Final Research and Analysis Report: Iowa Energy Poll, January 15, 2009

 The Iowa Power Fund and the Office of Energy Independence are charged with the responsibility of creating an economically viable and sound energy future for Iowa through energy independence. This vision can only be achieved if a majority, if not all Iowans, are united in this cause and actively participate in it

Ympäristöjärjestelmien kehittäminen rakennustuotealan yrityksen Keski-Euroopan toimipaikoissa

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli antaa kehittämisehdotuksia, joilla voidaan parantaa rakennustuotealan yrityksen ympäristöjärjestelmien kustannustehokkuutta sekä ympäristöpolitiikkaan liittyvän jatkuvan parantamisen yhtenäistä toteutumista eri toimipaikoilla. Lähtökohtana olivat havainnot siitä, että melko pienissä toimipaikoissa laatu- ja ympäristöasiat kattavan toimintajärjestelmän rakentaminen ja ylläpitäminen vie paljon resursseja. Lisäksi selvitettiin uuden ISO 14001-standardiehdotuksen mahdollisia vaikutuksia käytössä oleviin ympäristöjärjestelmiin. Tutkimusmenetelminä käytettiin eri sertifiointielimille tehtyä haastattelua, toimipaikkojen ympäristövastaaville lähetettyä kyselyä, verkkosivuille kohdistettua kilpailijaseurantaa sekä selvitystä uuden ISO 14001- standardiehdotuksen muutoksista. Eri toimipaikkojen ympäristöjärjestelmien yhdistäminen saman sertifikaatin alle oli kaikkien sertifiointielinten edustajien mielestä hyvä tapa vähentää järjestelmien ulkoisesta valvonnasta aiheutuvia kustannuksia ja parantaa järjestelmien tehokkuutta. Ulkoisten kustannusten aleneminen on noin yksikolmasosa, joka syntyy ensinnäkin sertifikaattimaksujen alenemista ja toisaalta sertifiointipäivien vähenemisestä. Sertifikaattimaksut alenevat, koska yhdistetyssä järjestelmässä sertifikaatteja on vähemmän, ja sertifiointipäivien määrä vähenee, koska yhdistetyn järjestelmän ulkoisessa valvonnassa käytetään otanta -periaatetta. Kilpailijaseurannan osalta havaittiin, että yrityksen verkkosivuilla kerrottiin kilpailijoita paremmin ympäristö- sekä laatujärjestelmistä. Kehitettävää on eri maiden verkkosivujen yhtenäisyydessä ja ympäristö- ja laatupolitiikan esittämisessä. Nämä politiikat tulee olla esillä, koska järjestelmästandardit edellyttävät politiikkojen julkisuutta. Ympäristövastaaville tehdyn kyselyn perusteella havaittiin, että tällä hetkellä toimipaikoilla käytössä olevissa ympäristäjärjestelmissä on eroavuuksia. Syynä tähän on muun muassa järjestelmien eri-ikäisyys, maiden toimipaikkojen erilainen lainsäädäntö sekä erilaiset resurssit. Kehittämistä on erityisesti ympäristönnäkökohtien tunnistamisessa ja merkittävien ympäristönäkökohtien valinnassa, ympäristöjärjestelmän tavoitteissa ja päämäärissä sekä käytettävissä indikaattoreissa. Näiden osalta tulee lisätä koulutusta ja ohjeistusta. Uuden ISO 14001 -standardin muutoksia tarkasteltaessa havaittiin, ettei se aiheuta suuria muutostarpeita nykyisiin ympäristöjärjestelmiin. Standardin suurimmat muutokset ovat tulleet tekstin rakenteeseen, joka on nyt selkeälukuista ja yhteensopivampaa ISO 9001 laatuhallintastandardin kanssa. Standardi painottaa entistä standardia enemmän tuotteista aiheutuvia ympäristönäkökohtia, mutta on muistettava, että sen vaikutukset nykyisiin ympäristöjärjestelmiin tiedetään vasta, kun sitä aletaan tulkita. Tulosten perusteella päädyttiin siihen, että ympäristöjärjestelmien yhdistäminen saman sertifikaatin alle on tehokkain tapa parantaa kustannustehokkuutta sekä parantaa ympäristöpolitiikkaan liittyvää jatkuvaa parantamista. Ulkoisten kustannusten aleminen ei ole tärkein syy järjestelmien yhdistämiseen, koska yhdistämisen alkuvaiheessa se aiheuttaa sisäisten kustannusten lisääntymistä. Jatkossa yhdistämisestä voidaan odottaa myös sisäisten kustannusten säästöjä, koska yhdistäminen vähentää päällekkäistä työtä. Yrityksen ympäristöpolitiikan mukaiseen jatkuvaan parantamiseen järjestelmien yhdistäminen vaikuttaa positiivisesti usealla tavalla, ja tätä voidaan pitää kustannussäästöjä tärkeämpänä syynä sertifikaattien yhdistämiseen. Se yhtenäistää toimintatapoja ja lisää yhteistyötä, mikä vaikuttaa ympäristöpolitiikan yhtenäiseen toteutumiseen.

