O SNRC e os novos instrumentos de financiamento do agronegócio: o mercado de crédito rural brasileiro entre dois modelos

Esta pesquisa mostra como o desenvolvimento do sistema jurídico institucional do mercado de crédito rural no Brasil se desenvolveu a ponto de permitir a convivência de dois modelos normalmente considerados antitéticos: o modelo de economia de mercado coordenado via bancos públicos e o modelo de economia de mercado liberal. O primeiro capítulo da dissertação reconstrói como a teoria do Law and Finance que permite identificar adequadamente esse resultado de pesquisa se desenvolve a partir da crise das postulações e premissas da teoria econômica neoclássica. O segundo capítulo narra o desenvolvimento e crise do modelo do Sistema Nacional de Crédito Rural entre as décadas de 1960 e 1980, partindo de uma análise sobre sua estrutura, regulação e institutos. Passando dos modelos de organização financeira para as modalidades de crédito rural, o capítulo narra a lógica, estrutura e evolução do modelo calcado na alocação de recursos por banco públicos, de modo que essa elucidação de contexto histórico permite que se verifique a grande ruptura que é introduzida no sistema de financiamento rural a partir dos anos 2000. O terceiro capítulo narra e descreve o surgimento da estrutura, regulação e institutos regidos pela lógica de mercado liberal, até então ausente no SNCR para, após, realizar uma apreciação do resultado alcançado. Ao final, a conclusão reúne os principais achados dessa pesquisa, destaca os principais pontos de sua narrativa e os problematiza para uma agenda de pesquisa futura.

British Isles, 1818 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Cary's reduction of his six sheet map of the British Isles : comprehending the whole of the turnpike roads : with the great rivers and the course of the different navigable canals, also the market and borough towns and villages adjoining the road : to which is added the actual distance from one market town to another ; with the exact admeasurement to each from the metropolis : drawn from the most recent surveys. It was published by J. Cary in 1818. Scale [ca. 1:424,000].The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, roads, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes inset: The Shetland Isles.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

United Kingdom, 1826 (Image 1 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Cary's six sheet map of England and Wales, with part of Scotland : on which are carefully laid down all the direct and principal cross roads, the course of the rivers, and navigable canals, cities, market and borough towns, the principal villages, parks, &c., compiled from the most recent surveys. It was published by J. Cary in 1826. Scale [ca. 1:510,000]. This layer is image 1 of 3 total images of the three sheet source map, representing the northern portion of the map. Covers portions of England, Scotland, North Ireland, and Isle of Man.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, mail roads, turnpike roads, bye roads, territorial and administrative boundaries, parks, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

United Kingdom, 1826 (Image 2 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Cary's six sheet map of England and Wales, with part of Scotland : on which are carefully laid down all the direct and principal cross roads, the course of the rivers, and navigable canals, cities, market and borough towns, the principal villages, parks, &c., compiled from the most recent surveys. It was published by J. Cary in 1826. Scale [ca. 1:510,000]. This layer is image 2 of 3 total images of the three sheet source map, representing the southern portion of the map. Covers portions of England and Wales.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, mail roads, turnpike roads, bye roads, territorial and administrative boundaries, parks, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

United Kingdom, 1826 (Image 3 of 3) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Cary's six sheet map of England and Wales, with part of Scotland : on which are carefully laid down all the direct and principal cross roads, the course of the rivers, and navigable canals, cities, market and borough towns, the principal villages, parks, &c., compiled from the most recent surveys. It was published by J. Cary in 1826. Scale [ca. 1:510,000]. This layer is image 3 of 3 total images of the three sheet source map, representing the central portion of the map. Covers portions of England, Wales, and Ireland.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, mail roads, turnpike roads, bye roads, territorial and administrative boundaries, parks, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Northeastern United States, 1799 : showing township grants and land purchases in New York (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the middle states of North America : shewing the position of the Geneseo country comprehending the counties of Ontario & Steuben as laid off in townships of six miles squar[e] each, Maverick, sculpt. It was printed by T. & J. Swords for Charles Williamson's Description of the settlement of the Genesee country, in the state of New-York, 1799. Scale [ca. 1:2,250,000]. Partial cadastral map showing large land purchases and township grants in New York State. Covers New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Washington, D.C. and portions of Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, major cities and towns, land purchases, township grants, state boundaries, and more. Includes key to "principal villages in Ontario & Steuben counties." This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Land Use Map, Cincinnati Region, Ohio, 1975 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: OKI regional land use : 1975. It was published by OKI Regional Planning Authority in 1975. Scale [ca. 1:5,000]. Covers Cincinnati Region, Ohio including Butler, Clermont, Hamilton, Warren counties, Ohio; Boone, Campbell, and Kenton counties, Kentucky; and Dearborn and Ohio counties, Indiana. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Ohio South State Plane NAD 1983 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 3402). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map is colored to show land use categories: Urban residential ; Suburban residential ; Commercial ; Institutional/Service ; Utilities ; Industrial ; Resource extraction ; Recreational/Open space ; Cropland ; Grassland ; Woodland ; Water. It also shows features as major roads, drainage, administrative and political boundaries, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Ireland and Northern Ireland, 1705 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A mapp of the kingdom of Ireland : newly corrected & improv'd by actual observations : divided into its provinces, counties, & baronies, and supply'd with many market towns & other places of note omitted in former mapps ... : together with plans of the citys and fortified towns, as allso a short description of the kingdom by Henry Pratt ; to this map is added a large index of the measur'd distances of ev'ry town from Dublin, of the burroughs, barracks, and post towns with many other improuements and emendations ; I. Harris, sculp. It was published by H. Pratt in 1708. Scale [ca. 1:385,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Irish Grid (Transverse Mercator 1965 (TM-65)) coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, major roads, territorial and administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also text, index, 16 ancillary town maps, and inset: The sea coasts of Great Britain and Ireland.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Agricultural and Rural Labour Markets in the EU Candidate Countries of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 6, September 2011

