266 resultados para Medicago truncatula


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Cucurbit crops host a range of serious sap-sucking insect pests, including silverleaf whitefly (SLW) and aphids, which potentially represent considerable risk to the Australian horticulture industry. These pests are extremely polyphagous with a wide host range. Chemical control is made difficult due to resistance and pollution, and other side-effects are associated with insecticide use. Consequently, there is much interest in maximising the role of biological control in the management of these sap-sucking insect pests. This study aimed to evaluate companion cropping alongside cucurbit crops in a tropical setting as a means to increase the populations of beneficial insects and spiders so as to control the major sap-sucking insect pests. The Population of beneficial and harmful insects, with a focus on SLW and aphids, and other invertebrates were sampled weekly oil four different crops which could be used for habitat manipulation: Goodbug Mix (GBM; a proprietary seed Mixture including self-sowing annual and perennial herbaceous flower species); lablab (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet); lucerne (Medicago sativa L.); and niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.). Lablab hosted the highest numbers of beneficial insects (larvae and adults of lacewing (Mallada signata (Schneider)), ladybird beetles (Coccinella transversalis Fabricius) and spiders) while GBM hosted the highest numbers of European bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) and spiders. Lucerne and niger showed little promise in hosting beneficial insects, but lucerne hosted significantly more spiders (double the numbers) than niger. Lucerne hosted significantly more of the harmful insect species of aphids (Aphis gossypii (Glover)) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) and heliothis (Heliothis armigera Hubner). Niger hosted significantly more vegetable weevils (Listroderes difficillis (Germar)) than the other three species. Therefore, lablab and GBM appear to be viable options to grow within cucurbits or as field boundary crops to attract and increase beneficial insects and spiders for the control of sap-sucking insect pests. Use of these bio-control strategies affords the opportunity to minimise pesticide usage and the risks associated with pollution.

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Temperate species and tropical crop silage are the basis for forage production for the dairy industry in the Australian subtropics. Irrigation is the key resource needed for production, with little survival of temperate species under rain-grown conditions except for lucerne. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), fertilised with either inorganic nitrogen or grown with clovers, is the main cool season forage for the dairy industry. It is sown into fully prepared seedbeds, oversown into tropical grasses, especially kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) or sown after mulching. There has been a continual improvement in the performance of annual and hybrid ryegrass cultivars over the last 25 years. In small plot, cutting experiments, yields of annual ryegrass typically range from 15 to 21 t DM/ha, with equivalent on-farm yields of 7 to 14 t DM/ha of utilised material. Rust (Puccinia coronata) remains the major concern although resistance is more stable than in oats. There have also been major improvements in the performance of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) cultivars although their persistence under grazing is insufficient to make them a reliable forage source for the subtropics. On the other hand, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) cultivars perform well under cutting and grazing, although farmer resistance to the use of tall fescue is strong. White clover (Trifolium repens) is a reliable and persistent performer although disease usually reduces its performance in the third year after sowing. Persian (Shaftal) annual clover (T. resupinatum) gives good winter production but the performance of berseem clover (T. alexandrinum) is less reliable and the sub clovers (T. subterraneum) are generally not suited to clay soils of neutral to alkaline pH. Lucerne (Medicago sativa), either as a pure stand or in mixtures, is a high producing legume under both irrigation and natural rainfall. Understanding the importance of leaf and crown diseases, and the development of resistant cultivars, have been the reasons for its reliability. Insects on temperate species are not as serious a problem in the subtropics as in New Zealand (NZ). Fungal and viral diseases, on the other hand, cause many problems and forage performance would benefit from more research into resistance.

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Pimelea poisoning is an ongoing, periodically serious problem for cattle producers in inland Australia. The annual native plants of the Thymelaeaceae family that cause the problem are widespread and animal management is currently the main means of minimizing poisoning. However, there are situations in the higher rainfall parts of the natural distribution area of these plants where farming and quite intensive property development do occur and here the use of selective herbicides may be an option. This research looked for herbicides that could be considered for registration for Pimelea control, bearing in mind the large potential costs involved if used over large areas. Group I hormone herbicides (for example 2,4-D) were quite effective as was metsulfuron-methyl and glyphosate at doses commonly registered for use on broad-leafed weeds. On the basis of minimizing costs and quickly suppressing seed-set, metsulfuron-methyl at 3.5e5 g a.i. ha1 and 2,4-D at 375e500 g a.i. ha1 were the most promising. Where medic (Medicago spp.) persistence is vital, 2,4-DB at 240e300 g a.i. ha1 could be used and glyphosate at 1 kg a.i. ha1 would be effective on fallowed ground if costwas not an overriding concern.