Training system for conceptual design and evaluation for wastewater treatment

Rising population, rapid urbanisation and growing industrialisation have severely stressed water quality and its availability in Malawi. In addition, financial and institutional problems and the expanding agro industry have aggravated this problem. The situation is worsened by depleting water resources and pollution from untreated sewage and industrial effluent. The increasing scarcity of clean water calls for the need for appropriate management of available water resources. There is also demand for a training system for conceptual design and evaluation for wastewater treatment in order to build the capacity for technical service providers and environmental practitioners in the country. It is predicted that Malawi will face a water stress situation by 2025. In the city of Blantyre, this situation is aggravated by the serious pollution threat from the grossly inadequate sewage treatment capacity. This capacity is only 23.5% of the wastewater being generated presently. In addition, limited or non-existent industrial effluent treatment has contributed to the severe water quality degradation. This situation poses a threat to the ecologically fragile and sensitive receiving water courses within the city. This water is used for domestic purposes further downstream. This manuscript outlines the legal and policy framework for wastewater treatment in Malawi. The manuscript also evaluates the existing wastewater treatment systems in Blantyre. This evaluation aims at determining if the effluent levels at the municipal plants conform to existing standards and guidelines and other associated policy and regulatory frameworks. The raw material at all the three municipal plants is sewage. The typical wastewater parameters are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The treatment target is BOD5, COD, and TSS reduction. Typical wastewater parameters at the wastewater treatment plant at MDW&S textile and garments factory are BOD5 and COD. The treatment target is to reduce BOD5 and COD. The manuscript further evaluates a design approach of the three municipal wastewater treatment plants in the city and the wastewater treatment plant at Mapeto David Whitehead & Sons (MDW&S) textile and garments factory. This evaluation utilises case-based design and case-based reasoning principles in the ED-WAVE tool to determine if there is potential for the tool in Blantyre. The manuscript finally evaluates the technology selection process for appropriate wastewater treatment systems for the city of Blantyre. The criteria for selection of appropriate wastewater treatment systems are discussed. Decision support tools and the decision tree making process for technology selection are also discussed. Based on the treatment targets and design criteria at the eight cases evaluated in this manuscript in reference to similar cases in the ED-WAVE tool, this work confirms the practical use of case-based design and case-based reasoning principles in the ED-WAVE tool in the design and evaluation of wastewater treatment 6 systems in sub-Sahara Africa, using Blantyre, Malawi, as the case study area. After encountering a new situation, already collected decision scenarios (cases) are invoked and modified in order to arrive at a particular design alternative. What is necessary, however, is to appropriately modify the case arrived at through the Case Study Manager in order to come up with a design appropriate to the local situation taking into account technical, socio-economic and environmental aspects. This work provides a training system for conceptual design and evaluation for wastewater treatment.

