La educación a partir del ocio en el deficiente.

Tratar de revisar y elaborar un esbozo esquemático de algunas de las experiencias y recursos dinámicos con que el educador cuenta de cara a la utilización del tiempo de ocio. Recapitular los datos aportados por otras investigaciones y predecir a partir de éstas, la elaboración de un estudio minucioso de los recursos, estrategias y técnicas útiles para aquellos niños que presentan una deficiencia mental. Se estructura en quince capítulos. En el primer capítulo se explica el concepto y la etiología de la deficiencia mental, posibles causas patógenas en la vida intrauterina, causas debidas al parto, o que proceden del medio neonatal. Se desarrolla el concepto de ocio: mientras que los clásicos lo veían como un goce del espíritu, para otros autores es un conjunto de ocupaciones a las que el individuo puede dedicarse voluntariamente, sea para descansar o para divertirse, para desarrollar su información o su formación desinteresada, su voluntaria participación social, o su libre capacidad creadora. En el capítulo tercero se explica el ocio en jóvenes que no presentan ninguna deficiencia. En el capítulo cuarto se desarrolla el ocio en jóvenes que presentan deficiencia, las características de los monitores de ocio para estos jóvenes y su actuación concreta. En el capítulo quinto se desarrolla una pedagogía de ocio. Como líneas pedagógicas del tiempo libre, se debe aspirar que sea integral, activo, liberador, comunitario, centrado en la personalidad, responsabilidad positiva, asimilación interior y adaptación. El educar para el tiempo libre debe partir e iniciarse en la escuela. En el capítulo sexto se explican las estrategias educativas para deficientes mentales. En el capítulo séptimo se desarrollan las actividades de expresión, su importancia, la expresión plástica, moldeado, manualidades, dibujo y pintura, los diferentes niveles de grafismo y los principios de una educación psicomotriz del gesto gráfico: la expresión corporal, la danza y el ritmo, el teatro, los títeres, los guiñoles, el mimo y la expresión musical. En el capítulo octavo se clasifican las diferentes actividades audiovisuales que se pueden llevar a cabo. En el capítulo noveno la naturaleza cobra un especial interés, las huertas, granjas y jardines, y su importancia en la vida de los jóvenes, junto con las diferentes actividades al aire libre. En el capítulo décimo se clasifican las actividades que se pueden hacer en grupo. En el capítulo undécimo se habla del juego, cómo enseñar a jugar con juguetes, y diferentes aspectos del juego en grupo. En el capítulo duodécimo de la importancia del deporte, En los capítulos trece, catorce y quince, se explican los clubs diversos que se pueden crear, los principios básicos, las reuniones ocasionales y fiestas. 1) El futuro del tiempo libre con deficientes mentales es un campo relativamente nuevo. El horizonte se presenta abierto en el que los nuevos educadores, se enfrentarán a la necesidad de superar la estructura tradicional. 2) El ocio recobra una posición privilegiada y ve acrecentada su trascendencia, ocupando un lugar privilegiado para la no segregación, para la convivencia y la integración. 3) La deficiencia mental no se podrá educar sólo desde una perspectiva tradicional de instrucción educativa sino que la meta u objetivo prioritario y primordial, deberá ser en todo momento la educación integral del alumno, con todo lo que ella implica, integración social, laboral e integración familiar del niño deficiente. 4) Se debe tender a que las actividades del tiempo de ocio, den lugar a desarrollos de la psicomotricidad y psicosociabilidad del niño que le posibiliten el acceso a un auténtica integración, sólo entonces habremos comenzado a educar entendiendo como tal un aprender a vivir.

El cuaderno de bit??cora : reflexiones al hilo del Espacio Europeo de Educaci??n Superior

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: 'La universidad de la convergencia. Acreditaci??n y certificaciones. Estrategias docentes, tutoriales y evaluadoras de reforma'. Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Universidad y Escuela : compartiendo conclusiones y orientando las pr??cticas en el aula : 2013-2014

Pagina web del congreso, con acceso a los materiales presentados al mismo en las distintas secciones: Conferencias y Mesas redondas

Propagation, growth, and carbohydrates of Dendrobium Second Love (Orchidaceae) in vitro as affected by sucrose, light, and dark

