The effect of intrathecal gabapentin on neuropathic pain is independent of the integrity of the dorsolateral funiculus in rats

Aim: This study evaluates the contribution of inhibitory pain pathways that descend to the spinal cord through the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) on the effect of intrathecal gabapentin against spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced behavioral hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation in rats. Main method: Rats were submitted to a sham or complete ligation of the right LS and L6 spinal nerves and a sham or complete DLF lesion. Next, the changes induced by intrathecal administration of gabapentin on the paw withdrawal threshold of rats to mechanical stimulation were evaluated electronically. Key findings: Intrathecal gabapentin (200 mu g/5 mu l) that was injected 2 or 7 days after surgery fully inhibited the SNL-induced behavioral hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation in sham DLF-Iesioned rats; gabapentin was effective against the SNL-induced behavioral hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation also in DLF-Iesioned rats. Significance: The effect of intrathecally administered gabapentin against SNL-induced behavioral hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation in rats does not depend on the activation of nerve fibers that descend to the spinal cord via the DLF. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Phenotypic alterations of neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing neurons innervating the rat temporomandibular joint during carrageenan-induced arthritis

The aim of this study was to identify immunoreactive neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) neurons in the autonomic and sensory ganglia, specifically neurons that innervate the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A possible variation between the percentages of these neurons in acute and chronic phases of carrageenan-induced arthritis was examined. Retrograde neuronal tracing was combined with indirect immunofluorescence to identify NPY-immuno-reactive (NPY-IR) and CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) neurons that send nerve fibers to the normal and arthritic temporomandibular joint. In normal joints, NPY-IR neurons constitute 78 +/- 3%, 77 +/- 6% and 10 +/- 4% of double-labeled nucleated neuronal profile originated from the superior cervical, stellate and otic ganglia, respectively. These percentages in the sympathetic ganglia were significantly decreased in acute (58 +/- 2% for superior cervical ganglion and 58 +/- 8% for stellate ganglion) and chronic (60 +/- 2% for superior cervical ganglion and 59 +/- 15% for stellate ganglion) phases of arthritis, while in the otic ganglion these percentages were significantly increased to 19 +/- 5% and 13 +/- 3%, respectively. In the trigeminal ganglion, CGRP-IR neurons innervating the joint significantly increased from 31 +/- 3% in normal animals to 54 +/- 2% and 49 +/- 3% in the acute and chronic phases of arthritis, respectively. It can be concluded that NPY neurons that send nerve fibers to the rat temporomandibular joint are located mainly in the superior cervical, stellate and otic ganglia. Acute and chronic phases of carrageenan-induced arthritis lead to an increase in the percentage of NPY-IR parasympathetic and CGRP-IR sensory neurons and to a decrease in the percentage of NPY-IR sympathetic neurons related to TMJ innervation.

Subthalamic deep brain stimulation modulates small fiber-dependent sensory thresholds in Parkinson's disease

The effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) rarely have been investigated. Among these, sensory disturbances, including chronic pain (CP), are frequent in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes induced by deep brain stimulation in the perception of sensory stimuli, either noxious or innocuous, mediated by small or large nerve fibers. Sensory detection and pain thresholds were assessed in 25 PD patients all in the off-medication condition with the stimulator turned on or off (on- and off-stimulation conditions, respectively). The relationship between the changes induced by surgery on quantitative sensory testing, spontaneous CP, and motor abilities were studied. Quantitative sensory test results obtained in PD patients were compared with those of age-matched healthy subjects. Chronic pain was present in 72% of patients before vs 36% after surgery (P = .019). Compared with healthy subjects, PD patients had an increased sensitivity to innocuous thermal stimuli and mechanical pain, but a reduced sensitivity to innocuous mechanical stimuli. In addition, they had an increased pain rating when painful thermal stimuli were applied, particularly in the off-stimulation condition. In the on-stimulation condition, there was an increased sensitivity to innocuous thermal stimuli but a reduced sensitivity to mechanical or thermal pain. Pain provoked by thermal stimuli was reduced when the stimulator was turned on. Motor improvement positively correlated with changes in warm detection and heat pain thresholds. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation contributes to relieve pain associated with PD and specifically modulates small fiber-mediated sensations. (C) 2012 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Netzwerke von Nervenzellen auf strukturierten Oberflächen charakterisiert mit optischen und elektrophysiologischen Methoden