This paper provides an overview and comparison of labour markets in agricultural and rural areas in the three candidate countries for the EU membership: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. We analyse and compare the labour market structures and the factors driving them. The analyses are based on the available cross-section and time-series data on agricultural labour structures and living conditions in rural areas. Considerable differences are found among the candidate countries in the importance of the agricultural labour force, between rural and urban labour, and in poverty and living conditions in rural areas. Agricultural and rural labour market structures are the result of demographic and education processes, in addition to labour flows between agricultural and non-agricultural activities, from rural areas to urban ones and migration flows abroad. Declines in the agricultural labour force and rural population are foreseen for each of the candidate countries, but with significant variations between them. Showing different patterns over time, labour market developments in the sector and rural areas have been shaped by the overall labour market institutions, conditions and other factors in each country, such as the legal basis, educational attainment and migration flows, as well as the presence of non-agricultural activities in rural areas.

Agricultural Land Markets and Land Leasing in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 11, February 2012

The aim of this Factor Markets Working Paper is to identify the driving forces that shape agricultural land structures, land market and land leasing in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Institutional developments and land reforms have so far been modest in the FYROM, and have not contributed to significant changes in agricultural ownership, operational structures, or land market and land leasing arrangements. Land ownership and land use are bimodal, consisting of several small-scale family farms and a few large-scale agricultural enterprises. The small family farms own and operate land on several small parcels, which is one of the major obstacles to the modernisation of family farm production. A considerable portion of the land is uncultivated, which affects land market and land leasing values. Due to underdeveloped institutional frameworks and market institutions in support of small-scale farms, a large proportion of state-owned land is rented by agricultural enterprises.

Institutional Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Markets. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 16, February 2012

This paper analyses the main institutional factors affecting the rental and sales markets for agricultural land. Particular attention is paid to the effects of the common agricultural policy on land markets, and more specifically the underlying mechanism through which agricultural subsidies are capitalised into land values and farmland rents. This paper also provides a broad overview of the empirical studies that estimate the impact of agricultural support policies on land rents and land prices. Various other fundamental factors that affect agricultural land markets are discussed, such as land market institutions and regulations, transaction costs, credit market constraints and levels of profitability, the legal means of contract enforcement and land use alternatives.

Simulation of Land Use and Investment Behaviour under Different Policy Scenarios: Results of the extended farm/household model. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 27, July 2012

Factor markets are a central issue in analyses of farm development and of agricultural sector vitality. Among the different production factors, land is one of the most studied. Several studies seek to estimate the effect of government policy payments on land value or land rental prices. The studies mostly agree that government payments and other types of policy support are significant in explaining land prices and account for a large share of them. In October 2011, the European Commission published a new policy proposal for the common agricultural policy (CAP) up to 2020. The proposed regulation includes a shift from historical to regional payments. The objective of this paper is to provide an ex ante analysis of the impact of the new CAP policy instruments on the land market. In particular, the effect of the regionalisation of payments in Italy is examined. The analysis is based on the use of a mathematical programming model to simulate the changes in land demand for a farm in Emilia Romagna. The results highlight the relevance of the new policy mechanism in determining a change in land demand. Yet the effect is highly dependent on initial ownership of entitlements under the historical payment scheme.

A Spatial Analysis of Agricultural Land Prices in Bavaria. Factor Markets Working Document No. 50, June 2013

This paper empirically analyses a dataset of more than 7,300 agricultural land sales transactions from 2001 and 2007 to identify the factors influencing agricultural land prices in Bavaria. We use a general spatial model, which combines a spatial lag and a spatial error model, and in addition account for endogeneity introduced by the spatially lagged dependent variable as well as other explanatory variables. Our findings confirm the strong influence of agricultural factors such as land productivity, of variables describing the regional land market structure, and of non-agricultural factors such as urban pressure on agricultural land prices. Moreover, the involvement of public authorities as a seller or buyer increases sales prices in Bavaria. We find a significant capitalisation of government support payments into agricultural land, where a decrease of direct payments by 1% would decrease land prices in 2007 and 2001 by 0.27% and 0.06%, respectively. In addition, we confirm strong spatial relationships in our dataset. Neglecting this leads to biased estimates, especially if aggregated data is used. We find that the price of a specific plot increases by 0.24% when sales prices in surrounding areas increase by 1%.

Does it matter how much land your neighbour owns? The functioning of land markets in Poland from a social comparison perspective. Factor Markets Working Document No. 59, August 2013

While many factors have been studied in relation to the functioning of land markets, the role of land distribution has received relatively little attention. In this paper, we ask to what extent farmers’ propensity to buy land is related to the difference between them and their neighbours in terms of land ownership. To this end, we employ the concept of relative deprivation. Drawing on micro-level data from the transition period in Poland and using both OLS and instrumental variables strategy, we find that interpersonal comparisons with others in one’s reference group may have motivated a farmer’s behaviour in the land market. In particular, the propensity to purchase land is positively associated with experiencing higher relative deprivation. In addition, this relationship waned over time in a predictable manner: late in the transition period it was weaker than at the beginning of the period.

Inventory of major land uses in the United States /

Contribution from Bureau of Agricultural Economics.