In general, plant material grown in vitro has low photosynthetic ability to achieve positive carbon balances. Therefore, a continuous supply of carbohydrates from the culture medium is required, and sucrose has been the most commonly used carbon source. In this paper, we investigate the effects of different sucrose concentrations and the presence and absence of light on the endogenous levels of soluble carbohydrates and starch as well as on the proliferation and growth of Dendrobium Second Love (Orchidaceae) in vitro. The possibility of using etiolated stem segments as a means for micropropagating this hybrid was also verified. The results obtained indicated that the presence and absence of light and the sucrose concentrations used influenced the amounts of soluble carbohydrates and starch and the proliferation of D. Second Love shoots and roots. An increase in sucrose concentration caused a progressive increase in the amounts of total carbohydrates and starch. Under both light conditions, sucrose was the main sugar found in the shoots followed by glucose and fructose. The addition of sucrose to the culture medium up to 2% and 4% was advantageous to the number of shoots produced per explant and the root longitudinal growth in the presence and absence of light, respectively. Shoot and root dry matter and the number of roots formed per explant increased as sucrose concentration was raised up to 6% in both light treatments. The use of dark-grown shoot segments proved to be a useful and reliable alternative for the micropropagation of this hybrid.

Dark-induced hormone changes coincide with the resumption of light-inhibited shoot growth in Catasetum fimbriatum (Orchidaceae)

Catasetum fimbriatum plants cultivated in the absence of light exhibit continuous shoot growth leading to the formation of nodes and internodes. On the other hand, when these plants are incubated in the presence of light, shoot longitudinal growth is inhibited and pseudobulbs develop just below the shoot apical meristem. These facts provide evidence of a possible influence of light on mitotic cell division in the shoot apex as well as on pseudobulb initiation. The effects of light and dark on the interruption and/or maintenance of shoot apex mitotic activity and the subsequent formation of pseudobulbs in the sub-meristematic regions were investigated by means of histological and hormonal studies. The interruption of shoot apex development occurred around the 150th d of light incubation and seems to have resulted from the establishment of a strong storage sink in the region of the future pseudobulb, in detriment to the continuous activity of the shoot apical meristem. The reduced total cytokinins/IAA ratio in the apex, mainly due to high levels of IAA, could be a key factor in the interruption of cell divisions. Transfer to the dark brings about the resumption of shoot apex development of plants through the re-entrance of cells in the cell cycle which coincides with a significant increase in the total cytokinins/IAA ratio. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Structural aspects of the zygotic embryogenesis of Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (Myrtaceae)

(Structural aspects of the zygotic embryogenesis of Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (Myrtaceae)). Acca sellowiana has anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate ovules. The outer and inner integuments are double-layered except in the micropyle, where they are composed of more layers; the micropyle is zig-zag shaped. The egg apparatus lies at the micropylar pole, and the zynergids present a conspicuous filiform apparatus. The antipodal cells are present in the chalazal region, persisting before the occurrence of double fertilization. The zygote is visible 21 days after pollination; nuclear endosperm is already present. The first mitotic division of the zygote occurs at 24(th) day. The globular, cordiform and torpedo embryo stages can be seen at 30, 45 and 60 days after pollination, respectively. The mature embryo characterized by the presence of a well-developed hypocotyl-radicular axis with two fleshy and folded cotyledons was observed 120 days after pollination. Endosperm is absent in the seeds, and the embryo has spiral form, characteristic of Myrtinae. The zygotic embryology studies of A. sellowiana indicate that this species has embryological characteristics which are in agreement with those reported for Myrtaceae (Myrteae, Myrtinae), and also broaden the knowledge about the sexual reproduction of this native species, whose commercial cultivation has been growing.

Changes in soluble carbohydrates and starch amounts during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis of Acca sellowiana (Myrtaceae)

Comparative analysis of zygotic and somatic embryogenesis of Acca sellowiana showed higher amounts of sucrose, fructose, raffinose, and myo-inositol in zygotic embryos at different developmental stages than in corresponding somatic ones. These differences were mostly constant. In general, glucose levels were significantly lower than the other soluble carbohydrates analyzed, showing minor variation in each embryo stage. Despite the presence of sucrose in the culture medium, its levels conspicuously diminished in somatic embryos compared with the zygotic ones. Raffinose enhanced parallel to embryo development, regardless of its zygotic or somatic origin. Analysis of the soluble carbohydrate composition of mature zygotic cotyledon used as explant pointed out fructose, glucose, myo-inositol, sucrose, and raffinose as the most important. Similar composition was also found in the corresponding somatic cotyledon. Total soluble carbohydrates varied inversely, decreasing in zygotic embryos and increasing in somatic embryos until the 24th d, at which time they increased rapidly about sixfold in zygotic embryos until the 27th d, a period coinciding with the zygotic proembryos formation. Such condition seems to reflect directly the variation of endogenous sucrose level, mainly because glucose and fructose diminished continuously during this time period. This means that, in terms of soluble sugars, zygotic embryo formation occurred under a situation represented by high sucrose amounts, simultaneously with low fructose and glucose levels, while in contrast, somatic embryo formation took place under an endogenous sugar status characterized by a substantial fructose enhancement. Starch levels increased continuously in zygotic embryos and decreased in somatic ones, the reverse to what was found in fructose variation. Starch accumulation was significantly higher in somatic torpedo and cotyledonary embryos than in the corresponding zygotic ones.

