Electromyographic preactivation pattern of the gluteus medius during weight-bearing functional tasks in women with and without anterior knee pain

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação dos efeitos do treinamento no período preparatório em atletas profissionais de futebol

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento no período preparatório em atletas profissionais de futebol. Participam 17 atletas, com idade acima de 18 anos que disputaram a terceira divisão do campeonato paulista, em 2009. O programa de treinamento predominante foi o tipo neuromuscular e por meio dos testes de sentar e alcançar, salto sêxtuplo, salto vertical e velocidade de deslocamento em 30m os atletas foram avaliados antes do início do programa de treinamento (M1) e após sete semanas (M2). Os dados coletados foram armazenados em banco computacional, produzindo-se informações no plano descritivo (medidas de centralidade e dispersão) e, no inferencial, Teste t de Student e Anova One-way. Os principais resultados apontam para melhora da flexibilidade, força explosiva e rápida, e sensível diminuição na velocidade de deslocamento em 30 metros.

Relação da potência aeróbica máxima e da força muscular com a economia de corrida em atletas de endurance

The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of maximal aerobic power and the muscular strength (maximal isotonic strength and vertical jump explosive power) with the running economy (RE) in endurance athletes. Twenty-six male runners (27.9 ± 6.4 years; 62.7 ± 4.3 kg; 168.6 ± 6.1 cm; 6.6 ± 3.1% of body fat) performed in different days the following tests: a) incremental test to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and the intensity corresponding to the V̇O2max (IV̇O2max); b) constant-velocity treadmill run to determine RE; c) 1-RM test in the leg press and; d) maximal vertical jump test (VJ). V̇O2max (63.8 ± 8.3 ml/kg/min) was significantly correlated (r = 0.63; p < 0.05) with RE (48.0 ± 6.6 ml/kg/min). However, the IV̇O2max (18.7 ± 1.1 km/h), the maximal isotonic strength (230.3 ± 41.2 kg) and the VJ (30.8 ± 3.8 cm) were not significantly correlated with RE. One concludes that the maximal aerobic power can explain in part the inter-individual RE variability in endurance athletes. However, maximal isotonic strength and explosive strength seem not to be associated with RE values observed in this group of athletes.

Efeito da duração do intervalo em saltos verticais: relações entre trabalho realizado e duração até a exaustão

Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC

Estudo do desempenho no salto de duas espécies de Scinax de Botucatu (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização de lesões desportivas no basquetebol

INTRODUCTION: Basketball is characterized with high injury rate. In the literature it's not defined whether or not there are differences between the sexes. OBJECTIVE: Characterize and analyze the incidence of athletic injuries in basketball players, comparing the sexes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen under-23 category athletes of each sex were interviewed with the reported morbidity inquire. RESULTS: The age of the female and male teams, in average, was 18 ± 0.65 and 18.20 ± 1.57 years respectively. The male team had more injuries than the female one (respectively 2.6 ± 1.45 against 1.2 ± 1.18, p < 0.05). The joint damage was the most common injury in the male team, representing 58.97%, and the second most common in the female team (33.33%). The lower limbs were the most common injured sites (80.95% in the female and 69.23% in the male). The most frequent injury mechanism in the male team was the landing (43.59%), and in the female was the vertical jump (28.57%). In both teams the most injuries occurred during the training (61.9% in the female and 71.8% in the male). The absence was necessary in 47.62% (female) and 56.41% (male). Great part of the athletes didn't received any treatment (61.9% and 51.28% in the female and male team respectively). The return to the activities was mostly symptomatic, in both female and male team (85.71% and 84.62% respectively). CONCLUSION: The incidence of injuries in basketball is higher in the lower limbs. The male team is more likely to suffer injuries, and the main injury mechanisms were different between male and female team.

