Fluência e compreensão da leitura em escolares do 3º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A concepção de linguagem de professoras alfabetizadoras e sua influência no ensino do ato de ler

This article aims to analyze literacy teachers’ conception of language from the classroom scenes that demonstrate the teaching of the act of reading. For the realization of the objective was carried out research in education like ethnography with two teachers in the 2nd year of elementary school a school of the Municipal located in the city of Sao Luis in Maranhão State, whose main instrument for data generation was participant observation. Also, I was guided by microgenetic analysis in order to focus our gaze to the particular aspect of the situation with attention to the “clues” to extract meaningful data. Authors such as Mikhail Bakhtin (1995, 2003) and scholars in the fi eld of reading, Josette Jolibert (1994), Elie Bajard (2007), among others, were considered core to grasp the meaning assigned by the subjects to teaching the act of reading. The fi ndings reveal that the design language of the teacher infl uences the direction of your practice, determining how to teach reading.

A leitura na perspectiva de Bakhtin e suas possibilidades na formação do leitor: na educação infantil e no primeiro ano do ensino fundamental

Overall, in Brazilian schools, the concept of reading does not take into account its possibilities and its meaning for life. But read is assigning meaning to something , make sense, interact with the text read. Thus, the present study addresses the mechanical reading, that without contextualization, performed on a technique by joining letters and syllables loose and also reading social use, consisting of statements, dialogism , polyphony and heteroglossy. It is known that the mechanical reading brings undesirable consequences, including learning problems, such as lack of attention, concentration, memory, imagination. When the reading is taught in a systematic way, with only the goal of the code decoding of written language, destroys social perspectives and intellectual development. It is common, when you offer the children a book, there the difficult disinterest of textual interpretation, because there is no attribute meaning to the content, and even the ability to interact with the text. With the interest in studying the dialogic reading this and the statements and genres, the present study was based on several authors: Bakhtin (1988, 2000), Schneuwly and Dolz (2000), Faraco (2009) and Ponzio (2009) Jolibert (1994), Bajard (2002; 2007) Foucambert (1997) Martins ( 1985) and Smith ( 1999). Aim for this study the following research question: what are the contributions of Mikhail Bakhtin's theory to the teaching of reading from kindergarten through the first grade of elementary school? Our hypothesis is that if they are guaranteed to pre -school and elementary school beginners diversified materials and new approaches in teaching reading and encouragement to her, will be developed in children a taste for the act of reading, so that they can assign meaning and significance, making reading part of their lives...

O Punk não é só para o seu Namorado: esfera pública alternativa, processos de identificação e testemunho na cena musical Riot Grrrl

The Riot Grrrl movement started in mid-90s and it consists of girls who use rock as a tool of feminist political struggle. Besides using music as a central element of political identity, this movement is also characterized by the formation of an alternative public sphere (formed by fanzines, blogs and e-zines) that functions both as a way to spread their music and as identification trigger mechanism in relation to their political causes. The aim of this article is to study the instruments that these feminists bands - that deviate from the traditional feminist political movements - use to create identification with their audience, especially from an empirical research of e-zines published by these bands and from the communicative action of their leaders in social networks. It is possible to note that, despite other identification mechanisms, testimonies works as a socialization link which marks the alternative public sphere composed by publications made by Riot Grrrls. The testimony serves as a powerful arranger of collective identities, since it is presupposed in the recognition of a world in common, allocating identity as performative action.

Comportamentos de crianças do espectro do autismo com seus pares no contexto de educação musical

O Transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) é marcado por prejuízos nas áreas de interação social, comunicação, comportamento e processamento sensorial. Aspectos relacionados a prejuízos no repertório de interação social, bem como estratégias para torná-la mais adequada têm sido amplamente estudados. Dentre estas estratégias, as que utilizam música têm recebido atenção. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar os benefícios da educação musical ao desenvolvimento da interação social de crianças com seus pares, focando-se na qualidade e na frequência da apresentação de tais comportamentos. Participaram duas crianças com TEA, com idades de cinco e seis anos, em aulas de percussão em grupo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Ficha de dados sociodemográficos e de desenvolvimento, para traçar os perfis dos participantes; e o Protocolo de observação de comportamentos de crianças com TEA com seus pares, para a análise comportamental, durante oito aulas/percussão (240 minutos). Os resultados sugerem que ambos apresentaram tendência ao aumento de iniciativas e respostas espontâneas e à diminuição de comportamentos não funcionais. Verificou-se a ocorrência do uso de estereotipias para tentativas de/e interações, embora esporadicamente. Destacaram-se os papéis do contexto, dos perfis das crianças, e do manejo comportamental por adultos, na promoção de interações.