A PERFORMANCE DE NEY MATOGROSSO: INOVAÇÃO NA CANÇÃO MIDIÁTICA EM DOIS MOMENTOS

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação.

Tratamento de esgoto doméstico em reatores sequenciais em batelada anaeróbios (RSBAn)

Este trabalho relata os resultados de um experimento realizado em duas etapas distintas. Na primeira com duração de 5 meses foram operados 4 Reatores Seqüenciais em Batelada Anaeróbios (RSBAn) com diferentes relações entre altura e diâmetro. Todos eles obedeceram a um Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 20 horas, perfazendo 2 ciclos diários de 12 horas cada um. Na segunda etapa, desta vez com 6 meses de operação, três RSBAn com geometrias idênticas foram operados com diferentes TDH de 7, 10 e 13 horas perfazendo 6, 4 e 3 ciclos diários de 4, 6, e 8 horas cada, respectivamente. Todos os experimentos foram feitos em escala de bancada, tratando esgoto sintético de características domésticas. Objetivou-se avaliar primeiramente, o efeito da configuração dos reatores relativamente as suas eficiências e depois avaliar as eficiências para diferentes TDH. Os resultados da primeira etapa demonstraram boas remoções de DQO e sólidos suspensos, em média 80 e 85% respectivamente, no efluente de todos os quatro reatores, com os melhores resultados ocorrendo nos que apresentaram menores relações altura / diâmetro. Observaram-se tempos de aclimatação da biomassa relativamente curtos para esta tecnologia em comparação a tecnologias anaeróbias tradicionais. Na segunda fase foram alcançadas boas eficiências para os TDH mais longos atingindo 85% de remoção de DQO. Mesmo assim, os reatores com menores TDH também se mostraram capazes de atingir em torno de 80% de eficiência. Observou-se que curtos tempos de retenção hidráulicos apresentaram maiores quantidades de ácido propiônico podendo promover o acúmulo de produtos intermediários como ácidos graxos voláteis no interior dos reatores. Pelo comportamento dos perfis realizados nos reatores de ambas etapas, dos parâmetros DQO e produção de gás metano, confirmaram-se as vantagens teóricas mencionadas por pesquisadores desta nova tecnologia, onde afirmam que a característica fundamental dos RSBAn é apresentar uma alta concentração de substratos no fim da alimentação e uma baixa concentração antes da fase de sedimentação, resultando em baixas taxas de alimento / microorganismo, levando portanto, a biofloculação e baixas produções de gás durante a sedimentação.

Aborto bovino por Neospora caninum: fatores associados ao resultado positivo da imunoistoquímica

Um total de 237 fetos bovinos abortados foram enviados ao Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul entre junho de 1999 e maio de 2004. Tecidos destes fetos foram analisados através da histologia e imunoistoquímica (IHQ) anti-Neospora caninum. Destes, 72 apresentaram lesões histológicas sugestivas de infecção por protozoário, caraterizadas pela presença de miosite não-supurativa, miocardite não-supurativa, pneumonia intersticial mononuclear associada a focos de necrose e encefalite necrosante não-supurativa multifocal. O cérebro apresentava consistência líquida ou semi-líquida em 61,1% dos fetos, dificultando a obtenção de tecido para a análise histológica e IHQ. A IHQ revelou a presença de taquizoítos e raros cistos de N. caninum no cérebro de 33/47 (70,2%) dos fetos que apresentam lesões histológicas sugestivas de infecção por protozoário. No modelo final da análise multivariada, três variáveis estiveram associadas significativamente com resultado positivo na IHQ nos fetos abortados: consistência do cérebro (P=0,031), lesão no cérebro (P=0,028) e idade (P=0,189). As chances de um resultado positivo na IHQ de N. caninum foram 4,35 vezes maiores (OR=4,35; 95% CI:1,1320-2,8116) quando o feto apresentava cérebro com consistência considerada normal e 4,94 vezes maiores (OR=4,94; 95%CI: 0,1646-3,0313) na presença de lesão sugestiva de infecção por protozoário caracterizada por encefalite de intensidade variada. A probabilidade de resultado positivo na IHQ foi inversamente proporcional à idade fetal, cada mês adicional de gestação diminuíram as chances de um feto apresentar resultado positivo na imunoistoquímica por 0,41 (OR=0,41, 95%CI: 1,5982- 0,1436).