Das Wachstum von Nervenzellen und deren Verbindungen im zentralen und peripheren Nervensystem wird durch Proteine der extrazellulären Matrix kontrolliert. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Matrixprotein Laminin verwendet, um Netzwerke von Nervenzellen auf künstlichen Substraten in vitro zu erzeugen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Lamininstrukturen mit Mikrostempeln aus Polydimethylsiloxan auf Zellkultursubstrate übertragen. Die Mikrostempel wurden in einem mehrstufigen Verfahren durch Abformung von photolithographisch hergestellten Masken angefertigt. Nach Vorversuchen mit neuronal differenzierten Zellen der Zellinien MzN und P19 zur Identifizierung geeigneter Abmessungen der Mikrotrukturen, gelang die Realisierung von Linien- und Gitternetzwerken sowie von komplexeren Schaltungen. Eine morphologische Charakterisierung der erzeugten Netzwerke erfolgte durch Phasenkontrast- und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie.Elektrophysiologische Messungen wurden mit der Patch-Clamp Technik an einer Kultur von Nervenzellen aus primär isolierten Hirnschnitten durchgeführt. Der Erhalt des intakten Zellverbundes im Hirnschnitt sollte Bedingungen möglichst nahe zur Situation in vivo schaffen, um die Bildung von Synapsen zu begünstigen. In Patch-Clamp Messungen an bis zu drei Neuronen gleichzeitig, gelang der Nachweis synaptischer Kopplung in strukturierten Netzwerken solcher Hirnschnitt-Kulturen. Sowohl funktionale chemische Synapsen, als auch Ohm'sche Kopplung über Gap-Junctions wurde beobachtet. Es wurde ein elektrisches Kopplungsmodell abgeleitet. Die Signalleitung in den Nervenfasern erfolgt demnach wie in einem zylindrischen, durch die Zellmembran von der Umgebung isolierten Kabel.

Modulazione del differenziamento osteogenico di precursori mesenchimali umani per applicazioni di ingegneria tissutale

Lo scheletro è un tessuto dinamico, capace di adattarsi alle richieste funzionali grazie a fenomeni di rimodellamento ed alla peculiare proprietà rigenerativa. Tali processi avvengono attraverso l’azione coordinata di osteoclasti ed osteoblasti. Queste popolazioni cellulari cooperano allo scopo di mantenere l’ equilibrio indispensabile per garantire l’omeostasi dello scheletro. La perdita di tale equilibrio può portare ad una diminuzione della massa ossea e, ad una maggiore suscettibilità alle fratture, come avviene nel caso dell’osteoporosi. E’ noto che, nella fisiopatologia dell’osso, un ruolo cruciale è svolto da fattori endocrini e paracrini. Dati recenti suggeriscono che il rimodellamento osseo potrebbe essere influenzato dal sistema nervoso. L’ipotesi è supportata dalla presenza, nelle vicinanze dell’osso, di fibre nervose sensoriali responsabili del rilascio di alcuni neuro peptidi, tra i quali ricordiamo la sostanza P. Inoltre in modelli animali è stato dimostrato il diretto coinvolgimento del sistema nervoso nel mantenimento dell’omeostasi ossea, infatti ratti sottoposti a denervazione hanno mostrato una perdita dell’equilibrio esistente tra osteoblasti ed osteoclasti. Per tali ragioni negli ultimi anni si è andata intensificando la ricerca in questo campo cercando di comprendere il ruolo dei neuropeptidi nel processo di differenziamento dei precursori mesenchimali in senso osteogenico. Le cellule stromali mesenchimali adulte sono indifferenziate multipotenti che risiedono in maniera predominante nel midollo osseo, ma che possono anche essere isolate da tessuto adiposo, cordone ombelicale e polpa dentale. In questi distretti le MSC sono in uno stato non proliferativo fino a quando non sono richieste per processi locali di riparo e rigenerazione tessutale. MSC, opportunamente stimolate, possono differenziare in diversi tipi di tessuto connettivo quali, tessuto osseo, cartilagineo ed adiposo. L’attività di ricerca è stata finalizzata all’ottimizzazione di un protocollo di espansione ex vivo ed alla valutazione dell’influenza della sostanza P, neuropeptide presente a livello delle terminazioni sensoriali nelle vicinanze dell’osso, nel processo di commissionamento osteogenico.