Adiposity and age explain most of the association between physical activity and fitness in physically active men

[EN] BACKGROUND: To determine if there is an association between physical activity assessed by the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: One hundred and eighty-two young males (age range: 20-55 years) completed the short form of the IPAQ to assess physical activity. Body composition (dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry), muscular fitness (static and dynamic muscle force and power, vertical jump height, running speed [30 m sprint], anaerobic capacity [300 m running test]) and cardiorespiratory fitness (estimated VO(2)max: 20 m shuttle run test) were also determined in all subjects. Activity-related energy expenditure of moderate and vigorous intensity (EEPA(moderate) and EEPA(vigorous), respectively) was inversely associated with indices of adiposity (r = -0.21 to -0.37, P<0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO(2)max) was positively associated with LogEEPA(moderate) (r = 0.26, P<0.05) and LogEEPA(vigorous) (r = 0.27). However, no association between VO(2)max with LogEEPA(moderate), LogEPPA(vigorous) and LogEEPA(total) was observed after adjusting for the percentage of body fat. Multiple stepwise regression analysis to predict VO(2)max from LogEEPA(walking), LogEEPA(moderate), LogEEPA(vigorous), LogEEPA(total), age and percentage of body fat (%fat) showed that the %fat alone explained 62% of the variance in VO(2)max and that the age added another 10%, while the other variables did not add predictive value to the model [VO(2)max = 129.6-(25.1x Log %fat) - (34.0x Log age); SEE: 4.3 ml.kg(-1). min(-1); R(2) = 0.72 (P<0.05)]. No positive association between muscular fitness-related variables and physical activity was observed, even after adjusting for body fat or body fat and age. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Adiposity and age are the strongest predictors of VO(2)max in healthy men. The energy expended in moderate and vigorous physical activities is inversely associated with adiposity. Muscular fitness does not appear to be associated with physical activity as assessed by the IPAQ.

Basistests Suisse Sport Test Konzept: Validierung einer sportmotorischen Basistestbatterie für den Schul- und Nachwuchssport

Physical fitness can be evaluated in competitive and school sports with different field tests under different conditions and goals. To produce valid results, a field test must be practical and reach high standards of test criteria (objectivity, reliability, validity). The purpose of this study was to investigate the test criteria and the practicability of a group of field tests called «SUISSE Sport Test Konzept Basis Feldtestbatterie». For 20-m sprint, ventral trunk muscle test, standing long jump, 2-kg medicine ball shot, obstacle course and cooper-test, test quality and practicability were evaluated. 221 children and adolescents from competitive sports and different school levels took part in the study. According to school level, they were divided into 3 groups (P: 7–11.5 y, S1: 11.6–15.5 y, S2: 15.6–21.8 y). Objectivity was tested for time or distance measurement in all tests as well as for error rating in obstacle test. For reliability measurement, 162 subjects performed the field tests twice within a few weeks. For validity results of standing long jump were compared with counter movement jump performance on a force plate. Correlation analysis was performed and level of significance was set for p < 0.05. For accuracy standard error was calculated. All tests achieved sufficient to excellent objectiv - ity with correlation-coefficient (r) lying between 0.85 and 0.99. Reliability was very good (r = 0.84–0.97). In cooper- and trunk test, reliability was higher for athletes than for pupils (trunk test: r = 0.95 vs. r = 0.62, cooper-test: r = 0.90 vs. r = 0.78). In those tests the reliability decreases with increasing age (cooper-test: P: r = 0.84, S1: r = 0.69, S2: r = 0.52; trunk-test: P: r = 0.69, S1: r = 0.71; S2: r = 0.39). Validity for standing long jump was good (r = 0.75–0.86). The standard error of the mean was between 4–8%, with the exception for cooper-test (athletes: 6%, pupils: 11%) and trunk test (athletes: 14%, pupils: 46%). The results show that the evaluated group of field tests is a practicable, objective and reliable tool to determine physical skills in young athletes as well as in a scholar setting over a broad age range. Most of the tests achieved the test criteria with the grades good to excellent. The lower coefficient of reliability for cooper- and trunk test by the pupils could be explained by motivational problems in this setting. For up to 20 subjects, a tester can accomplish the tests within 3 h. Finally, age-dependent grades were elaborated

Efectos de un programa de flexibilidad en el desarrollo de la fuerza muscular en jugadoras de fútbol femenil