The performativity of nonviolent protest in South Asia (1918 - 1948)

This study seeks to address a gap in the study of nonviolent action. The gap relates to the question of how nonviolence is performed, as opposed to the meaning or impact of nonviolent politics. The dissertation approaches the history of nonviolent protest in South Asia through the lens of performance studies. Such a shift allows for concepts such as performativity and theatricality to be tested in terms of their applicability and relevance to contemporary political and philosophical questions. It also allows for a different perspective on the historiography of nonviolent protest. Using concepts, modes of analysis and tropes of thinking from the emerging field of performance studies, the dissertation analyses two different cases of nonviolent protest, asking how politics is performatively constituted. The first two sections of this study set out the parameters of the key terms of the dissertation: nonviolence and performativity, by tracing their genealogies and legacies as terms. These histories are then located as an intersection in the founding of the nonviolent. The case studies at the analytical core of the dissertation are: fasting as a method in Gandhi's political arsenal, and the army of nonviolent soldiers in the North-West Frontier Province, known as the Khudai Khidmatgar. The study begins with an overview of current theorisations of nonviolence. The approach to the subject is through an investigation of commonly held misconceptions about nonviolent action, such as its supposed passivity, the absence of violence, its ineffectiveness and its spiritual basis. This section addresses the lacunae within existing theories of nonviolence and points to possible fertile spaces for further exploration. Section 3 offers an overview of the different shades of the concept of performativity, asking how it is used in various contexts and how these different nuances can be viewed in relation to each other. The dissertation explores how a theory of performativity may be correlated to the theorisation of nonviolence. The correlations are established in four boundary areas: action/inaction, violence/absence of violence, the actor/opponent and the body/spirit. These boundary areas allow for a theorising of nonviolent action as a performative process. The first case study is Gandhi's use of the fast as a method of nonviolent protest. Using a close reading of his own writings, speeches and letters, as well as a reading of responses to his fast in British newspapers and within India, the dissertation asks what made fasting into Gandhi's most favoured mode of protest and political action. The study reconstructs his unique praxis of the fast from a performative perspective, demonstrating how display and ostentation are vital to the political economy of the fast. It also unveils the cultural context and historical reservoir of body practices, which Gandhi drew from and adapted into 'weapons' of political action. The relationship of Gandhian nonviolence to the body forms a crucial part of the analysis. The second case study is the nonviolent army of the Pashtuns, Khudai Khidmatgar (KK), literally Servants of God. This anti-imperialist movement in the North-West Frontier Province of what is today the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan existed between 1929 and 1948. The movement adopted the organisational form of an army. It conducted protest activities against colonial rule, as well as social reform activities for the Pashtuns. This group was connected to the Congress party of Gandhi, but the dissertation argues that their conceptualisation and praxis of nonviolence emerged from a very different tradition and worldview. Following a brief introduction to the socio-political background of this Pashtun movement, the dissertation explores the activities that this nonviolent army engaged in, looking at their unique understanding of the militancy of an unarmed force, and their mode of combat and confrontation. Of particular interest to the analysis is the way the KK re-combined and mixed what appear to be contradictory ideologies and acts. In doing so, they reframed cultural and historical stereotypes of the Pashtuns as a martial race, juxtaposing the institutional form of the army with a nonviolent praxis based on Islamic principles and social reform. The example of the Khudai Khidmatgar is used to explore the idea that nonviolence is not the opposite of violent conflict, but in fact a dialectical engagement and response to violence. Section 5, in conclusion, returns to the boundary areas of nonviolence: action, violence, the opponent and the body, and re-visits these areas on a comparative note, bringing together elements from Gandhi's fasts and the practices of the KK. The similarities and differences in the two examples are assessed and contextualised in relation to the guiding question of this study, namely the question of the performativity of nonviolent action.

Las lecturas de Sáenz de Oíza. Desde Torres Blancas al Banco de Bilbao a través de una selección de textos hecha por el propio arquitecto.

