Las competencias parentales en la familia contemporánea : descripción, promoción y evaluación.

Monográfico con el título: El trabajo socioeducativo con familias. Resumen en inglés y catalán. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Programa-guía para el desarrollo de competencias emocionales, educativas y parentales.

Se trata de una guía que contiene algunas respuestas a las demandas educativas familiares y se ofrece como recurso para ser utilizado por los profesionales que trabajan en la intervención y orientación familiar, cuyo objetivo es facilitar que los padres y madres adquieran estrategias personales, emocionales y educativas para la construcción de una dinámica de convivencia familiar positiva.

Estilos relacionales parentales y ajuste adolescente.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Percepción de los estilos educativos parentales e inadaptación en menores pediátricos.

El artículo forma parte de una sección dedicada a Psicología Clínica y de la Salud

Actitudes lingüísticas parentales y desarrollo del lenguaje infantil.

Determinar las características del lenguaje de los padres hacia sus hijos y su incidencia en el propio desarrollo del lenguaje. 575 padres (ambos sexos) de la región de Murcia. El procedimiento utilizado ha sido la encuesta para la recogida de la información. Las variables independientes han sido el nivel de estudios y la categoría socio-profesional de los padres. Las variables dependientes han sido: características del lenguaje adulto dirigido al niño, expansiones sintácticas y semánticas del lenguaje adulto, del lenguaje del niño, vocabulario, tipos y cualidades del feedback, imitación del lenguaje, inicio del lenguaje, etc. Encuesta 'ad hoc' con preguntas de opción múltiple. La aplicación fue individual por personal previamente preparado. El análisis de datos fue el establecimiento de la asociación entre las variables independientes y las dependientes a través de la prueba 'Chi cuadrado'. Se llevó a cabo también una lectura directa de los resultados de la encuesta. Los resultados de esta investigación nos han permitido extraer un modelo de comportamiento lingüístico materno-paterno y según las diversas clases sociales que, si bien no es generalizable, nos permite hacer algunas reflexiones y saber cómo los padres hablan a sus hijos. Este trabajo nos ha permitido conocer la importancia que el lenguaje de los padres tiene para el desarrollo posterior de sus hijos, especialmente como preparación para las etapas futuras de escolarización.

Angustia infantil : determinantes parentales desde el punto de vista psicodinámico.

Un análisis del desarrollo normal de un niño y la aparición de la angustia en distintas etapas de la vida de éste. La angustia en niño se puede manifestar en distintas formas y en distintas etapas de la evolución y puede ser superada, sin mayores consecuencias, mediante el amor y los cuidados adecuados de los padres. Pero si las necesidades básicas del niño no son satisfechas, o el infante es objeto de influencias nocivas por parte de la actitud que los padres adopten, se darán perturbaciones que también serán reseñadas y su desarrollo no será bueno. En consecuncia el niño no superará la etapa en que se den estos conflictos, le provocarán una angustia patológica que no será vencida y le dificultará el paso a la fase posterior, la cuál tampoco será desarrollada con normalidad, y esta secuela arrastrará al sujeto durante toda la vida. En los casos graves será el origen de las neurosis angustiosas posteriores.

Educaci??n parental y competencias parentales para prevenir el abandono escolar temprano

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Mothers' attributions following their child's diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder: exploring links with maternal levels of stress, depression and expectations about their child's future

Although the impact of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) on the family is well recognized, the way mothers attempt to make sense of the diagnosis is largely unexplored. However, in other disabilities, attributions have been shown to predict a variety of outcomes including maternal wellbeing and engagement in treatment. Using Weiner's (198S) three-dimensional model, 16 mothers were interviewed to examine the nature and impact of their beliefs about their child's ASD using semi-structured interviews and measures of depression, parenting stress and expectations for their child's future. The findings suggested that mothers made a diverse and complex range of attributions that were consistent with Weiner's dimensions of locus of cause, stability and controllability. The nature of their attributions reflected particular difficulties associated with ASDs, such as uncertainties regarding cause and prognosis. Taking account of mothers' search for meaning will better enable professionals to support families following diagnosis.

An experimental investigation of peer influences on hostile attributions in adolescents

Aggression in young people has been associated with a bias towards attributing hostile intent to others; however, little is known about the origin of biased social information processing. The current study explored the potential role of peer contagion in the emergence of hostile attribution in adolescents. 134 adolescents were assigned to one of two manipulated ‘chat-room’ conditions, where they believed they were communicating with online peers (e-confederates) who endorsed either hostile or benign intent attributions. Adolescents showed increased hostile attributions following exposure to hostile e-confederates and reduced hostility in the benign condition. Further analyses demonstrated that social anxiety was associated with a reduced tendency to take on hostile peer attitudes. Neither gender nor levels of aggression influenced individual susceptibility to peer influence, but aggressive adolescents reported greater affinity with hostile e-confederates.