Expression der pronozizeptiven Vanilloidrezeptoren TRPV1 und TRPV2 und des antinozizeptiven Cannabinoidrezeptors CB1 in Spinalganglienneuronen der Ratte

Nozizeptive Spinalganglienneurone detektieren mit einer Vielzahl liganden- und spannungsgesteuerter Ionenkanäle noxische Reize, d.h. Reize, die eine Gewebeschädigung bewirken können, wandeln sie in Aktionspotenzialentladungen um und leiten sie über das Rückenmark zum Gehirn weiter, wo eine Schmerzempfindung ausgelöst wird. Die pronozizeptiven transienten Rezeptor-Potenzial-Kanäle der Vanilloidrezeptorfamilie, TRPV1 und TRPV2, sind die klassischen Transduktionsmoleküle für noxische Hitzereize in den Spinalganglien und werden von Reiztemperaturen über 43°C bzw. 52°C aktiviert. Daneben finden sich auch antinozizeptive Membranproteine, wie z.B. der metabotrope Cannabinoidrezeptor CB1. Er koppelt an spannungsgesteuerte Kaliumkanäle, die neben Natrium- und Kalziumkanälen ebenfalls an der neuronalen Erregbarkeit beteiligt sind. Von den spannungsgesteuerten Kaliumkanälen könnte der Kv1.4, der einen schnell inaktivierenden A-Strom vermittelt, an antinozizeptiven Signalwegen beteiligt sein. Um die molekulare Physiologie der Regulation von Nozizeption und Antinozizeption zu charakterisieren, wurde die Expression bzw. Ko-Expression dieser Membranproteine auf der einen als auch die funktionelle Charakterisierung von TRPV1 auf der anderen Seite im Soma der Spinalganglienneurone und im heterologen Expressionssystem untersucht. TRPV1 wurde in je einem Drittel und TRPV2 in je einem Zehntel aller Spinalganglienneurone nachgewiesen. Das Expressionsmuster veränderte sich nicht zwischen verschiedenen Präparationsmethoden, die zur Aufarbeitung der Zellen für unterschiedliche experimentelle Ansätze notwendig sind. Somit können die aus Expressionsanalysen und funktionellen Untersuchungen gewonnenen Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen werden. Obwohl TRPV1 und TRPV2 in unterschiedlich großen Zellen exprimiert werden, überlappen dennoch ihre Größenverteilungen. Durch Ko-Expressionsanalysen konnten hier erstmalig TRPV1-TRPV2-ko-exprimierende Neurone detektiert werden. Mit dem neu entwickelten N-terminalen Antikörper gegen TRPV1 (3C11) konnte gezeigt werden, dass für TRPV1 verschiedene Splice-Varianten existieren. Neben den bereits bekannten Splice-Varianten wurde hier die neue Variante Vr.3’sv isoliert. Diese besitzt zwischen Exon 15 und 16 eine Insertion aus 104 Basen und exprimiert daher einen veränderten C-Terminus. Trotz dieser Veränderung bildeten sich im heterologen Expressionssystem funktionelle Kanäle aus, die im Gegensatz zu den anderen Varianten immer noch durch Capsaicin aktivierbar waren. Vr.3’sv könnte als Homo- oder Heterotetramer die Eigenschaften TRPV1-positiver Neurone beeinflussen. Bei der Bestimmung der Häufigkeit von TRPV1 in einem Gewebe ist somit die Wahl des Antikörpers von entscheidender Bedeutung. Für TRPV2 dagegen gibt es hier keine Hinweise auf Splice-Varianten. TRPV1 wird durch das Vanilloid Capsaicin aktiviert, wobei diese Substanz neurotoxisch ist und eine Degeneration von Neuronen und epidermalen Nervenfasern bewirkt. Hier wurde nun gezeigt, dass unabhängig von den Splice-Varianten nicht alle TRPV1-positiven Neurone bei langer Inkubationszeit absterben. Funktionelle Untersuchungen belegten, dass auch Capsaicin-sensitive Zellen unter dem Einfluss des Agonisten überleben können. Dieser Schutzmechanismus wird möglicherweise von den verschiedenen Splice-Varianten vermittelt. Ko-Expressionsanalysen zeigten, dass der spannungsgesteuerte Kaliumkanal Kv1.4 in nahezu allen TRPV1- aber nicht TRPV2-positiven Neuronen exprimiert wird. Desweiteren ko-exprimierten nahezu alle TRPV1-positiven Neurone auch den Cannabinoidrezeptor CB1. Diese fast vollständige Ko-Lokalisation von CB1 und Kv1.4 in nozizeptiven Spinalganglienneuronen spricht für eine funktionell synergistische Aktivität. Der Kaliumkanal kann unter der regulativen Kontrolle von CB1 als Vermittler von A-Typ-Kaliumströmen an der Kontrolle der repetitiven Entladungen in der Peripherie und der Transmitterausschüttung zentral beteiligt sein. Es ergeben sich daraus Ansatzpunkte für die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente. Mit Kv1.4-Aktivatoren und/oder peripher wirkenden Cannabinoiden könnten die Nebenwirkungen der Cannabinoide im zentralen Nervensystem umgangen werden.

