Contribuciones a la teoría de la atribución-indefensión : estudio 3.

Averiguar el valor de los modelos de desamparo aprendido y la teoría de la atribución en su papel explicativo. Ver si la incontrolabilidad produce desamparo. Ver si la atribución causal mediatiza la aparición de síntomas. Medir el efecto de aprendizaje con elementos comunes y del cuestionario atribucional. Muestreo por selección al azar. Número: 123 estudiantes de BUP de un colegio privado. Generalización: estudiantes de BUP. Los sujetos fueron asignados al azar a uno de los 5 grupos siguientes: G1: prueba inicial resoluble, cuestionario y prueba de anagramas. G2: prueba inicial irresoluble, cuestionario y prueba de anagramas. G3: prueba inicial resoluble y prueba de anagramas. G4: prueba inicial irresoluble y prueba de anagramas. G5: prueba de anagramas. Variable independiente: prueba de incontrolabilidad. VD: cuestionario atribucional. VD: prueba de anagramas. Prueba de incontrolabilidad: juego de cartulinas de colores, produce la situación de control y no control. Cuestionario atribucional: medir el estilo atribucional de los sujetos con respecto al éxito o al fracaso en la tarea previa. Prueba de anagramas: juego de cartulinas con letras, mide el número de aciertos y de errores, las latencias post error, latencia post acierto y latencia total. Contraste de diferencias de medias. La conclusión más notable a que se llega después de ver los resultados arrojados por el tercer estudio, es que los factores práctica y cuestionario son ciertamente importantes, si no determinantes, en relación con dichos resultados. Los datos indican que ambos contribuyen a mejorar la ejecución de la tarea de prueba y que dicha contribución parece ser distinta en condiciones de resolubilidad o irresolubilidad. Asimismo, podemos suponer que ambos efectos interactúan, no simplemente se suman, de alguna forma compleja, que deberá ser investigada con mayor detalle. En estos estudios se aporta más evidencia sobre la importancia de evaluar los componentes motivacionales, pues se supone que este componente contrarresta al efecto de incontrolabilidad, de forma que los sujetos sometidos a la no contingencia rinden más por un incremento de la motivación en dirección opuesta a la del desamparo, derivado, quizás, de haber realizado la primera tarea y de haber contestado al cuestionario. Por lo tanto, en el futuro será necesario tener presente el efecto motivacional a la hora de planificar estudios de este tipo.

Seasonal pattern of regional carbon balance in the central Rocky Mountains from surface and airborne measurements

[1] High-elevation forests represent a large fraction of potential carbon uptake in North America, but this uptake is not well constrained by observations. Additionally, forests in the Rocky Mountains have recently been severely damaged by drought, fire, and insect outbreaks, which have been quantified at local scales but not assessed in terms of carbon uptake at regional scales. The Airborne Carbon in the Mountains Experiment was carried out in 2007 partly to assess carbon uptake in western U.S. mountain ecosystems. The magnitude and seasonal change of carbon uptake were quantified by (1) paired upwind-downwind airborne CO2 observations applied in a boundary layer budget, (2) a spatially explicit ecosystem model constrained using remote sensing and flux tower observations, and (3) a downscaled global tracer transport inversion. Top-down approaches had mean carbon uptake equivalent to flux tower observations at a subalpine forest, while the ecosystem model showed less. The techniques disagreed on temporal evolution. Regional carbon uptake was greatest in the early summer immediately following snowmelt and tended to lessen as the region experienced dry summer conditions. This reduction was more pronounced in the airborne budget and inversion than in flux tower or upscaling, possibly related to lower snow water availability in forests sampled by the aircraft, which were lower in elevation than the tower site. Changes in vegetative greenness associated with insect outbreaks were detected using satellite reflectance observations, but impacts on regional carbon cycling were unclear, highlighting the need to better quantify this emerging disturbance effect on montane forest carbon cycling.