El 29 de enero de 2000 Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oíza ofrece su última conferencia en el salón de actos del edificio sede del BBVA en el Paseo de la Castellana de Madrid. Esta conferencia inaugura el ciclo “El arquitecto enseña su obra”, organizado por el Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Madrid (C.O.A.M.) y la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid (E.T.S.A.M.). Las obras en concreto que Oíza 'enseña' en este evento son Torres Blancas (Madrid, 1961- 1968) y Banco de Bilbao (Madrid, 1971-1980). Antes de la conferencia, blandiendo una carpeta, Oíza dice: Traigo aquí los textos de siempre, los que siempre he usado, (...) yo no he escrito ni una línea, solo he subrayado ciertos pasajes, en la medida de lo posible me gustaría leer alguno. Pero como aquí hay como para cinco horas, pues no se qué hacer. Citarlo sí, porque de ustedes el que quiera penetrar un poco en mi conocimiento, pues que vea las citas que yo hago aquí, qué pasajes, o qué libros o qué artículos propongo. 1 La carpeta que lleva Oíza en su mano contiene veinticuatro fichas mecanografiadas por él mismo. Las fichas son pasajes de textos; en su mayoría de textos literarios o poéticos, e incluyen una referencia bibliográfica que menciona: título de libro, edición y número de página. Además, en cada ficha están resaltados los pasajes que Oíza pretende leer. 2 Antes del comienzo de la conferencia Oíza dice: Tengo aquí citas de lecturas que le recomendaría a quien quiera enterarse de cómo es este edificio. 3 Durante la conferencia Oíza no parece hablar sobre las obras que debe enseñar; en cambio se dedica, casi exclusivamente, a leer en público. Esta tesis nace de lo sugerido por el propio Oíza. El objetivo general, siguiendo sus propias palabras, es 'penetrar un poco' en su conocimiento a partir de citas y recomendaciones de lecturas realizadas por él mismo al tratar sobre arquitectura. La hipótesis central plantea que por medio de sus lecturas Oíza sí habla de arquitectura, y sostiene también que a partir de sus textos es posible 'enterarse', al menos en parte, de cómo es un edificio, en particular Torres Blancas y Banco de Bilbao. Más aún, se plantea la hipótesis de que Oíza, maestro ágrafo y de carácter socrático, ha construido, no obstante, un 'discurso teórico' arquitectónico suficientemente sistemático. De modo que aún cuando Oíza no ha dejado una 'teoría' escrita es posible reconstruirla, en cierta medida, a partir de su elocución y a partir de la comprensión de sus 'lecturas'. Las fuentes primarias de esta tesis son: a) Las lecturas que Oíza recomienda en su conferencia de enero de 2000. b) Torres Blancas y Banco de Bilbao. c) Las lecturas en público realizadas por Oíza en conferencias, cursos, debates, mesas redondas, programas de TV, etc. El tema que se investiga es la relación entre los textos recomendados por Oíza y su arquitectura, y la pregunta guía de la investigación es cómo y en qué medida los textos pueden contribuir a la comprensión del pensamiento, del discurso y de la obra de Oíza. Torres Blancas y Banco de Bilbao son, en todo momento, las dos principales obras utilizadas para la observación y el contraste de los resultados de la investigación teórica en el desarrollo de la tesis. El soporte teórico y metodológico de la tesis está dado por la hermenéutica en tanto disciplina encargada de la interpretación y correcta comprensión de textos y obras, en particular por la filosofía hermenéutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer expuesta en Verdad y método. La relevancia, el aspecto original y la posible aportación al conocimiento de esta tesis consiste en una aproximación a Oíza y a su arquitectura, desde un punto de vista hasta ahora no investigado de forma sistemática, esto es, a partir de las lecturas de Oíza. ABSTRACT On 29th January 2000 Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oíza gave his last lecture in the Auditorium at BBVA headquarters located in Paseo de la Castellana avenue in Madrid. That lecture opened the series The Architect Shows his Work (El arquitecto enseña su obra) organised by the COAM Official College of Architects and the ETSAM Architecture School of Madrid. The specific works that Oíza 'shows' in his lecture were Torres Blancas (Madrid, 1961- 1968) and Banco de Bilbao (Madrid, 1971-1980). Before the lecture, waving a folder in his hand, Oíza says: I've got here the texts I've always used, (…) I haven't written a line, I've only underlined certain passages, I would like to read some of them to the extent possible. But I have here about five hours of reading, so I don't know what to do. I can cite them, yes, and anyone of you who want to delve a little into my knowledge can look at the citations I make here, the passages, books or articles I recommend. 1 The folder in Oíza's hand contains 24 files typed by the architect himself. The files consist of text passages -most of which are literary or poetry texts- and include the bibliographic citation with book the title, edition and page number. In addition, the passages Oíza intends to read are highlighted. Before starting his lecture Oíza says: I've got here citations of readings I'd recommend to those who want to realise how this building is. 2 During the lecture Oíza doesn't seem to be talking about the works he has to show, on the contrary, he focuses almost exclusively on reading texts to the audience. This thesis is the result of a suggestion made by Oíza himself. The broad aim is to 'delve a little into' his knowledge using citations and reading recommendations made by Oíza when dealing with the architecture subject. The main hypothesis proposes that Oíza talks about architecture through his readings and that starting from 'his' texts it is possible to 'realise', at least in part, how a building is, Torres Blancas and Banco de Bilbao in particular. Moreover, it is proposed the hypothesis that Oíza, as a Socratic teacher reluctant to write down his ideas, has nevertheless built a systematic 'theoretical discourse' on architecture. As a result, even when he has not written a 'theory', it is possible to reconstruct it to a certain degree, starting from his speech and from the understanding of his readings. The primary sources for this thesis are: a) The readings that Oíza recommends in his lecture of January 2000. b) The Torres Blancas and Banco de Bilbao. c) The readings done by Oíza in presentations, lectures, debates, panel discussions, television programmes, etc. The subject under research is the relationship between the texts that Oíza recommends and his architecture. The guiding question for the research is how and to what extent the texts can contribute to the understanding of Oíza's thoughts, discourse and work. Torres Blancas and Banco de Bilbao are the two main works considered along the thesis and they have been used for observation and to test the results of the theoretical research as it progresses. The thesis theoretical and methodological framework is based on the hermeneutics -as the discipline that deals with the interpretation and the correct understanding of texts and works-, in particular the hermeneutics philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer in Truth and Method. The relevance, the original element and the possible contribution of this thesis is given by the approach to Oíza and his architecture through Oíza's readings, a perspective that hasn't been yet systematically researched.