Taste receptors in the gut: a chemosensitive mechanism from fish to human

The ingestion of a meal evokes a series of digestive processes, which consist of the essential functions of the digestive system: food transport, secretory activity, absorption of nutrients and the expulsion of undigested residues do not absorbed. The gastrointestinal chemosensitivity is characterized by cellular elements of the endocrine gastrointestinal mucosa and nerve fibers, in particular of vagal nature. A wide range of mediators endocrine and/or paracrine can be released from various endocrine cells in response to nutrients in the diet. These hormones, in addition to their direct activity, act through specific receptors activating some of the most important functions in the control of energy intake and energy homeostasis in the body. For integration of this complex system of control of gastrointestinal chemosensitivity, recent evidence demonstrates the presence of taste receptors (TR) belonging to the family of G proteins coupled receptor expressed in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of different mammals and human. This thesis is divided into several research projects that have been conceived in order to clarify the relationship between TR and nutrients. To define this relationship I have used various scientific approaches, which have gone on to evaluate changes in signal molecules of TR, in particular of the α-transducin in the fasting state and after refeeding with standard diet in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig, the mapping of the same molecule signal in the gastrointestinal tract of fish (Dicentrarchus labrax), the signaling pathway of bitter TR in the STC-1 endocrine cell line and finally the involvement of bitter TR in particular of T2R38 in patients with an excessive caloric intake. The results showed how there is a close correlation between nutrients, TR and hormonal release and how they are useful both in taste perception but also likely to be involved in chronic diseases such as obesity.

Caratterizzazione morfologica e neurochimica dei neuroni sensitivi e motori del trigono vescicale e del muscolo uretrale di maiale