Carbon footprint as part of a company’s external environmental communication

The aim of this thesis was to find out how the carbon footprint calculations can be utilized in the company’s external environmental communication, what is the demand for carbon footprint from the market, and how the other actors in the forest industry have approached the issue. The aim was to recognize the best practises to communicate carbon footprints and to find possibilities to extend the UPM-Kymmene Wood Oy’s mill specific carbon footprints. This research included a literature review, an inquiry to the UPM-Kymmene Wood Oy’s sales offices, and Internet survey concerning the external environmental communication in the forest industry and three small case studies based on mill specific parameters. The inquiry to the sales offices showed that the carbon footprint is not yet a common demand from the customers in the wood product sector. In addition, the Internet survey showed that generally in the forest industry, not much has been done concerning carbon footprint communication so far. The biggest challenge in carbon footprint communication is the variation in the knowledge level of the receivers. In addition btob and btoc communication situations demand a different approach to the issue. Carbon profile brochures developed in the company can be seen as suitable for btob communication situations. Case studies have shown that the contribution of final product transport to the overall carbon footprint was significant. It was recommended to include post mill transport in the carbon footprint information supplied to the btob customers. When discussing environmental communication on a general level it can be stated that a good external environmental communication is based on facts, is open and proactive and takes into account the needs of the receiver. However, the openness and the quality of external environmental communication are essentially strategic decisions. The significance of internal communication as well as the knowhow in the communication and marketing networks play a major role in achieving success in external environmental communication. Carbon footprints are only one part of good balanced external environmental communication. One specific environmental feature like carbon footprint should not be over emphasized to the detriment of other important environmental aspects.

E-PORT. Improving efficiency of Finnish port community by intelligent systems Final report of the Mobile Port project

The management of port-related supply chains is challenging due to the complex and heterogeneous operations of the ports with several actors and processes. That is why the importance of information sharing is emphasised in the ports. However, the information exchange between different port-related actors is often cumbersome and it still involves a lot of manual work and paper. Major ports and port-related actors usually have advanced information systems in daily use but these systems are seldom interoperable with each other, which prevents economies of scale to be reached. Smaller ports and companies might not be equipped with electronic data transmission at all. This is the final report of the Mobile port (MOPO) project, which has sought ways to improve the management and control of port-related sea and inland traffic with the aid of ICT technologies. The project has studied port community systems (PCS) used worldwide, evaluated the suitability of a PCS for the Finnish port operating environment and created a pilot solution of a Finnish PCS in the port of HaminaKotka. Further, the dry port concept and its influences on the transportation system have been explored. The Mobile Port project comprised of several literature reviews, interviews of over 50 port-related logistics and/or ICT professionals, two different kinds of simulation models as well as designing and implementing of the pilot solution of the Finnish PCS. The results of these multiple studies are summarised in this report. Furthermore, recommendations for future actions and the topics for further studies are addressed in the report. The study revealed that the information sharing in a typical Finnish port-related supply chain contains several bottlenecks that cause delays in shipments and waste resources. The study showed that many of these bottlenecks could be solved by building a port community system for the Finnish port community. Almost 30 different kinds of potential services or service entities of a Finnish PCS were found out during the study. The basic requirements, structure, interfaces and operation model of the Finnish PCS were also defined in the study. On the basis of the results of the study, a pilot solution of the Finnish PCS was implemented in the port of HaminaKotka. The pilot solution includes a Portconnect portal for the Finnish port community system (available at https://www.portconnect.fi) and two pilot applications, which are a service for handling the information flows concerning the movements of railway wagons and a service for handling the information flows between Finnish ports and Finland-Russian border. The study also showed that port community systems can be used to improve the environmental aspects of logistics in two different ways: 1) PCSs can bring direct environmental benefits and 2) PCSs can be used as an environmental tool in a port community. On the basis of the study, the development of the Finnish port community system should be continued by surveying other potential applications for the Finnish PCS. It is also important to study if there is need and resources to extend the Finnish PCS to operate in several ports or even on a national level. In the long run, it could be reasonable to clarify whether there would be possibilities to connect the Finnish PCS as a part of Baltic Sea wide, European-wide or even worldwide maritime and port-related network in order to get the best benefit from the system

DIGITAL BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS IN EMERGING MARKETS – Developing Business Marketing in Russia