Se analizó el impacto de un programa de entrenamiento de flexibilidad sobre el desarrollo de la fuerza muscular en 16 jugadores de futbol con edad de 19.032.7 años. Se entrenó durante 30 días y 5 veces por semanas, donde el grupo "A" realizó entrenamiento de flexibilidad, mientras que "B" el entrenamiento regular. Se midió la flexibilidad, 1RM, salto vertical, peso, talla, circunferencia de pantorrilla y muslo. Los resultados muestran valores para A y B respectivamente, donde el IGF fue de 91.01 18.3 y 111.93 23.5; 78.22 29, y 79.03 29.1. La circunferencia femoral, 48.04 3.6 cms y 49.54 3.4 cms.; 47.56 4.9 y 47.89 5.2. Circunferencia de pantorrilla, 33.83 2.7 cm y 35.21 2.4 cm; 33.83 2 y 33.73 2.8. Fuerza 48.13 7.8 Kg. y 53.38 8.2 Kg.; 52.63 8.6 Kg. y 53.39 9.1 Kg. Potencia anaeróbica, 34.13 2.9 cm. y 36.63 1.7 cm; 38.25 4.7 y 37.06 3.4. Como conclusión se tiene que el uso la flexibilidad impacta de forma positiva en el IGF y por tanto en el desarrollo favorable muscular de jugadoras de fútbol.

Efectos de un programa de flexibilidad en el desarrollo de la fuerza muscular en jugadoras de fútbol femenil

Se analizó el impacto de un programa de entrenamiento de flexibilidad sobre el desarrollo de la fuerza muscular en 16 jugadores de futbol con edad de 19.032.7 años. Se entrenó durante 30 días y 5 veces por semanas, donde el grupo "A" realizó entrenamiento de flexibilidad, mientras que "B" el entrenamiento regular. Se midió la flexibilidad, 1RM, salto vertical, peso, talla, circunferencia de pantorrilla y muslo. Los resultados muestran valores para A y B respectivamente, donde el IGF fue de 91.01 18.3 y 111.93 23.5; 78.22 29, y 79.03 29.1. La circunferencia femoral, 48.04 3.6 cms y 49.54 3.4 cms.; 47.56 4.9 y 47.89 5.2. Circunferencia de pantorrilla, 33.83 2.7 cm y 35.21 2.4 cm; 33.83 2 y 33.73 2.8. Fuerza 48.13 7.8 Kg. y 53.38 8.2 Kg.; 52.63 8.6 Kg. y 53.39 9.1 Kg. Potencia anaeróbica, 34.13 2.9 cm. y 36.63 1.7 cm; 38.25 4.7 y 37.06 3.4. Como conclusión se tiene que el uso la flexibilidad impacta de forma positiva en el IGF y por tanto en el desarrollo favorable muscular de jugadoras de fútbol.

Efectos de un programa de flexibilidad en el desarrollo de la fuerza muscular en jugadoras de fútbol femenil

Se analizó el impacto de un programa de entrenamiento de flexibilidad sobre el desarrollo de la fuerza muscular en 16 jugadores de futbol con edad de 19.032.7 años. Se entrenó durante 30 días y 5 veces por semanas, donde el grupo "A" realizó entrenamiento de flexibilidad, mientras que "B" el entrenamiento regular. Se midió la flexibilidad, 1RM, salto vertical, peso, talla, circunferencia de pantorrilla y muslo. Los resultados muestran valores para A y B respectivamente, donde el IGF fue de 91.01 18.3 y 111.93 23.5; 78.22 29, y 79.03 29.1. La circunferencia femoral, 48.04 3.6 cms y 49.54 3.4 cms.; 47.56 4.9 y 47.89 5.2. Circunferencia de pantorrilla, 33.83 2.7 cm y 35.21 2.4 cm; 33.83 2 y 33.73 2.8. Fuerza 48.13 7.8 Kg. y 53.38 8.2 Kg.; 52.63 8.6 Kg. y 53.39 9.1 Kg. Potencia anaeróbica, 34.13 2.9 cm. y 36.63 1.7 cm; 38.25 4.7 y 37.06 3.4. Como conclusión se tiene que el uso la flexibilidad impacta de forma positiva en el IGF y por tanto en el desarrollo favorable muscular de jugadoras de fútbol.