Il trigono della vescica urinaria (UBT) è un'area limitata attraverso la quale penetrano nella vescica la maggior parte dei vasi e fibre e in cui le fibre nervose e neuroni intramurali sono più concentrati. Mediante l’utilizzo combinato di un tracciante retrogrado(FB) e dell’immunoistochimica sono stati valutati il fenotipo e l’area del soma dei neuroni dei gangli spinali (DRG), dei neuroni post-gangliari, il fenotipo dei gangli della catena simpatica (STG) e i gangli mesenterici caudali (CMG) innervanti l’UBT. - Caratterizzazione dei neuroni dei DRG con: peptide correlato al gene della calcitonina (CGRP)(30±3%, 29±3%, rispettivamente), sostanza P(SP)(26±8%, 27±12%), ossido nitrico sintasi neuronale (nNOS)(21±4%; 26±7%), neurofilamento 200kDa (NF200)(75±14%, 81±7% ) , transient receptor potential vanilloid1 (TRPV1)(48±13%, 43±6%) e isolectina-B4-positivi (IB4) (56±6%;43±10%). I neuroni sensoriali, distribuiti da L2 a Ca1 (DRG), hanno presentato una localizzazione segmentale, mostrando maggior densità nei DRG L4-L5 e S2-S4. I neuroni sensoriali lombari sono risultati significativamente più grandi di quelle sacrali (1.112±624μm2 vs716±421μm2). Complessivamente, questi dati indicano che le vie lombari e sacrali probabilmente svolgono ruoli diversi nella trasmissione sensitiva del trigono della vescica urinaria. -I neuroni FB+ della STG e dei CMG sono risultati immunoreattivi per la tirosina idrossilasi (TH)(66±10,1%, 53±8,2%, rispettivamente), la dopamina beta-idrossilasi (DβH)(62±6,2%, 52±6,2%), neuropeptideY (NPY)(59±8%; 66±7%), CGRP(24±3%, 22±3%), SP(22±2%; 38±8%), polipeptide intestinale vasoattivo (VIP)(19±2%; 35±4%), nNOS(15±2%; 33±8%), trasportatore vescicolare dell'acetilcolina (VAChT)(15±2%; 35±5%), leu-encefalina (LENK)(14±7%; 26±9%), e somatostatina (SOM)(12±3%;32±7%).Il numero medio di neuroni FB+ (1845,1±259,3) era nella STG in L1-S3, con i pirenofori più piccoli (465,6±82.7μm2). Un gran numero (4287,5±1450,6) di neuroni FB+ di piccole dimensioni (476,1±103,9μm2) sono stati localizzati lungo il margine dei CMG. Il maggior numero (4793,3±1990,8) di neuroni FB + è stato osservato nel plesso pelvico, dove i neuroni marcati erano raggruppati in micro-gangli e con pirenoforo ancora più piccolo (374,9±85,4 μm2).

Lokalisation und Quantifizierung von 4-Hydroxynonenal in der Kochlea des Meerschweinchens nach Applikation von Gentamicin

Einleitung und Literaturdiskussion: Gentamicin ist ein aus Bakterien gewonnenes Aminoglykosid-Antibiotikum, das seit vielen Jahren im klinischen Alltag zur Therapie von bakteriellen Infektionen und zur Behandlung des Morbus Ménière eingesetzt wird. Ein bedeutender, jedoch noch nicht vollständig verstandener, Pathomechanismus ist dabei die Entstehung von 4-HNE durch Lipid Peroxidation und die konsekutive Schädigung durch das gebildete Aldehyd. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Beeinflussung der Expression von 4-HNE in sieben verschiedenen Regionen der Kochlea (SV, SL, CO, NF, LF, IDZ und SGZ) durch Gentamicin zu beschreiben und quantitativ zu ermitteln.rnMaterial und Methoden: Die Meerschweinchen wurden in vier Gruppen unterteilt: eine unbehandelte Kontrollgruppe und je eine Gruppe 1, 2 und 7 Tage nach Gentamicin-Applikation. Nach Ablauf der Inkubationszeit wurden die Kochleae den Tieren entnommen, das Gewebe fixiert, geschnitten und auf Objektträgern aufgebracht. Die Schnitte wurden mit 4-HNE-Antikörpern behandelt und die Immunreaktion mikroskopisch lokalisiert und zelluläre quantitative Unterschiede am Computer berechnet.rnErgebnisse: Die Auswertung der Daten ergab signifikante Anstiege der Immunreaktion auf 4-HNE von der Kontrollgruppe zu allen drei Behandlungsgruppen in vier der sieben untersuchten Regionen (Stria vascularis, Spirales Ligament, Cortisches Organ und Nervenfasern). In zwei Bereichen (Fibrozyten im Limbus und Interdentalzellen) kam es zwischen Kontrollgruppe und nur einer Behandlungsgruppe D (7d) zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung. Lediglich die Spiralganglionzellen erbrachten keine signifikanten Differenzen. Der Vergleich der Einzelwindungen erbrachte für die Stria vascularis, das Spirale Ligament, das Cortische Organ und die Nervenfasern signifikante Anstiege innerhalb der drei Windungen von der Kontrollgruppe zu den drei Behandlungsgruppen. Bei der Stria vascularis zeigte sich als einzige Region eine signifikant erhöhte Immunfärbung in allen drei Einzelwindungen von der Kontrollgruppe zu allen Behandlungsgruppen. Beim Vergleich der Gesamtwindungen ließ sich ausschließlich für die Region der Stria vascularis von der ersten zur dritten Windung ein Anstieg der Braunfärbung feststellen. Zudem konnten Korrelationen der Färbeintensitäten einerseits zwischen den beiden Regionen der Lateralen Wand und andererseits zwischen zwei Zelltypen im Limbus aufgezeigt werden.rnDiskussion: Die durch Gentamicin-gesteigerte 4-HNE-Expression kann durch genomische und nicht-genomische Prozesse hervorgerufen werden.