The core idea of this Master's Thesis was that five key characteristics – market heterogeneity, sociopolitical governance, chronic shortage of resources, unbranded competition, and inadequate infrastructure – of emerging markets are radically different from the traditional industrialized capitalist society and they will require us to rethink the core assumptions of business-to-business marketing, such as business relationships, marketing communication elements, and digitalization. In this research, Russia is considered to be an emerging market that reflects the aforementioned theoretical characteristics. The research was a qualitative case study and furthermore a collective case study. In the beginning three digital marketing professionals were interviewed to better understand digital B2B marketing. The actual research data was collected through seven structured theme interviews with representatives of the case companies operating in Russia. The selection of case companies included three business consulting companies and four industrial companies. The aim of this qualitative study was to understand and clarify how business marketing exploits digital marketing methods as a part of the chosen business marketing strategy under emerging markets’ special conditions. This objective was divided in three research questions: 1) How the chosen marketing strategy reflects in the business marketing process? 2) How digital marketing communication contributes to business marketing? 3) How are the emerging markets’ characteristics reflected in the business marketing process? The main research findings indicate that digital business-to-business marketing communications can be useful and effective. Moreover, business DMC can be defined and structured in a reasonable way. The company's prevalent marketing paradigm and the chosen marketing strategy reflect in the business marketing process, and in utilizing digital marketing communications. The assumption that emerging markets set an environment with special characteristics for business marketing was supported by the study. However, the business environmental aspects were not considerably disturbing digital B2B marketing, but making it even more reasonable to harness in Russia.

Ympäristöjärjestelmän rakentaminen ja sen haasteet Lappeenrannan teknillisellä yliopistolla

Lappeenrannan teknilliselle yliopistolle on rakennettu ISO14001-mukaista ympäristöjärjestelmää. Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan rakentamisen vaiheita sekä etsitään ratkaisuja rakentamisen aikana ilmeneviin haasteisiin. Teoriaosassa keskitytään ympäristö- ja kestävän kehityksen toimintaan yliopistoissa sekä ISO14001-standardin mukaisiin ympäristöjärjestelmiin. Ympäristöjärjestelmää rakennettaessa luodaan ympäristöpolitiikka sekä arvioidaan ja valitaan yliopiston merkittävimmät ympäristönäkökohdat. Näkökohdille luodaan päämäärät, tavoitteet ja ohjelmat. Lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan lakisääteisiä vaatimuksia ja luodaan menetelmiä dokumentointiin, koulutukseen, poikkeamien havainnointiin ja sisäiseen auditointiin. Yliopistolle on mahdollista rakentaa toimiva ympäristöjärjestelmä, mutta se vaatii aika- ja taloudellisten resurssien lisäksi myös vahvan tuen ylimmältä johdolta sekä halua ajaa muutos organisaatioon.

Susteinable steelmaking by process integration

Environmental issues, including global warming, have been serious challenges realized worldwide, and they have become particularly important for the iron and steel manufacturers during the last decades. Many sites has been shut down in developed countries due to environmental regulation and pollution prevention while a large number of production plants have been established in developing countries which has changed the economy of this business. Sustainable development is a concept, which today affects economic growth, environmental protection, and social progress in setting up the basis for future ecosystem. A sustainable headway may attempt to preserve natural resources, recycle and reuse materials, prevent pollution, enhance yield and increase profitability. To achieve these objectives numerous alternatives should be examined in the sustainable process design. Conventional engineering work cannot address all of these substitutes effectively and efficiently to find an optimal route of processing. A systematic framework is needed as a tool to guide designers to make decisions based on overall concepts of the system, identifying the key bottlenecks and opportunities, which lead to an optimal design and operation of the systems. Since the 1980s, researchers have made big efforts to develop tools for what today is referred to as Process Integration. Advanced mathematics has been used in simulation models to evaluate various available alternatives considering physical, economic and environmental constraints. Improvements on feed material and operation, competitive energy market, environmental restrictions and the role of Nordic steelworks as energy supplier (electricity and district heat) make a great motivation behind integration among industries toward more sustainable operation, which could increase the overall energy efficiency and decrease environmental impacts. In this study, through different steps a model is developed for primary steelmaking, with the Finnish steel sector as a reference, to evaluate future operation concepts of a steelmaking site regarding sustainability. The research started by potential study on increasing energy efficiency and carbon dioxide reduction due to integration of steelworks with chemical plants for possible utilization of available off-gases in the system as chemical products. These off-gases from blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace and coke oven furnace are mainly contained of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and partially methane (in coke oven gas) and have proportionally low heating value but are currently used as fuel within these industries. Nonlinear optimization technique is used to assess integration with methanol plant under novel blast furnace technologies and (partially) substitution of coal with other reducing agents and fuels such as heavy oil, natural gas and biomass in the system. Technical aspect of integration and its effect on blast furnace operation regardless of capital expenditure of new operational units are studied to evaluate feasibility of the idea behind the research. Later on the concept of polygeneration system added and a superstructure generated with alternative routes for off-gases pretreatment and further utilization on a polygeneration system producing electricity, district heat and methanol. (Vacuum) pressure swing adsorption, membrane technology and chemical absorption for gas separation; partial oxidation, carbon dioxide and steam methane reforming for methane gasification; gas and liquid phase methanol synthesis are the main alternative process units considered in the superstructure. Due to high degree of integration in process synthesis, and optimization techniques, equation oriented modeling is chosen as an alternative and effective strategy to previous sequential modelling for process analysis to investigate suggested superstructure. A mixed integer nonlinear programming is developed to study behavior of the integrated system under different economic and environmental scenarios. Net present value and specific carbon dioxide emission is taken to compare economic and environmental aspects of integrated system respectively for different fuel systems, alternative blast furnace reductants, implementation of new blast furnace technologies, and carbon dioxide emission penalties. Sensitivity analysis, carbon distribution and the effect of external seasonal energy demand is investigated with different optimization techniques. This tool can provide useful information concerning techno-environmental and economic aspects for decision-making and estimate optimal operational condition of current and future primary steelmaking under alternative scenarios. The results of the work have demonstrated that it is possible in the future to develop steelmaking towards more sustainable operation.