Análisis de la estructura del juego y parámetros morfológicos y fisiológicos en bádminton

En este trabajo se ha realizado un análisis de la estructura del juego y de los parámetros morfológicos y fisiológicos en jugadores de bádminton. Para ello se han realizado 4 estudios aplicados. Objetivo: Los objetivos del trabajo han sido: (1) comprobar si existen diferencias entre el lado dominante y no dominante de las medidas antropométricas en jugadores de bádminton de máximo nivel nacional, así como verificar si el lado del cuerpo donde se realiza la medición puede influir en el cálculo de la composición corporal y del somatotipo. (2) Comparar la estuctura temporal y notacional en partidos de individual masculino entre los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín y de Londres para observar como ha evolucionado el bádminton de 2008 a 2012. (3) Medir la ocurrencia de daño muscular después de un partido simulado de bádminton y su influencia en parámetros físicos y hematológicos. (4) Investigar la efectividad de una bebida energética que contiene cafeína para mejorar el rendimiento físico y el rendimiento en un partido en jugadores de élite de bádminton. Metodología: Para caracterizar el bádminton participaron en esta tesis un total de 78 jugadores de bádminton de élite (63 hombres y 15 mujeres), distribuidos en tres estudios y se analizaron 40 sets de bádminton de individual masculino usando los videos oficiales de los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008 y Londres 2012. En el primer estudio se tomaron medidas de pliegues cutáneos, diámetros, longitudes y perímetros del lado dominante y no dominante de los jugadores. Se calculó la composición corporal y el somatotipo. En el segundo estudio se analizaron los factores temporales y los factores notacionales de los partidos. En el tercer estudio se midieron la fuerza máxima isométrica, la velocidad en test específicos de bádminton y se tomaron muestras de sangre antes y después de jugar un partido de bádminton de 45 minutos. En el cuarto estudio se realizó un experimento a doble ciego, aleatorizado y controlado con placebo, los jugadores ingirieron 3 mg de cafeína por kilógramo de masa corporal en forma de bebida energética, o la misma bebida sin cafeína (placebo). En este estudio se registraron diferente tests específicos de bádminton (tests de salto, fuerza máxima y test de agilidad) y se jugó un partido simulado de 45 minutos. Resultados y discusión: (1) El porcentaje óseo fue mayor calculado a partir de las mediciones del lado dominante (dominante = 16.37 ± 1.14 %, no dominante = 15.66 ± 1.12 %; P < 0.001), mientras que el porcentaje muscular fue mayor calculado a partir de las mediciones del lado no dominante (dominante = 49.39 ± 2.60 %, no dominante = 50.18 ± 2.69%; P < 0.001). (2) La duración del set (Pekín: 1124.6 ± 229.9 s vs Londres: 1260.3 ± 267.1 s.; P < 0.05), el tiempo real de juego (Pekín: 306.9 ± 45.7 s vs Londres: 354.7 ± 86.5 s; P < 0.05), tiempo de rally, golpeos por rally, tiempo de descanso en el punto 11, tiempo de descanso entre sets y golpeos por rally fueron significativamente mayores en Londres que en Pekín. (3) El partido simulado de bádminton no afectó a la fuerza isométrica máxima (Pre: 1263.6 ± 245.5, Post: 1290.8 ± 240.4 N) o a la velocidad específica de bádminton (Pre: 21.0 ± 1.7, Post: 20.9 ± 1.8 s), sin embargo las concentraciones de mioglobina y de creatina quinasa en sangre aumentaron de 26.5 ± 11.6 a 197.3 ± 70.2 μg • L-1 y de 258.6 ± 192.2 a 466.0 ± 296.5 U • L-1, respectivamente después del partido de bádminton. (4) En comparación con la bebida placebo, la ingesta de la bebida energética con cafeína incrementó la altura del SJ (34.5±4.7 vs. 36.4±4.3 cm; P < 0.05) y del CMJ (37.7 ± 4.5 vs. 39.5 ± 5.1 cm; P < 0.05) y aumentó el número de aceleraciones totales durante el partido (7395 ± 1594 vs. 7707 ± 2033 aceleraciones; P < 0.05). Conclusiones: (1) Existen asimetrías corporales en los jugadores de bádminton de alto nivel, al encontrarse diferencias en los diámetros óseos y en los perímetros entre el lado dominante y no dominante. Al calcular la composición corporal con el lado dominante de los jugadores de bádminton se está sobreestimando el porcentaje óseo e infraestimando el porcentaje muscular. (2) El bádminton está evolucionando hacía rallies más largos con intervalos de descanso mayores, lo que resulta en partidos más largos. (3) El partido de bádminton generó daño muscular, sin embargo, el nivel de daño muscular alcanzado después de un partido de bádminton no produjo una disminución del rendimiento muscular. (4) El uso de una bebida energética con cafeína puede ser una ayuda nutricional eficaz para aumentar el rendimiento en el salto y patrones de actividad durante el juego en jugadores de élite de bádminton. ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the structure of the game and the morphological and physiological parameters in badminton players, investigated in four applied studies. Purpose: The purposes of the study were: (1) To check if there are differences between the dominant and non-dominant side in the anthropometric measures of badminton players at the highest national level and verify if the side of the body where the measurements are performed can influence the calculation of the body composition and the somatotype. (2) To compare the temporal and notational structure in men’s singles matches between the Olympic Games in Beijing and London to observe the evolution of badminton between 2008 and 2012. (3) To asses the occurrence of muscle damage after a simulated badminton match and its influence on physical and haematological parameters. (4) To determine the effectiveness of a commercially available energy drink that contains caffeine to improve match performance in elite badminton players. Methods: A total of 78 elite badminton players (63 men and 15 women) participated in this thesis to characterize the sport of badminton distributed in three studies and 40 sets of men’s singles badminton analyzed using the official videos of the Olympic Games of Beijing 2008 and London 2012. In the first study skinfolds, diameters, lengths and perimeters of the dominant and non-dominant side of the players were measured and body composition and somatotype were calculated. In the second study the temporal and notational factors were analyzed. In the third study maximal isometric force and speed in badminton specific tests were measured and blood samples were taken before and after a badminton match of 45 minutes. In the fourth study, a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled experiment, players ingested 3 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass in the form of an energy drink or an identical drink with no caffeine content (placebo). In this study different badminton specific tests (jump tests, handgrip force test and an agility test) were recorded and a simulated badminton match of 45 minutes was played. Results and discussion: (1) The percentage of bone was higher when calculated from measurements of the dominant body side (dominant = 16.37 ± 1.14 %, nondominant = 15.66 ± 1.12 %; P < 0.001), while the muscle percentage was higher when calculated from measurements of the non-dominant side (dominant = 49.39 ± 2.60 %, non-dominant = 50.18 ± 2.69%; P < 0.001). (2) Set duration (Beijing: 1124.6 ± 229.9 s vs. London: 1260.3 ± 267.1 s.; P < 0.05), real time played (Beijing: 306.9 ± 45.7 s vs. London: 354.7 ± 86.5 s; P < 0.05), rally time, shots per rally, rest time at point 11, rest time between sets and shots per rally were significantly higher in London than in Beijing. (3) A simulated badminton match did not affect maximal isometric force (Pre: 1263.6 ± 245.5, Post: 1290.8 ± 240.4 N) or specific badminton speed (Pre: 21.0 ± 1.7, Post: 20.9 ± 1.8 s), however, concentrations of myoglobin and creatine kinase in blood increased from 26.5 ± 11.6 to 197.3 ± 70.2 μg • L-1 and from 258.6 ± 192.2 to 466.0 ± 296.5 U • L-1, respectively after the badminton match. (4) In comparison to the placebo drink, the caffeinated beverage increased height in the SJ (34.5±4.7 vs. 36.4±4.3 cm; P < 0.05) and in the CMJ (37.7 ± 4.5 vs. 39.5 ± 5.1 cm; P < 0.05) and increased the number of total accelerations during the match (7395 ± 1594 vs. 7707 ± 2033 accelerations; P < 0.05). Conclusions: (1) Body asymmetries were found in high level badminton players, due to the differences found in bone diameters and perimeters between the dominant and non-dominant body side. When calculating body composition with the dominant side of the badminton players we are overestimating bone percentage and underestimating muscle percentage. (2) Badminton is evolving towards longer rallies with greater rest intervals, resulting in longer matches. (3) The badminton match generated muscle damage, however, the level of muscle damage reached after a badminton match did not produce a decrease in muscle performance. (4) The ingestion of an energy drink containing caffeine might be an effective ergogenic nutritional supplement to increase jump performance and activity patterns during the game in elite badminton players.