Effects of aerobic exercise on the blood pressure, oxidative stress and eNOS gene polymorphism in pre-hypertensive older people

The polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are associated with reduced eNOS activity. Aerobic exercise training (AEX) may influence resting nitric oxide (NO) production, oxidative stress and blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of AEX on the relationship among blood pressure, eNOS gene polymorphism and oxidative stress in pre-hypertensive older people. 118 pre-hypertensive subjects (59 +/- A 6 years) had blood samples collected after a 12 h overnight fast for assessing plasma NO metabolites (NOx) assays, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (T-BARS) and superoxide dismutase activity (ecSOD). eNOS polymorphism (T-786C and G-894T) was done by standard PCR methods. All people were divided according to the genotype results (G1: TT/GG, G2: TT/GT + TT, G3: TC + CC/GG, G4: TC + CC/GT + TT). All parameters were measured before and after 6 months of AEX (70% of VO(2 max)). At baseline, no difference was found in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ecSOD and T-BARS activity. Plasma NOx levels were significantly different between G1 (19 +/- A 1 mu M) and G4 (14.2 +/- A 0.6 mu M) and between G2 (20.1 +/- A 1.7 mu M) and G4 (14.2 +/- A 0.6 mu M). Therefore, reduced NOx concentration in G4 group occurred only when the polymorphisms were associated, suggesting that these results are more related to genetic factors than NO-scavenging effect. After AEX, the G4 increased NOx values (17.2 +/- A 1.2 mu M) and decreased blood pressure. G1, G3 and G4 decreased T-BARS levels. These results suggest the AEX can modulate the NOx concentration, eNOS activity and the relationship among eNOS gene polymorphism, oxidative stress and blood pressure especially in C (T-786C) and T (G-894T) allele carriers.

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of a pre-Columbian funerary gold mask from the Museum of Sican, Peru

A funerary gold mask from the Museum of Sican, Ferranafe, Peru was analyzed in 30 different areas using a portable equipment using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. It was deduced from the measurements that the main sheet of the mask and the majority of the pendants have a similar composition and are made of tumbaga, which means a poor gold alloy enriched at the surface by depletion gilding, and have a similar `equivalent` gilding thickness of about 5 mu m. The nose, also on tumbaga, has different composition and a thickness of about 8 mu m. The clamps are on gilded or on silvered copper. The red pigment dispersed on the surface of the mask is cinnabar. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Influence of different light sources and photo-activation methods on degree of conversion and polymerization shrinkage of a nanocomposite resin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of different light sources and photo-activation methods on degree of conversion (DC%) and polymerization shrinkage (PS) of a nanocomposite resin (Filtek (TM) Supreme XT, 3M/ESPE). Two light-curing units (LCUs), one halogen-lamp (QTH) and one light-emitting-diode (LED), and two different photo-activation methods (continuous and gradual) were investigated in this study. The specimens were divided in four groups: group 1-power density (PD) of 570 mW/cm(2) for 20 s (QTH); group 2-PD 0 at 570 mW/cm(2) for 10 s + 10 s at 570 mW/cm(2) (QTH); group 3-PD 860 mW/cm(2) for 20 s (LED), and group 4-PD 125 mW/cm(2) for 10 s + 10 s at 860 mW/cm(2) (LED). A testing machine EMIC with rectangular steel bases (6 x 1 x 2 mm) was used to record the polymerization shrinkage forces (MPa) for a period that started with the photo-activation and ended after two minutes of measurement. For each group, ten repetitions (n = 40) were performed. For DC% measurements, five specimens (n = 20) for each group were made in a metallic mold (2 mm thickness and 4 mm diameter, ISO 4049) and them pulverized, pressed with bromide potassium (KBr) and analyzed with FT-IR spectroscopy. The data of PS were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Welch`s correction and Tamhane`s test. The PS means (MPa) were: 0.60 (G1); 0.47 (G2); 0.52 (G3) and 0.45 (G4), showing significant differences between two photo-activation methods, regardless of the light source used. The continuous method provided the highest values for PS. The data of DC% were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and shows significant differences for QTH LCUs, regardless of the photo-activation method used. The QTH provided the lowest values for DC%. The gradual method provides lower polymerization contraction, either with halogen lamp or LED. Degree of conversion (%) for continuous or gradual photo-activation method was influenced by the LCUs. Thus, the presented results suggest that gradual method photo-activation with LED LCU would suffice to ensure adequate degree of conversion and minimum polymerization shrinkage.