The feasibility of torrefaction for the co-firing of wood in pulverised-fuel boilers

Torrefaction is the partial pyrolysis of wood characterised by thermal degradation of predominantly hemicellulose under inert atmosphere. Torrefaction can be likened to coffee roasting but with wood in place of beans. This relatively new process concept makes wood more like coal. Torrefaction has attracted interest because it potentially enables higher rates of co-firing in existing pulverised-coal power plants and hence greater net CO2 emission reductions. Academic and entrepreneurial interest in torrefaction has sky rocketed in the last decade. Research output has focused on the many aspects of torrefaction – from detailed chemical changes in feedstock to globally-optimised production and supply scenarios with which to sustain EU emission-cutting directives. However, despite its seemingly simple concept, torrefaction has retained a somewhat mysterious standing. Why hasn’t torrefied pellet production become fully commercialised? The question is one of feasibility. This thesis addresses this question. Herein, the feasibility of torrefaction in co-firing applications is approached from three directions. Firstly, the natural limitations imposed by the structure of wood are assessed. Secondly, the environmental impact of production and use of torrefied fuel is evaluated and thirdly, economic feasibility is assessed based on the state of the art of pellet making. The conclusions reached in these domains are as follows. Modification of wood’s chemical structure is limited by its naturally existing constituents. Consequently, key properties of wood with regards to its potential as a co-firing fuel have a finite range. The most ideal benefits gained from wood torrefaction cannot all be realised simultaneously in a single process or product. Although torrefaction at elevated pressure may enhance some properties of torrefied wood, high-energy torrefaction yields are achieved at the expense of other key properties such as heating value, grindability, equilibrium moisture content and the ability to pelletise torrefied wood. Moreover, pelletisation of even moderately torrefied fuels is challenging and achieving a standard level of pellet durability, as required by international standards, is not trivial. Despite a reduced moisture content, brief exposure of torrefied pellets to water from rainfall or emersion results in a high level of moisture retention. Based on the above findings, torrefied pellets are an optimised product. Assessment of energy and CO2-equivalent emission balance indicates that there is no environmental barrier to production and use of torrefied pellets in co-firing. A long product transport distance, however, is necessary in order for emission benefits to exceed those of conventional pellets. Substantial CO2 emission reductions appear possible with this fuel if laboratory milling results carry over to industrial scales for direct co-firing. From demonstrated state-of-the-art pellet properties, however, the economic feasibility of torrefied pellet production falls short of conventional pellets primarily due to the larger capital investment required for production. If the capital investment for torrefied pellet production can be reduced significantly or if the pellet-making issues can be resolved, the two production processes could be economically comparable. In this scenario, however, transatlantic shipping distances and a dry fuel are likely necessary for production to be viable. Based on demonstrated pellet properties to date, environmental aspects and production economics, it is concluded that torrefied pellets do not warrant investment at this time. However, from the presented results, the course of future research in this field is clear.