Ambiente pesqueiro e saúde: representações sociais sobre saúde e doença de pescadores e marisqueiras nos distritos de Diogo Lopes, Barreiras e Sertãozinho Macau RN

According to Brazil s Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, artisanal fishermen are responsible for a significant fish production at national level, highlighting the importance of this activity. In Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, fishing has become an important part of economic and social processes. In this context, there are many inland fishing communities such as Barreiras, Diogo Lopes and Sertãozinho, which are part of Ponta do Tubarão State Reserve of Sustainable Development (RDSEPT), located in Macau and Guamaré, Rio Grande do Norte coastline cities. Fishermen and women, the last ones known as marisqueiras who work alongside the menfolk at sea, especially in the shellfish harvest, have been developing narrow relationships with nature, mainly with the sea, from where they extract their families subsistence. However, those communities have been facing several issues related to living conditions, health and diseases. Social representations have been analyzed in the speeches of fishermen/women who were registered active members in a fishermen association named Associação Colônia de Pescadores Z-41, regarding the period from 2008 to 2011. The analysis involved socio-economic profiles verification, identification and analysis of the group s main representative diseases and representations related to health and illness. This study searched for elements in order to provide the comprehension of the relationships among people s social representations and the fishing environment in which they live.. This qualiquantitative study was performed using recordings and transcriptions of structured and open-question interviews. The Collective Subject Speech tecnique proposed by Lefevre & Lefevre (2002) was applied to perform the interviews analysis using QualiQuantiSoft® software. The results showed that health and illness phenomena as well as social representations related to them in the fishing environment are not only abstract states but also physical ones, which interfere in all life extensions, establishing a set of relevant information that indicates that those people realize their own socio-cultural, economic, environmental and political context

Saberes da pesca: uma arqueologia da ciência da tradição

This essay presents and discusses knowledge obtained through tradition taken as knowledge built along generations, transmitted from mouth to mouth and everyday experiences result of a non-scientific knowledge based on observation and hints given by more experient generations. The referred icon used to develop such a discussion in this essay is fishing. We point out the knoledge which enables the fishermen, among other dominions, to: find out the fish and other animals feeding habits; find their way through by astral influence during night navigation and learn the tide flowing based on the moon cycle. On what comes to fishing knowledge, the research was organized based on a bibliographic study about several ways of fishing in the Northern, Northeastern, Southern and Southestern regions of Brazil. In the Northern and Northeastern regions, the field research was also focused. Having interviews, photographs and films as reference, this part of the research was divided into two parts: the first one situated in the Amazonian Region in na area called Baixo-Tocantins, in the State of Pará where we worked with fishermen in the small towns of Abaetetuba and Igarapé-Miri; and the second one was held in the Northeastern region of Brazil, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, where we worked with fishermen on the Piató Lake, in the small city of Assú. We tarted discussing based on a descriptive study of the fishing techniques used, aiming to identify them as an ordered activity, differed and classified by knoledge obtained through the years, based on the relationship between man and Nature. Creativity, stimulated by human curiosity, is also discussed and shown as a result of various fishing journeys. The myths, as a component of the fishing world, especially those which describe the relationship between men and waters, also have an outstanding place. At last, two fishing techniques belonging to the research field reference, are also described and analysed under the focus of construction and systematization of the knowledge related to fishing. The theory approach is based on reflection upon the tradition knowledge discussed by Almeida (2001), Balandier (1997), Câmara Cascudo (1957, 2000, 2002) and Claude Lévi-Strauss (1976, 1987 and 1991). The essay is an exercise of knowledge production which defends the "relink" of knowledge, as Edgar Morin suggests when dealing with the sciences of complexity

