Property rights and competing for the affections of Demos: The Impact of the 1867 Reform Act on stock prices

The 1867 Reform Act in Britain extended the electoral franchise to the skilled but propertyless urban working classes. Using stock market data and exploiting the fact that foreign and domestic equities traded simultaneously on the London market, this paper finds that investors in British firms reacted negatively to the passage of this Act. We suggest that this finding is consistent with investors foreseeing future alterations of property rights arising from the pressure that the large newly enfranchised group would bring to bear on government policy. We also suggest that our findings appear to be more consistent with the Tory political competition explanation for the Act rather than the Whig threat-of-revolution explanation.

Uma missão para o império : política missionária e o "novo imperialismo" (1885-1926)

Tese de doutoramento, História («Impérios, Colonialismo e Pós-Colonialismo»), Universidade de Lisboa, ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa e Universidade de Évora, 2014

Os biografos de Camilo

Tese de doutoramento Estudos Portugueses- Estudos de Literatura

As políticas sociais em Portugal (1910-1926)

Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História Económica e Social Contemporânea

Educação e Ideologia Portugal, pátria de heróis: a figura histórica em contexto educativo (1926-1974﴿

Tese de Doutoramento em História Especialidade de História Contemporânea

Res Publica: Citizenship and Political Representation in Portugal, 1820-1926

The term res publica (literally “thing of the people”) was coined by the Romans to translate the Greek word politeia, which, as we know, referred to a political community organised in accordance with certain principles, amongst which the notion of the “good life” (as against exclusively private interests) was paramount. This ideal also came to be known as political virtue. To achieve it, it was necessary to combine the best of each “constitutional” type and avoid their worst aspects (tyranny, oligarchy and ochlocracy). Hence, the term acquired from the Greeks a sense of being a “mixed” and “balanced” system. Anyone that was entitled to citizenship could participate in the governance of the “public thing”. This implied the institutionalization of open debate and confrontation between interested parties as a way of achieving the consensus necessary to ensure that man the political animal, who fought with words and reason, prevailed over his “natural” counterpart. These premises lie at the heart of the project which is now being presented under the title of Res Publica: Citizenship and Political Representation in Portugal, 1820-1926. The fact that it is integrated into the centenary commemorations of the establishment of the Republic in Portugal is significant, as it was the idea of revolution – with its promise of rupture and change – that inspired it. However, it has also sought to explore events that could be considered the precursor of democratization in the history of Portugal, namely the vintista, setembrista and patuleia revolutions. It is true that the republican regime was opposed to the monarchic. However, although the thesis that monarchy would inevitably lead to tyranny had held sway for centuries, it had also been long believed that the monarchic system could be as “politically virtuous” as a republic (in the strict sense of the word) provided that power was not concentrated in the hands of a single individual. Moreover, various historical experiments had shown that republics could also degenerate into Caesarism and different kinds of despotism. Thus, when absolutism began to be overturned in continental Europe in the name of the natural rights of man and the new social pact theories, initiating the difficult process of (written) constitutionalization, the monarchic principle began to be qualified as a “monarchy hedged by republican institutions”, a situation in which not even the king was exempt from isonomy. This context justifies the time frame chosen here, as it captures the various changes and continuities that run through it. Having rejected the imperative mandate and the reinstatement of the model of corporative representation (which did not mean that, in new contexts, this might not be revived, or that the second chamber established by the Constitutional Charter of 1826 might not be given another lease of life), a new power base was convened: national sovereignty, a precept that would be shared by the monarchic constitutions of 1822 and 1838, and by the republican one of 1911. This followed the French example (manifested in the monarchic constitution of 1791 and in the Spanish constitution of 1812), as not even republicans entertained a tradition of republicanism based upon popular sovereignty. This enables us to better understand the rejection of direct democracy and universal suffrage, and also the long incapacitation (concerning voting and standing for office) of the vast body of “passive” citizens, justified by “enlightened”, property- and gender-based criteria. Although the republicans had promised in the propaganda phase to alter this situation, they ultimately failed to do so. Indeed, throughout the whole period under analysis, the realisation of the potential of national sovereignty was mediated above all by the individual citizen through his choice of representatives. However, this representation was indirect and took place at national level, in the hope that action would be motivated not by particular local interests but by the common good, as dictated by reason. This was considered the only way for the law to be virtuous, a requirement that was also manifested in the separation and balance of powers. As sovereignty was postulated as single and indivisible, so would be the nation that gave it soul and the State that embodied it. Although these characteristics were common to foreign paradigms of reference, in Portugal, the constitutionalization process also sought to nationalise the idea of Empire. Indeed, this had been the overriding purpose of the 1822 Constitution, and it persisted, even after the loss of Brazil, until decolonization. Then, the dream of a single nation stretching from the Minho to Timor finally came to an end.

