essa realidade levou ao estabelecimento de modelos de organização do trabalho de pesquisa, que visam atender aos anseios e às demandas da sociedade. Observa-se que os modelos de organização do trabalho de pesquisa instituídos pela empresa, sobretudo os implementados a partir da década de 1990, têm exigido dos pesquisadores (trabalhadores do conhecimento) o uso e a aquisição ou desenvolvimento de novos conhecimentos e competências. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho, de caráter teórico e exploratório, analisa, sob o foco da Gestão do Conhecimento (GC) e do Planejamento Estratégico (PE), a trajetória percorrida pela Embrapa, desde a sua criação, para organizar o trabalho de pesquisa, procurando capturar a lógica adotada pela empresa e identificar as rupturas, as necessidades e as ações de reajustamento, que podem tornar mais favorecida a atividade de criação, o uso e a disseminação do conhecimento produzido pela empresa.