Spatial coherence does not affect contrast discrimination for multiple Gabor stimuli

Gestalt grouping rules imply a process or mechanism for grouping together local features of an object into a perceptual whole. Several psychophysical experiments have been interpreted as evidence for constrained interactions between nearby spatial filter elements and this has led to the hypothesis that element linking might be mediated by these interactions. A common tacit assumption is that these interactions result in response modulation which disturbs a local contrast code. We addressed this possibility by performing contrast discrimination experiments using two-dimensional arrays of multiple Gabor patches arranged either (i) vertically, (ii) in circles (coherent conditions), or (iii) randomly (incoherent condition), as well as for a single Gabor patch. In each condition, contrast increments were applied to either the entire test stimulus (experiment 1) or a single patch whose position was cued (experiment 2). In experiment 3, the texture stimuli were reduced to a single contour by displaying only the central vertical strip. Performance was better for the multiple-patch conditions than for the single-patch condition, but whether the multiple-patch stimulus was coherent or not had no systematic effect on the results in any of the experiments. We conclude that constrained local interactions do not interfere with a local contrast code for our suprathreshold stimuli, suggesting that, in general, this is not the way in which element linking is achieved. The possibility that interactions are involved in enhancing the detectability of contour elements at threshold remains unchallenged by our experiments.

Associações entre a potência muscular dos membros inferiores e a saúde óssea avaliada através de ultrassonografia quantitativa

Objetivo: Analisar as associações entre a potência muscular dos membros inferiores e a saúde óssea avaliada através de ultrassonografia quantitativa. Métodos: A amostra incluiu 63 crianças de 9 anos de idade. A velocidade de som (VS) do rádio e da tíbia foi avaliada através de ultrassonografia quantitativa, a potência de salto foi estimada a partir de um salto vertical com contramovimento e a maturidade somática foi determinada a partir da estimação do pico de velocidade em altura. O estado geral de saúde e o historial de fraturas foram avaliados através de questionário. As associações entre medidas dos parâmetros ósseos e a potência de salto foram analisadas através de correlações bivariadas, com as variáveis expressas em valores absolutos e relativos (estandardizados). Resultados: Foram observadas associações positivas entre a maturidade somática e a potência de salto expressa tanto em valores absolutos como relativos (p <0,05). A maturidade somática correlacionou-se ainda positivamente com a VS da tíbia nas raparigas (r=0,358, p=0,045), enquanto nos rapazes se verificou uma associação negativa, embora não significativa (r=-0,290, p=0,126). Observou-se uma associação ou propensão para associação negativa entre a VS da tíbia e a potência de salto nos rapazes (r=-0,490, p=0,007) e nas raparigas (r=-0,344, p=0,054). Conclusão: A potência de salto não parece constituir um bom marcador da saúde óssea de rapazes e raparigas de 9 anos de idade quando avaliada através de ultrassom.

Manipulation of rest period length induces different causes of fatigue in vertical jumping

The aim of this study was to directly compare the causes of fatigue after a short- and a long-rest interval between consecutive stretch-shortening cycle exercises. Eleven healthy males jumped with different resting period lengths (short = 6.1 +/- 1 s, long = 8.6 +/- 0.9 s), performing countermovement jumps at 95% of their maximal jump height until they were unable to sustain the target height. After short- and long-rest, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction knee extension torque decreased (-7%; p = 0.04), comparing to values obtained before exercise protocols. No change was seen from pre- to post-exercise, for either short- or long-rest, in biceps femoris coactivation (-1%; p = 0.95), peak-to-peak amplitude (1%; p = 0.95) and duration (-8%; p = 0.92) of the compound muscle action potential of the vastus lateralis. Evoked peak twitch torque reduced after both exercise protocols (short = -26%, long = -32%; p = 0.003) indicating peripheral fatigue. However, central fatigue occurred only after short-rest evidenced by a reduction in voluntary activation of the quadriceps muscle (-14%; p = 0.013) measured using the interpolated twitch technique. In conclusion, after Stretch-shortening cycle exercise using short rest period length, the cause of fatigue was central and peripheral, while after using long rest period length, the cause of fatigue was peripheral.