Eleições municipais em Lisboa na Primeira República (19910-1926)

Esta tese investiga as eleições municipais em Lisboa durante a Primeira República (1910-1926). Pretende-se captar permanências e mudanças neste microcosmo político, para um conhecimento aprofundado da História eleitoral e local desta época. Estuda, uma a uma, as eleições municipais em Lisboa (1913, 1917, 1919, 1922 e 1925). Pesquisa as forças partidárias, os candidatos a vereadores, a campanha política, o corpo eleitoral e o resultado da votação para cada um dos escrutínios. No capítulo final faz-se análise de todos os sufrágios, averiguando a questão da legitimação do poder municipal em Lisboa na Primeira República. Concluímos que as “eleições feitas” ditaram a hegemonia do Partido Republicano Português em todas as eleições camarárias da capital. Apesar disso, o regime republicano empenhou-se na participação política, na cultura cívica e no processo de modernização e democratização da sociedade portuguesa.

Conhecer para dominar : o desenvolvimento do conhecimento antropológico na política colonial portuguesa em Moçambique, 1926-1959

Em Portugal, a Antropologia, enquanto prática científica nas suas diversas assunções, leva já um século de existência, estando todavia por fazer uma História da Antropologia Portuguesa. Existem, é certo, visões parcelares, mas mesmo essas surgidas apenas nas últimas duas décadas e referindo-se, quase que exclusivamente, ao contexto «metropolitano»10. A dimensão colonial, ou tem sido sistematicamente ignorada, ou tem-se prestado a leituras algo marcadas por uma visão demasiado ideológica 11. Esse quase desconhecimento do seu próprio passado poderá ter origem naquela «cegueira histórica» referida por Thomas Kuhn e que conduz, como consequência mais evidente, a «uma distorção drástica da percepção que o cientista possui do passado da sua disciplina»12, ou, então, resultar do relativo atraso da Antropologia Portuguesa. Mas estas são leituras demasiado extemporâneas, isto é, sem que se proceda à retrospecção factual e analítica das práticas antropológicas portuguesas não se poderá emitir qualquer parecer nessa área. Torna-se imperioso, por isso mesmo, reconstituir a História da Antropologia Portuguesa, conhecer as suas motivações, dar conta das suas limitações, o que conduzirá, necessariamente, a uma mais completa compreensão das suas realizações, tanto as do passado, como as do presente.

Escala de madurez gonadal de anchoveta blanca Anchoa nasus (Kner y Steindachner, 1867)

Se presenta la escala de madurez gonadal de anchoveta blanca Anchoa nasus. El proceso de maduración y desove se ha clasificado en seis estadios tanto para hembras como para machos. Se examinaron cortes histológicos de 442 individuos de anchoveta blanca colectados a bordo del BIC J. Olaya, durante las operaciones de verano del 2008 y 2009 y del invierno primavera del 2012 y 2013. Se describe las características visuales externas y las microscópicas que definen cada uno de los estadios.

Escala de madurez gonadal del lenguado Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867)

Se presenta la escala de madurez gonadal del lenguado Paralichthys adspersus, elaborada en base al análisis y procesamiento histológico de 96 ovarios y 66 testículos de ejemplares capturados en la costa central del Perú y mantenidos en cautiverio. Los ovarios fueron clasificados micro y macroscópicamente, teniendo en cuenta el desarrollo de gametos y gonadas en: virginal, reposo, en maduración, maduro, desovante y recuperación; y a los testículos en virginal, reposo, en maduración, maduro, expulsante y post expulsante. La comparación de las características macro y microscópicas de las gónadas de peces en cautiverio no mostraron ninguna diferencia con respecto a las gónadas de los peces en su ambiente natural.