A longitudinal investigation of maternal influences on the development of child hostile attributions and aggression

Aggression in children is associated with an enhanced tendency to attribute hostile intentions to others. However, limited information is available regarding the factors that contribute to the development of such hostile attribution tendencies. We examined factors that contribute to individual differences in child hostile attributions and aggression, focusing on potential pathways from maternal hostile attributions via negative parenting behavior. We conducted a longitudinal study of 98 mothers and children (47 male, 51 female), recruited from groups experiencing high and low levels of psychosocial adversity. Maternal hostile attributions, observed parenting, and child behaviour were assessed at 18 months and 5 years child age, and child hostile attributions were also examined at 5 years. Independent assessments of maternal and child processes were utilized where possible. Analyses provided support for a direct influence of maternal hostile attributions on the development of child hostile attributions and aggressive behaviour. Maternal hostile attributions were also associated with negative parenting behaviour, which in turn influenced child adjustment. Even taking account of possible parenting influences and preexisting child difficulties, hostile attributions in the mother showed a direct link with child aggression at 5 years. Maternal hostile attributions were themselves related to psychosocial adversity. We conclude that maternal hostile attributions are prevalent in high-risk samples and are related to less optimal parenting behaviour, child hostile attributions, and child aggression. Targeting hostile maternal cognitions may be a useful adjunct to parenting programs

HR attributions and the dual commitment of outsourced IT workers

Purpose – Outsourced information technology (IT) workers establish two different employment relationships: one with the outsourcing company that hires them and another with the client organization where they work daily. The attitudes that an employee has towards both organisations may be influenced by the interpretations or attributions that employees make about the reasons behind the human resource (HR) management practices implemented by the outsourcing company. This paper aims to propose that commitment‐focused HR attributions are positively and control‐focused HR attributions are negatively related to the affective commitment to the client organization, through the affective commitment to the outsourcing company. Design/methodology/approach – These hypotheses were tested with a sample of 158 highly skilled outsourced employees from the IT sector. Data were analyzed with structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings – The paper's hypotheses were supported. It can conclude that, if an employee interprets the HR practices as part of a commitment‐focused strategy of the outsourcing company, it has clear attitudinal benefits. The study found that the relationship between HR attributions and the commitment to the client organization is mediated by the commitment to the outsourcing company. Practical implications – These findings hint at the critical role of outsourcing companies in managing the careers of these highly marketable employees. Originality/value – This paper is the first to apply the concept of HR attributions to contingent employment literature in general and to outsourced IT workers in particular.

Care staff attributions toward self-injurious behaviour exhibited by adults with intellectual disabilities

Challenging behaviours may elicit negative emotional reactions and increase stress within care staff. The Leeds Attributional Coding System (LACS) was used to elicit spontaneous causal attributions of staff toward hypothetical clients with challenging behaviours. It was hypothesized that there would be relationships (1) between staff exposure to challenging behaviours and burnout, and (2) between staff cognitions and burnout. Using a cross-sectional correlational design, 41 care staff took part in a 10 minute interview about two vignettes depicting self-injurious behaviour. Staff also completed measures of demographic information and burnout. Participants made attributions toward self-injurious behaviour that were typically internal to the client, uncontrollable, unstable and specific.There was a significant association between number of clients cared for and emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. Staff who made fewer stable attributions had higher levels of burnout. There were no other relationships found between staff cognition and burnout. The LACS can be successfully employed in this context, and may have some benefits over other methods. Future research is required to explore the relationship between cognition and burnout.

Cuidado infantil y licencias parentales

En este número se plantean avances y limitaciones en licencias parentales y maternales para el cuidado y se enfatizan las deudas pendientes. Las múltiples necesidades del cuidado en la primera infancia han tenido escasa traducción legal y práctica, y persisten desigualdades de origen. Para enfrentarlas se requiere de políticas que universalicen, más allá del empleo formal, el derecho de niños y niñas a recibir cuidados, además de un examen profundo de los modelos imperantes de provisión de cuidado infantil desde el nacimiento.

Avanzando hacia la corresponsabilidad en los cuidados: análisis de las licencias parentales en el Uruguay

El objetivo del presente documento es presentar y analizar los primeros resultados respecto al uso que hace la población uruguaya de los subsidios establecidos en la nueva Ley de licencia por maternidad, paternidad y medio horario parental a partir de los datos proporcionados por el Banco de Previsión Social de Uruguay (BPS).