FT-IR spectroscopy assessment of aesthetic dental materials irradiated with low-dose therapeutic ionizing radiation

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of low-dose therapeutic ionizing radiation on different aesthetic dental materials. Forty five specimens (n = 45) of three different aesthetic restorative materials were prepared and randomly divided into five groups: G1 (control group); G2, G3, G4, G5 experimental groups irradiated respectively with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 Gy of gamma radiation by the (60)Co teletherapy machine. Chemical analyses were performed using a FT-IR Nicolet 520 spectrophotometer with reflectance diffuse technique. Even a minimal exposition at ionizing radiation in therapeutic doses can provide chemical changes on light-cured composite resins. The three studied restorative materials showed changes after exposure at gamma radiation, however the increase of the radiation dose did not contribute to an increase in this effect.

Increased Viability of Odontoblast-Like Cells Subjected to Low-Level Laser Irradiation

Studies have shown that the increase of cell metabolism depends on the low level laser therapy (LLLT) parameters used to irradiate the cells. However, the optimal laser dose to up-regulate pulp cell activity remains unknown. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic response of odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23) exposed to different LLLT doses. Cells at 20000 cells/cm(2) were seeded in 24-well plates using plain culture medium (DMEM) and were incubated in a humidified incubator with 5% CO(2) at 37 degrees C. After 24 h, the culture medium was replaced by fresh DMEM supplemented with 5% (stress by nutritional deficit) or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cells were exposed to different laser doses from a near infrared diode laser prototype designed to provide a uniform irradiation of the wells. The experimental groups were: G1: 1.5 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G2: 1.5 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS; G3: 5 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G4: 5 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS; G5: 19 J/cm(2) + 5% FBS; G6: 19 J/cm(2) + 10% FBS. LLLT was performed in 3 consecutive irradiation cycles with a 24-hour interval. Non-irradiated cells cultured in DMEM supplemented with either 5 or 10% FBS served as control groups. The analysis of the metabolic response was performed by the MTT assay 3 h after the last irradiation. G1 presented an increase in SDH enzyme activity and differed significantly (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05) from the other groups. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed normal cell morphology in all groups. Under the tested conditions, LLLT stimulated the metabolic activity of MDPC-23 cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5% FBS and exposed to a laser dose of 1.5 J/cm(2). These findings are relevant for further studies on the action of near infrared lasers on cells with odontoblast phenotype.

Immobilization of liposomes in nanostructured layer-by-layer films containing dendrimers

Artificial vesicles or liposomes composed of lipid bilayers have been widely exploited as building blocks for artificial membranes, in attempts to mimic membrane interaction with drugs and proteins and to investigate drug delivery processes. In this study we report on the immobilization of liposomes of 1,2-dipalmitoyi-sn-Glycero-3-[Phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (Sodium Salt) (DPPG) in layer-by-layer (LbL) films, alternated with poly (amidoamine) G4 (PAMAM) dendrimer layers. The average size of the liposomes in solution was 120 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering, with their spherical shape being inferred from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in cast films. LbL films containing up to 20 PAMAM/DPPG bilayers were assembled onto glass and/or silicon wafer substrates. The growth of the multilayers was achieved by alternately immersing the substrates into the PAMAM and DPPG solutions for 5 and 10 min, respectively. The formation of PAMAM/DPPG liposome multilayers and its ability to interact with BSA were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The structural features and film thickness were obtained using X-ray diffraction and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cicatrização de feridas cutâneas e níveis séricos de corticosterona em ratos wistar submetidos ao enriquecimento ambiental