Individual's recollections of their experiences in eye clinics and understanding of their eye condition:results from a survey of visually impaired people in Britain

Background/aims: Network 1000 is a UK-based panel survey of a representative sample of adults with registered visual impairment, with the aim of gathering information about people’s opinions and circumstances. Method: Participants were interviewed (Survey 1, n = 1007: 2005; Survey 2, n = 922: 2006/07) on a range of topics including the nature of their eye condition, details of other health issues, use of low vision aids (LVAs) and their experiences in eye clinics. Results: Eleven percent of individuals did not know the name of their eye condition. Seventy percent of participants reported having long-term health problems or disabilities in addition to visual impairment and 43% reported having hearing difficulties. Seventy one percent reported using LVAs for reading tasks. Participants who had become registered as visually impaired in the previous 8 years (n = 395) were asked questions about non-medical information received in the eye clinic around that time. Reported information received included advice about ‘registration’ (48%), low vision aids (45%) and social care routes (43%); 17% reported receiving no information. While 70% of people were satisfied with the information received, this was lower for those of working age (56%) compared with retirement age (72%). Those who recalled receiving additional non-medical information and advice at the time of registration also recalled their experiences more positively. Conclusions: Whilst caution should be applied to the accuracy of recall of past events, the data provide a valuable insight into the types of information and support that visually impaired people feel they would benefit from in the eye clinic.