Ekologisuuden merkitys julkisissa hankinnoissa

Ilmastonmuutos, ympäristön saastuminen sekä luonnonvarojen ehtyminen lukeutuvat voimakkaimpiin taustalla vaikuttaviin tekijöihin, joiden vuoksi ympäristönäkökohdat ovat nousseet yhä voimakkaammin esille julkisissa hankinnoissa. Julkisten hankintojen tekijät ovat velvoitettuja huomioimaan talouden ohella myös ympäristönäkökohdat. Suuren ostovolyyminsa vuoksi julkinen sektori voi toimia suunnannäyttäjänä ympäristöä säästävien hankintojen toteuttajana. Tämä Pro gradu –tutkielma kartoittaa ekologisten hankintojen merkitystä suomalaisissa kunnissa vuonna 2016. Tavoitteena on selvittää mitä julkisten hankintojen ekologisuus kunnille merkitsee, miten ekologisuus näkyy hankintaprosessissa sekä mitkä tekijät ovat ekologisten hankintojen esteenä ja mitkä tekijät puolestaan kannustavat kuntia tekemään ekologisia hankintoja. Tutkimuksen tuloksena selvisi, että kunnat suhtautuvat ekologisuuteen hankinnoissa varsin positiivisesti ja ennen kaikkea ympäristönäkökohdat koetaan tärkeänä osana hankintoja. Ympäristönäkökohtien huomioiminen hankintaprosessissa koetaan kuitenkin melko vaikeaksi. Erityisesti tiedon puute, hinta ja taloudelliset resurssit vaikeuttavat ekologisten hankintojen toteutusta. Positiivisesti ympäristönäkökohtien huomioimiseen hankinnoissa puolestaan vaikuttavat henkilöstön osaaminen, taloudellisuus ja lainsäädäntö.

The interpretation of environmental sustainability (ES) by the IOC/Olympic Games 1994-2008

The purpose of this qualitative multi-case study was to examine the interpretation of environmental sustainability (ES) within the Olympic 11 Movement. Two research questions guided the inquiry - first, how has the concept of ES been defined by the International Olympic Committee (lOC), and second, how has the concept of ES been defined and enacted by the Organizing Committees ofthe Olympic Games (OCOGs)? During the past two decades, the International Olympic Committee (lOC) established several policies and programs related to ES. Its actions reflect a broader trend of environmentalism within economic and social spheres around the world (Milton-Smith, 2002). Despite the numerous initiatives, the Olympic Games continue to cause significant environmental damage. Frey, et al. (2007) argued that the Olympic Movement contradicts the fundamental premises of ES because the Games are hosted in a two week time period, are situated in a confined area, and accumulate operating and infrastructure costs in the billions of dollars. Further, Etzion (2007) stated "there is positive and significant correlation between firm siz~ and environmental performance" (p. 642) and in the context of the Olympics the sizeimpact relation is striking. Since 1972, the year the UN launched its international environmental awareness efforts, the Summer Olympics grew to 201 nations (39% increase), 10,500 athletes (32% increase), 28 sports (30% increase), and 302 events (43% increase) (Johnson, 2004; Girginov & Parry, 2005; Upegui, 2008). The proliferation of Games activities counters the ES principles that exist within many of the IOC declarations, policies and programs.

Ethics, tourists and the environmental practices of the North American cruise ship industry: a comparison study of the ethical standards of Alaskan and Caribbean cruise ship tourists

Please consult the paper edition of this thesis to read. It is available on the 5th Floor of the Library at Call Number: Z 9999 R43 S54 2005

Greener Golf Operations: A Comparative Case Study of Ontario Golf Courses Engaged in Environmental Sustainability Initiatives

This research explored environmental sustainability (ES) initiatives at five top-ranked Ontario golf courses that were members of the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for Golf (ACSP). Research Questions: (1) How are golf courses adapting to safeguard the natural environment? (2) Why or why not are golf courses moving to ES? and (3) What are the arising barriers to ES in golf and how can they be overcome; what role does communication play? Overall, the research was framed with an adaptation of the dimensions of convergence by Houlihan (2012), including the motives, inputs, implementation, momentum, and impact. Additionally, impression management and message framing constructs were utilized to address the issue of communicating ES initiatives. Data collection involved in-depth interviews, observations, and unobtrusive document collection. Environmental aspects of the examination were guided by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Requirements and Guidance for Organizers of Sustainable Events and Sustainable Sport and Event Toolkit (SSET).