Uma ecologia de base complexa

This thesis objective systemize and discuss the ecological knowledge constructed by means of tradition knowledge with basis in a complex ecology (MORIN, 2002b). The conception of tradition knowledge (ALMEIDA, 2001c) corresponds to a diversity of knowledgement, of men and women, constructed from heteroclite elements of the geographic way, making use of analogies and homologies which serves as the base for this scientific inquiry. These knowledge are extremely related the context where these people are inserted. To construct an ecology of complex base is to understand that the reality is not given previously, and that its construction assumes indissociability among the elements that composes it, that is, between nature and society, material and immaterial elements. To incorporate the disorder, the uncertainty, the unpredictable and the auto-echo-organization as guide principles of a new ecology, constitutes in a new vision of the biological science and the scientific ecology in direction to a science of complexity. The work focuses the ecological knowledge of the Piató lagoon, municipality of Açu, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, having as interlocutor of this boarding Mr. Francisco Lucas da Silva (known in the local as Chico Lucas), fisherman and agriculturist, who was born, and lives until today, in the community of Areia Branca, around the lagoon. Having for base the method as strategy (MORIN, 2001a), the research construction was performed through the realization of more than 10 trips carried out between the years of 2005 and 2007. In these trips the ecological aspects of the environments such as, the flora and the fauna, as well as the environmental impacts on the lagoon, were obtained in recorded dialogues and interviews with Chico Lucas, which were later transcripts. The information from there showed a natural and social complex reality, little known by Cartesian science, since it brings a wealth of details of daily life full, over all, for tradition knowing of the people that had lived there and the ones who remain living there. The thesis looks to understand the strategies of thought and the knowledge production referring to traditional knowing and its ability of interchange between different cognitive operators. The ecological knowledge that emerges of these knows reveals a systemic perception of the environment, presenting the beings and phenomena in its peculiarities and its degrees of complexity, but immutable in its indissociability

Ergonomia, sustentabilidade sócio-ambiental e atividade de pesca artesanal com jangadas: estudo de caso na Praia de Ponta Negra, Natal-RN

The fishing is made possible by the handiwork of a fisherman, not using appliances that achieve the same levels of industrial fishing productivity and not causing environmental impacts on fish stocks with the same intensity. The adoption of sustainability practices in this type of fishing has been requested for the achievement of environmental and socioeconomic improvements, since its production has been decreasing over the years and overfishing has led to reduced stocks also stand out environmental aggressions such as pollution. Thus, this research aims to analyze the interference of environmental aspects/impacts that permeate the activity performed by fisherman on the beach of Ponta Negra, Natal-RN, in order to propose recommendations for environmental sustainability. We used a methodology based on the ergonomic work analysis (WISNER, 1987; GUERIN, 2001; VIDAL, 2008) using techniques such as observational and interactional observation protocols, photographs, videos, conversational action, and listening to verbalizations. To understand the vulnerability of the environment in which the activity is carried fisherman and the interferences that it suffers, we used the study of environmental aspects/impacts (SÁNCHEZ 2008). As a result, it appears that from the observations located and reports raftsmen, changes in the sea, the search for new fishing grounds farther from the coast, reducing fishery production, waste generation and pollution of the workplace, and the difficulty in docking rafts, factors arising from the pressures both for society as Seen by fisherman, denoting the necessity of drawing up recommendations and actions proposed by management activity by promoting discussion among raftsmen and accountable institutions, and training through workshops on environmental education, aiming to positive changes in the activity fisherman from Ponta Negra and the environment in which raftsmen are inserted in order to seek a sustainable activity, preserving its characteristics

0 retrato e a moldura : memória e oralidade em cada homem é uma raça

En este trabajo se ha realizado un análisis de cuatro cuentos de Mia Couto (2005) pertenecientes al libro Cada homem é uma raça: O embondeiro que sonhava pássaros ; A princesa russa ; O pescador cego y A lenda da noiva e do forasteiro . El estudio, bajo la perspectiva de memoria y oralidad, mantiene en foco la observación sobre la transformación de los componentes de la realidad sociocultural e histórica de Mozambique en elementos de ficción literaria. Ese recorrido esclarece, en parte, la unidad orgánica que constituye la obra y que gira en torno de los elementos de la tradición, la memoria y la oralidad. Este punto es un importante marcador de diferencias, pues las sociedades escritas han dado menos importancia a lo que es transmitido oralmente, dejando lo que es tradición en un segundo plano. Se trata de una comprensión que acabó por provocar la distorsión del pensamiento sobre lo que es tradición oral, algo que no se resume a leyendas, cuentos de hadas, folclores y danzas. De esta manera ha de considerarse a la memoria inscripta en cada símbolo como algo que justifica al ser y que lo identifica como individuo poseedor de una historia colectiva