Os resultados demonstram que não houve diferença estatística significante em relação às áreas da ferida entre os grupos analisados (G2, G3 e G4) dentro do mesmo dia de observação. Entretanto, na avaliação histopatológica da cicatrização, houve diferença significativa na segunda semana de experimento entre as médias avaliadas do grupo G2 e o grupo G3 sendo que, este último apresentou melhor cicatrização quando comparado ao primeiro. Quanto ao nível de corticosterona observou-se diferença significativa do grupo G2 com relação aos demais grupos apenas na primeira semana. Este resultado indica que, na primeira semana, os animais submetidos à cirurgia e mantidos em ambientes sem EA tiveram níveis elevados de corticosterona, compatível com situação de estresse, enquanto que os animais que também sofreram procedimento cirúrgico, mas foram mantidos em ambientes enriquecidos no pós-operatório, apresentaram níveis de corticosterona similares àqueles que não sofreram intervenção cirúrgica. Desta forma, concluiu-se que a utilização do EA não altera A preocupação com o bem-estar dos animais utilizados na experimentação científica tem aumentado nos últimos anos bem como, a maneira com que o estresse pode interferir nos resultados das pesquisas. Entre as técnicas utilizadas para minimizar o estresse e promover o bem-estar destaca-se o enriquecimento ambiental (EA), que visa propiciar um ambiente no qual o animal possa demonstrar comportamentos típicos da espécie. Nas espécies até hoje estudadas o uso do EA tem sido favorável com resultados positivos tanto no aspecto comportamental como fisiológico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do EA na recuperação pós-cirúrgica em Rattus norvergicus através da observação do nível de corticosterona sangüínea e o tempo de cicatrização, pela regressão do tamanho da ferida cirúrgica e posterior análise histopatológica. . Ratos machos da linhagem Wistar foram separados em quatro grupos: sem procedimento cirúrgico e sem enriquecimento ambiental (grupo G1), com procedimento cirúrgico e sem enriquecimento ambiental (grupo G2), com procedimento cirúrgico e enriquecimento ambiental com mobiliário (grupo G3) e com procedimento cirúrgico e enriquecimento ambiental com interação social (grupo G4). No grupo G3, diferentes objetos (iglu, bloco de madeira e cilindro) foram colocados de forma seqüencial nas gaiolas enquanto que na gaiola do grupo G4 foi introduzido outro rato, macho, com a mesma idade e peso dos utilizados no experimento como forma de interação social. significativamente o tempo de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas mas reduz o estresse pós-cirúrgico.

Aspectos do comportamento reprodutivo na monta natural de eqüinos da raça crioula.

O presente experimento objetivou verificar o comportamento sexual de três garanhões da raça Crioula, a campo, com idades de 4, 8 e 18 anos frente a uma população de éguas em cio com diferentes idades e status reprodutivo e identificar o papel da fêmea em relação às interações pré-copulatórias. Para tanto foram utilizados três garanhões e 60 éguas, da Raça Crioula, 20 para cada garanhão, com idades variando entre três e 17 anos. As observações foram realizadas durante a estação de monta, tendo início em quatro de novembro de 2003 e término em 13 de janeiro de 2004. Cada manada foi observada de cada vez, acompanhada, diariamente por um observador. Em primeiro lugar foi observado o garanhão G8 e sua manada, por nove dias, seguido pelo G18 observado por oito dias, e G4 observado por 8,5 dias. Considerando-se os três reprodutores, o número total de horas de observação foi de 256,5 horas, divididas em dois turnos, manhã e tarde, com uma média de 5,4 horas de observação no turno da manhã e 4,64 horas no turno da tarde, Foram observadas e registradas, através de anotações e fotografias, todas as atitudes do garanhão, relacionadas com o seu comportamento sexual perante as éguas, assim como as atitudes das mesmas perante os reprodutores. O acompanhamento dos animais pelo observador era feito a pé, com a maior descrição para não interferir no comportamento e na disposição da manada e quando necessário, era utilizado um binóculo. Houve o cuidado de não permitir a presença de outros eqüinos nos piquetes vizinhos aos que as manadas observadas permaneciam, para que não houvesse nenhum tipo de interferência no comportamento dos animais. Os garanhões permaneceram com as éguas por todo o tempo do experimento, inclusive no período da noite. Concluiu-se que A atividade sexual diminui com o aumento da idade do garanhão. As éguas falhadas em cio formam o grupo sexualmente ativo, permanecendo mais próximas ao garanhão do que éguas em cio com cria. A rufiação e o momento da cobertura são determinados pelo garanhão. O número de coberturas diminuiu com o passar dos dias, havendo regulação por parte do garanhão, mesmo com um elevado número de éguas em cio por dia. Houve um elevado índice de prenhez em relação às coberturas realizadas no cio observado.