Der Retromolarkanal bzw. das Foramen retromolare. Übersicht und Fallbericht

A 19-year old female patient was referred for removal of her wisdom teeth. The panoramic radiograph showed bilateral retromolar canals in the mandible. Since the retromolar canal is neglected in anatomical textbooks and is rarely documented in scientific publications, the case prompted us to perform further diagnostic examinations with informed consent by the patient. A limited cone beam computed tomography was made and, during the surgical removal of the patient's lower right wisdom tooth, a biopsy of the soft tissue bundle emerging from the retromolar foramen was taken. In accordance with the literature, the histology revealed myelinated nerve fibers, small arteries and venules. The limited data available in the literature about the retromolar canal report that this bony canal may convey an aberrant buccal nerve. In addition, sensory nerve fibers entering the retromolar canal from above and branching to the mandibular molars may evade a block anesthesia at the mandibular foramen. These rare anatomic features may explain why the elements of the retromolar canal account for failures of mandibular block anesthesia or postsurgical sensitivity changes in the supply area of the buccal nerve.

High expression of NPY receptors in the human testis

NPY receptors represent novel molecular therapeutic targets in cancer and obesity. However, the extent of NPY receptor expression in normal human tissues is poorly investigated. Based on the role of NPY in reproductive functions, the NPY receptor expression was studied in 25 normal human testes and, additionally, 24 testicular tumors using NPY receptor autoradiography. In the normal testis, Leydig cells strongly expressed NPY receptor subtype Y2, and small arterial blood vessels Y1. Y2 receptors were found to be functional with agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding autoradiography. Full functional integrity of the NPY system was further suggested by the immunohistochemical detection of NPY peptide in nerve fibers directly adjacent to Leydig cells and arteries. Germ cell tumors expressed Y1 and Y2 on tumor cells in 33% and Y1 on intratumoral blood vessels in 50%. Based on its strong NPY receptor expression in Leydig cells and blood vessels, the normal human testis represents a potentially important physiological and pharmalogical NPY target.

Induction of the Neurokinin 1 Receptor by TNFα in Endometriotic Tissue Provides the Potential for Neurogenic Control Over Endometriotic Lesion Growth

Context: Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue. Nerve fibers are frequently associated with ectopic lesions, and neurogenic inflammation may play a role in endometriosis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of tachykinin receptors in endometriotic lesions and the role of TNFα on their expression. Design: This study was an assessment of matching eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue and peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis and an in vitro analysis of primary endometrial cells. Setting: The setting was a university hospital. Patients: Participants were premenopausal women undergoing laparoscopy. Interventions: Endometriotic lesions were removed surgically. Main Outcome Measures: Tachykinin mRNA (TACR1/2) and protein (neurokinin 1 receptor [NK1R]) expression in both eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue from patients with endometriosis and the correlation to peritoneal fluid TNFα were measured. Primary endometrial epithelial and stromal cells were assessed in vitro to determine the induction of TACR1/2 and NK1R expression after TNFα treatment. Cell viability of endometrial stromal cells after substance P exposure was also assessed. Results: Expression of both TACR1 and TACR2 mRNA was significantly higher in the ectopic than in the eutopic tissue. Both TACR1 mRNA and NK1R protein expression was significantly correlated with peritoneal fluid TNFα, and in vitro studies confirmed that TNFα treatment induced both TACR1 mRNA and NK1R protein expression in endometrial stromal cells. In endometrial stromal cells, substance P treatment enhanced cell viability, which was inhibited by a specific NK1R antagonist. Conclusions: NK1R expression is induced in ectopic endometrial tissue by peritoneal TNFα. Induction of NK1R expression may permit endometriotic lesion maintenance via exposure to substance P.