Les ressources de pouvoir et l’influence sur les politiques publiques : le cas des associations patronales de l’industrie aérospatiale au Québec.

Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre la mobilisation des ressources de pouvoir, par les associations patronales, dans le but d’influencer les politiques publiques, plus précisément dans le secteur de l’aérospatiale. Dans un premier temps, cette recherche tente de répondre à notre première question de recherche qui s’attarde à l’impact de la logique de représentation sur la détermination du champ d’intervention en matière de politiques publiques. Dans un deuxième temps, notre seconde question de recherche tente de cerner comment les associations patronales utilisent leurs ressources de pouvoir dans le but d’influencer les politiques publiques. D’un angle théorique, cette recherche s’inscrit dans le courant des travaux néo-institutionnalistes. Tout d’abord, les associations patronales sont perçues comme étant des «entrepreneurs institutionnels» capables d’influencer leur environnement institutionnel (Campbell, 2004 ; Streeck et Thelen, 2005 ; Crouch, 2005). Plus précisément, nous constatons également que les employeurs et leurs associations sont en mesure de mobiliser plusieurs leviers de pouvoir pour influencer, à leur avantage, les développements politiques et économiques des sociétés capitalistes (Traxler et Huemer, 2007). D’un angle empirique, notre recherche vise trois objectifs : cerner les logiques de représentation des associations patronales; identifier quels types de ressources sont à la disposition des associations patronales; analyser comment s’exerce le lien entre les ressources de pouvoir (internes et externes) et l’influence potentielle sur les politiques publiques (commerciales et du travail). Afin de rencontrer nos objectifs de recherche, nous avons utilisé la technique de l’étude de cas. Cette méthode qualitative est l’un des meilleurs moyens pour analyser un phénomène inconnu car elle fournit des données en profondeur. Cette recherche suit les recommandations de Merriem (1998) qui propose de mener la recherche en trois grandes étapes : la préparation, la collecte des données et l’interprétation. Nous avons recueilli nos données à l’aide d’entrevues semi-dirigées, conduites à l’hiver 2012. Ces entrevues ont été menées auprès de représentants des associations patronales du secteur de l’aérospatiale. Nous avons effectué une analyse qualitative des données en fonction de notre revue de littérature et nos propositions de recherche. Dans cette perspective, nous avons utilisé la technique de l’appariement logique de Yin (1994) qui consistait à comparer nos observations avec nos propositions de recherche. Enfin, il faut mentionner que cette méthode de recherche (étude de cas) comporte une importante limite de recherche : la généralisation. Effectivement, nous pouvons difficilement généraliser les résultats de notre recherche à une autre population, considérant les nombreuses particularités du secteur de l’aérospatiale. Toutefois, cette recherche a tout de même contribué à enrichir les connaissances sur l’acteur patronal organisé au Canada.

Propuesta de un modelo de negocio de iluminación para el uso eficiente y sostenible de la energía

La iluminación eficiente consiste en brindar luz a un espacio determinado utilizando recursos que consuman poca energía, produzcan confort para quien las utiliza y reduzcan el costo ambiental de producirlas. Este tipo de iluminación pretende generar valor agregado tanto al usuario como al inversionista que la posee, amortizando su inversión a través del ahorro generado al utilizar nuevas tecnologías y produciendo beneficios a través del tiempo debido a su equilibrio con el medio ambiente y vida útil extendida. La idea del presente estudio es brindar un modelo de iluminación eficiente que incluya los parámetros básicos que necesite un sistema de iluminación para ser considerado de valor agregado y amigable con el medio ambiente demostrando sus ventajas y desventajas en el momento de efectuar la selección a partir de unos criterios que incluyen aspectos económicos, técnicos y ambientales.