Estudo sobre a participação de rodedores na cadeia de transmissão de Leishmania infantum (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae) no Rio Grande do Norte

American visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by the bite of the sand flies Lutzomia longipalpis.The main domestic reservoir is the dog, while foxes and opposums are the known wild reservoirs. However, identification of natural infections with L. infantum in rodents appears for need of investigating the participation of these rodents how source of infection of the parasite. In the present work the Leishmania infantum infection was investigated in rodents captured in Rio Grande do Norte, aiming at to offer subsidies to the understanding of the epidemic chains of LVA in the State. Thirteen Galea spixii were distributed in four groups, being G1 the group control with four animals and the others, G2, G3 and G4, with three animals each. Those animals were intraperitoneally inoculated with 107 promastigotas of L. infantum and accompanied for, respectively, 30, 90 and 180 days. Weekly the animals were monitored as for the corporal weight and rectal temperature. At the end of each stipulated period the animals were killed. Blood were used for determination of the parameters biochemical and haematological, PCR, ELISA, microscopic examination and cultivation in NNN medium. Liver, spleen and lymph node were used in Giemsa-stained impression and cultivation in NNN medium. Liver and spleen fragments were still used in PCR and histopathological, respectively. At the same time 79 rodents of the species Rattus rattus, Bolomys lasiurus, Oligoryzomys nigripis, Oryzomys subflavus and Trichomys apereoides were captured in the Municipal districts of Brejinho, Campo Grande, Coronel Ezequiel, Passa e Fica and Vázea for identification of natural infection with L. infantum. Evidence of infection was checked by direct examination of Giemsa-stained impression of liver, spleen and blood and culture of these tissues in NNN medium. Antibodies were researched by ELISA. They were not found differences among the weigh corporal final, rectal temperature and biochemical and haematological parameters of the Galea spixii controls and infected. The rectal temperature of the animals varied from 36OC to 40OC. For the first time values of the haematocrit (33,6% to 42,8%), hemoglobin (10,2 to 14,5g/dl), erythrocyts number (4,67x106 to 6,90x106/mm3), total leukocytes (0,9x103 to 9,2x103/mm3), platelets (49x103 to 509x103/mm3) total proteins (1,56 to 6,06 g/dl), albumin (1,34 to 3,05 g/dl) and globulins (0,20 to 3,01 g/dl) of the Galea spixii were determined. The lymphocytes were the most abundant leucocytes. Infection for L. infantum was diagnosed in two animals euthanasied 180 days after the infection. In one of the animals was also identified antibodies anti-Leishmania. The parasite was not found in none of the five other species of rodents captured. Galea spixii are resistant to the infection for L. infantum and they are not good models for the study for visceral leishmaniose, although they can act as infection sources. More studies are necessary to determine the paper of the rodents in the epidemic chain of transmission of the visceral leishmaniose in the State of Rio Grande do Norte

Análise mecânica e microestrutural das ligas de cobalto-cromo de uso odontológico após sucessivas refundições

The cobalt-chromium alloy is extensively used in the Odontology for the confection of metallic scaffolding in partial removable denture. During the last few years, it has been reported an increasing number of premature imperfections, with a few months of prosthesis use. The manufacture of these components is made in prosthetic laboratories and normally involves recasting, using parts of casting alloy and parts of virgin alloy. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze the mechanical properties of a commercial cobalt-chromium alloy of odontological use after successive recasting, searching information to guide the dental prosthesis laboratories in the correct manipulation of the cobalt-chromium alloy in the process of casting and the possible limits of recasting in the mechanical properties of this material. Seven sample groups were confectioned, each one containing five test bodies, divided in the following way: G1: casting only with virgin alloy; G2: casting with 50% of the alloy of the G1 + 50% of virgin alloy; G3: casting with 50% of the alloy of the G2 + 50% of virgin alloy; G4: casting with 50% of the alloy of the G3 + 50% of virgin alloy; G5: 50% of alloy of the G4 + 50% of virgin alloy; G6: 50% of alloy of the G5 + 50% of virgin alloy and finally the G7, only with recasting alloy. The modifications in the mechanical behavior of the alloy were evaluated. Moreover, it was carried the micro structural characterization of the material by optic and electronic scanning microscopy, and X ray diffraction.and fluorescence looking into the correlatation of the mechanical alterations with structural modifications of the material caused by successive recasting process. Generally the results showed alterations in the fracture energy of the alloy after successive recasting, resulting mainly of the increasing presence of pores and large voids, characteristic of the casting material. Thus, the interpretation of the results showed that the material did not reveal significant differences with respect to the tensile strength or elastic limit, as a function of successive recasting. The elastic modulus increased from the third recasting cycle on, indicating that the material can be recast only twice. The fracture energy of the material decreased, as the number of recasting cycles increased. With respect to the microhardness, the statistical analyses showedno significant differences. Electronic scanning microscopy revealed the presence of imperfections and defects, resulting of the recasting process. X ray diffraction and fluorescence did not show alterations in the composition of the alloy or the formation of crystalline phases between the analyzed groups. The optical micrographs showed an increasing number of voids and porosity as the material was recast. Therefore, the general conclusion of this study is that the successive recasting of of Co-Cr alloys affects the mechanical properties of the material, consequently leading to the failure of the prosthetic work. Based on the results, the best recommendadition is that the use of the material should be limited to two recasting cycles