Distribution of muscarinic receptor subtypes and interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy dairy cows

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of muscarinic receptor subtypes M(1) to M(5) and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy dairy cows. SAMPLE POPULATION: Full-thickness samples were collected from the fundus, corpus, and pyloric part of the abomasum and from the duodenum, ileum, cecum, proximal loop of the ascending colon, and both external loops of the spiral colon of 5 healthy dairy cows after slaughter. PROCEDURES: Samples were fixed in paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Muscarinic receptor subtypes and ICCs were identified by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: Staining for M(1) receptors was found in the submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus. Antibodies against M(2) receptors stained nuclei of smooth muscle cells only. Evidence of M(3) receptors was found in the lamina propria, in intramuscular neuronal terminals, on intermuscular nerve fibers, and on myocytes of microvessels. There was no staining for M(4) receptors. Staining for M(5) receptors was evident in the myocytes of microvessels and in smooth muscle cells. The ICCs were detected in the myenteric plexus and within smooth muscle layers. Distribution among locations of the bovine gastrointestinal tract did not differ for muscarinic receptor subtypes or ICCs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The broad distribution of M(1), M(3), M(5), and ICCs in the bovine gastrointestinal tract indicated that these components are likely to play an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal tract motility in healthy dairy cows. Muscarinic receptors and ICCs may be implicated in the pathogenesis of motility disorders, such as abomasal displacement and cecal dilatation-dislocation.

Increased proximal urethral sensory threshold after radical pelvic surgery in women

AIM: To identify factors that potentially influence urethral sensitivity in women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The current perception threshold was measured by double ring electrodes in the proximal and distal urethra in 120 women. Univariate analysis using Kaplan-Meier models and multivariate analysis applying Cox regressions were performed to identify factors influencing urethral sensitivity in women. RESULTS: In univariate and multivariate analysis, women who had undergone radical pelvic surgery (radical cystectomy n = 12, radical rectal surgery n = 4) showed a significantly (log rank test P < 0.0001) increased proximal urethral sensory threshold compared to those without prior surgery (hazard ratio (HR) 4.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.04-8.51), following vaginal hysterectomy (HR 4.95, 95% CI 2.07-11.85), abdominal hysterectomy (HR 5.96, 95% CI 2.68-13.23), or other non-pelvic surgery (HR 4.86, 95% CI 2.24-10.52). However, distal urethral sensitivity was unaffected by any form of prior surgery. Also other variables assessed, including age, concomitant diseases, urodynamic diagnoses, functional urethral length, and maximum urethral closure pressure at rest had no influence on urethral sensitivity in univariate as well as in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Increased proximal but unaffected distal urethral sensory threshold after radical pelvic surgery in women suggests that the afferent nerve fibers from the proximal urethra mainly pass through the pelvic plexus which is prone to damage during radical pelvic surgery, whereas the afferent innervation of the distal urethra is provided by the pudendal nerve. Better understanding the innervation of the proximal and distal urethra may help to improve surgical procedures, especially nerve sparing techniques. Neurourol. Urodynam. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

NPY receptors in human cancer: a review of current knowledge

Many peptide hormone receptors are over-expressed in human cancer, permitting an in vivo targeting of tumors for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. NPY receptors are novel and promising candidates in this field. Using in vitro receptor autoradiography, Y1 and Y2 receptors have been found to be expressed in breast carcinomas, adrenal gland and related tumors, renal cell carcinomas, and ovarian cancers in both tumor cells and tumor-associated blood vessels. Pathophysiologically, tumoral NPY receptors may be activated by endogenous NPY released from intratumoral nerve fibers or tumor cells themselves, and mediate NPY effects on tumor cell proliferation and tumoral blood supply. Clinically, tumoral NPY receptors may be targeted with NPY analogs coupled with adequate radionuclides or cytotoxic agents for a scintigraphic tumor imaging and/or tumor therapy.