Cerebellar morphology in developmental dyslexia

Recent evidence has suggested cerebellar anomalies in developmental dyslexia. Therefore, we investigated cerebellar morphology in subjects with documented reading disabilities. We obtained T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in the coronal and sagittal planes from 11 males with prior histories of developmental dyslexia, and nine similarly-aged male controls. Proton magnetic resonance spectra (TE=136 ms, TR=2.4 s) were obtained bilaterally in the cerebellum. Phonological decoding skill was measured using non-word reading. Handedness was assessed using both the Annett questionnaire of hand preference and Annett’s peg moving task. Cerebellar symmetry was observed in the dyslexics but there was significant asymmetry (right grey matter>left grey matter) in controls. The interpretation of these results depended whether a motor- or questionnaire-based method was used to determine handedness. The degree of cerebellar symmetry was correlated with the severity of dyslexics’ phonological decoding deficit. Those with more symmetric cerebella made more errors on a nonsense word reading measure of phonological decoding ability. Left cerebellar metabolite ratios were shown to correlate significantly with the degree of cerebellar asymmetry (P<0.05) in controls. This relationship was absent in developmental dyslexics. Cerebellar morphology reflects the higher degree of symmetry found previously in the temporal and parietal cortex of dyslexics. The relationship of cerebellar asymmetry to phonological decoding ability and handedness, together with our previous finding of altered metabolite ratios in the cerebellum of dyslexics, lead us to suggest that there are alterations in the neurological organisation of the cerebellum which relate to phonological decoding skills, in addition to motor skills and handedness.

Motivação para a leitura: Hábitos de leitura e desempenho em leitura, que relações?

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Educacional.

Technical support and professional development : using remote desktops to address bottlenecks in music technology

This paper presents research findings about the use of remote desktop applications to teach music sequencing software. It highlights the successes, shortcomings and interactive issues encountered during a pilot project with a theoretical focus on a specific interactive bottleneck. The paper proposes a new delivery and partnership model to widen this bottleneck, which currently hinders interactions between the technical support, education and professional development communities in music technology.

Music, rhythm, rise time perception and developmental dyslexia: Perception of musical meter predicts reading and phonology

Introduction: Rhythm organises musical events into patterns and forms, and rhythm perception in music is usually studied by using metrical tasks. Metrical structure also plays an organisational function in the phonology of language, via speech prosody, and there is evidence for rhythmic perceptual difficulties in developmental dyslexia. Here we investigate the hypothesis that the accurate perception of musical metrical structure is related to basic auditory perception of rise time, and also to phonological and literacy development in children. Methods: A battery of behavioural tasks was devised to explore relations between musical metrical perception, auditory perception of amplitude envelope structure, phonological awareness (PA) and reading in a sample of 64 typically-developing children and children with developmental dyslexia. Results: We show that individual differences in the perception of amplitude envelope rise time are linked to musical metrical sensitivity, and that musical metrical sensitivity predicts PA and reading development, accounting for over 60% of variance in reading along with age and I.Q. Even the simplest metrical task, based on a duple metrical structure, was performed significantly more poorly by the children with dyslexia. Conclusions: The accurate perception of metrical structure may be critical for phonological development and consequently for the development of literacy. Difficulties in metrical processing are associated with basic auditory rise time processing difficulties, suggesting a primary sensory impairment in developmental dyslexia in tracking the lower-frequency modulations in the speech envelope. © 2010 Elsevier.

Using computers to teach people with intellectual disabilities to perform some of the tasks used within cognitive behavioural therapy: a randomised experiment

Aims Training has been shown to improve the ability of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) to perform some cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) tasks. This study used a computerised training paradigm with the aim of improving the ability of people with IDs to: a) discriminate between behaviours, thoughts and feelings, and b) link situations, thoughts and feelings. Methods Fifty-five people with mild-to-moderate IDs were randomly assigned to a training or attention-control condition in a single-blind mixed experimental design. Computerised tasks assessed the participants’ skills in: (a) discriminating between behaviours, thoughts and feelings (separately and pooled together), and (b) cognitive mediation by selecting appropriate emotions as consequences to given thoughts, and appropriate thoughts as mediators of given emotions. Results Training significantly improved ability to discriminate between behaviours, thoughts and feelings pooled together, compared to the attention-control condition, even when controlling for baseline scores and IQ. Large within-group improvements in the ability to identify behaviours and feelings were observed for the training condition, but not the attention-control group. There were no significant between-group differences in ability to identify thoughts, or on cognitive mediation skills. Conclusions A single session of computerised training can improve the ability of people with IDs to understand and practise CBT tasks relating to behaviours and feelings. There is potential for computerised training to be used as a “primer” for CBT with people with IDs to improve engagement and outcomes, but further development on a specific computerised cognitive mediation task is needed.