Effect of poultry viscera meal inclusion in broiler diets in different rearing periods on performance, carcass and parts yields

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação in vitro e in vivo da Atividade Antioxidante do Extrato Hidroetanólico de Folhas de Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae)

Recently, it has been a increasing interest in the antioxidative role of natural products to aid the endogenous protective biological systems against the deleterious effects of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) reactive species. Many antioxidant compounds, naturally occurring from plant sources. Natural antioxidants can protect and prevent the human body from oxidative stress and retard the progress of many diseases in which free radical are involved. Several plants used in the folk medicine to treat certain disorders that are accompanied by inflammation and other pharmacological properties have been proved their attributed properties, such antioxidant activity. Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae), frequently employed by population as a medicinal plant, demonstrated antioxidant activity by in vitro and in vivo assays, using its leaf hydroethanolic extract (10%) he in vitro DPPH radical-scanvenging activity showed a strong antioxidant activity (86.57% ± 0.14), similar to Carduus marianus and catequine effects. For the in vivo assays, adult female Wistar rats (n=48) with carbon tetrachloride hepatic injury induced (2,5mL/kg i.p.) were used, Six groups or rats were uses (n=8) [G1 = control (1,25 mL/kg i.p. vehicle); G2 = CCl4 (2,5 mL/kg i.p.); G3 = CCl4 + extract 7 days (500 mg/kg p.o.); G4 = CCl4 + Legalon® 7 days (50 mg/kg p.o.), G5 = CCl4 + extract 21 days (500 mg/kg p.o.) e G6 = CCl4 + Legalon® 21 days (50 mg/kg p.o.)]. The hepatic oxidative injury was evaluated through biochemical parameters [alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST)] histopathological study, while thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBAR), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were used to evaluate proantioxidant parameters. The plant extract tested was found effective as hepatoprotective as evidenced by a decreasing in the ALT and AST activities (p<0.001) and TBAR (plasma, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001). Levels of GSH (blood, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001) and antioxidant enzymes [CAT erythrocyte (p<0.05) and hepatic (p<0.01); SOD erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001); GPx erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001)] were also significantly increased. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were significantly reduced by the extract treatment. The data obtained were comparable to that of Legalon®, a reference hepatoprotective drug. The results showed that T. ulmifolia leaf extract protects against CCl4 induced oxidative damage. Therefore, this effect must be associated to its antioxidant activity, attributed to the phenolic compounds, present in these extract, which can act as free radical scavengers

Efeitos da adição de gesso agrícola à cama aviária sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte

O experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da adição de gesso agrícola à cama aviária sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Quatro níveis de gesso: G1, G2, G3 e G4 (10, 20, 30 e 40%, respectivamente, em relação a um grupo controle que usou 50 kg de maravalha de madeira como cama ) foram testados. O gesso foi adicionado em diferentes períodos: T1 (quando as aves apresentaram nove dias de idade das aves) e T2 (quantidade total de gesso foi dividida ao meio e aplicada, respectivamente, aos 9 e 23 dias de idade das aves). O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com nove tratamentos, compondo um esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (nível de gesso x idade das aves) + grupo testemunha. Consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e mortalidade foram avaliados em três períodos: 9 a 21 dias, 21 a 49 dias e 9 a 49 dias de idade das aves. O gesso não influiu no desempenho das aves, exceto no consumo de ração, no primeiro período avaliado (9 a 21 dias).