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Field studies were conducted over 5 years on two dairy farms in southern Queensland to evaluate the impacts of zero-tillage, nitrogen (N) fertiliser and legumes on a winter-dominant forage system based on raingrown oats. Oats was able to be successfully established using zero-tillage methods, with no yield penalties and potential benefits in stubble retention over the summer fallow. N fertiliser, applied at above industry-standard rates (140 vs. 55 kg/ha.crop) in the first 3 years, increased forage N concentration significantly and had residual effects on soil nitrate-N at both sites. At one site, crop yield was increased by 10 kg DM/ha. kg fertiliser N applied above industry-standard rates. The difference between sites in fertiliser response reflected contrasting soil and fertiliser history. There was no evidence that modifications to oats cropping practices (zero-tillage and increased N fertiliser) increased surface soil organic carbon (0-10 cm) in the time frame of the present study. When oats was substituted with annual legumes, there were benefits in improved forage N content of the oat crop immediately following, but legume yield was significantly inferior to oats. In contrast, the perennial legume Medicago sativa was competitive in biomass production and forage quality with oats at both sites and increased soil nitrate-N levels following termination. However, its contribution to winter forage was low at 10% of total production, compared with 40% for oats, and soil water reserves were significantly reduced at one site, which had an impact on the following oat production. The study demonstrated that productive grazed oat crops can be grown using zero tillage and that increased N fertiliser is more consistent in its effect on N concentration than on forage yield. A lucerne ley provides a strategy for raising soil nitrate-N concentration and increasing overall forage productivity, although winter forage production is reduced.

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Increasing organic carbon inputs to agricultural soils through the use of pastures or crop residues has been suggested as a means of restoring soil organic carbon lost via anthropogenic activities, such as land use change. However, the decomposition and retention of different plant residues in soil, and how these processes are affected by soil properties and nitrogen fertiliser application, is not fully understood. We evaluated the rate and extent of decomposition of 13C-pulse labelled plant material in response to nitrogen addition in four pasture soils of varying physico-chemical characteristics. Microbial respiration of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) residues was monitored over 365-days. A double exponential model fitted to the data suggested that microbial respiration occurred as an early rapid and a late slow stage. A weighted three-compartment mixing model estimated the decomposition of both soluble and insoluble plant 13C (mg C kg−1 soil). Total plant material decomposition followed the alkyl C: O-alkyl C ratio of plant material, as determined by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Urea-N addition increased the decomposition of insoluble plant 13C in some soils (≤0.1% total nitrogen) but not others (0.3% total nitrogen). Principal components regression analysis indicated that 26% of the variability of plant material decomposition was explained by soil physico-chemical characteristics (P = 0.001), which was primarily described by the C:N ratio. We conclude that plant species with increasing alkyl C: O-alkyl C ratio are better retained as soil organic matter, and that the C:N stoichiometry of soils determines whether N addition leads to increases in soil organic carbon stocks.

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苜蓿(Medicago Sativa L)是在共生固氮研究中常用的豆科植物之一。为了研究共生固氮的机理,尤其是对宿主植物豆血红蛋白基因和其它结瘤素基因的结构、表达和调控进行探讨。我们以λ系列噬菌体EMBL4作载体,用苜蓿核DNA10-20Kb片段作供体,构建了苜宿核基因组文库,共得到8.75×105pfu重组噬菌体,达到了建库的容量。用EcoR I对10个随机选择的重组子DNA进行酶切检查,证明其插入片段大小分布在10-22Kb之间,与预期的相同。用苜蓿豆血红蛋白CDNA作探针,经三轮噬菌斑原位杂交和点杂交,成功地从基因文库中分离出四个含豆血红蛋白基因同源顺序的重组噬菌体克隆。对其中之一用EcoR I Bgl II、 Hind III作了酶谱分析。

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本论文是国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应模式研究”下子项目“对全球变化反应植物生态生理学的基础模型研究”中的重要部分。 本文研究了紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa L.)在C02倍增下光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度、叶面积、物候进程、高度、以及生物量的生态生理变化,并在此基础上对苜蓿进行了生态生理模型化的研究。 在倍增(694ppm)和对照(375ppm) C02浓度下,对紫花苜蓿的生态生理学的研究表明,以整个生育期计,倍增组的表观光合作用比对照组可提高18.7%:气孔导度略有下降(2%);蒸腾作用减少了2.7%;水分利用效率提高了30.1%;叶面积增加了48.9%;每株植物白天的净光合总量可提高76.7%,另外,植株高度和整株生物量的测定也显示了C02增加对苜蓿的正效应。 本文还对生理指标的实测数据进行了模型化的研究。对光合作用模型和气孔导度模型中参数的拟合结果表明,C02倍增下,苜蓿的光能转化效率(α),电子传递速率(Jmax)比对照组都有明显的提高,最大气孔开度(Gsmax)略有下降.

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自工业革命以来,大气的C02浓度以前所未有的速度增加,已经由280μmol mol-1升高到了360μmol mol-l。据预测,到下个世纪中/末期,C02浓度将为目前的二倍。C02浓度升高及其引起的全球气候变化必将影响到植物的生长发育,进而对整个生态系统产生巨大影响。因此,有关C02浓度升高对各类生态系统的影响的研究引起了广泛关注,成为近年来的研究热点。早期的研究多数集中于考察C02浓度升高对植物个体水平生长发育的影响。然而,高C02对植物的效应严重依赖于具体物种和具体环境条件,使得基于由短期盆栽实验获得的研究结果不能够有效地预测自然生态系统的行为。因此,长期、原位处理实验越来越受到重视。由于原位研究的难度较大,目前这方面的研究还不是很多。有限研究结果显示,由于生境条件和种间关系方面的巨大差异,自然生态系统对C02浓度升高的反应迥异。 草原生态系统由于C02浓度控制上比较容易实现,而且其物质循环相对较快,因而一直是C02富集实验研究最多的一类植被,生态系统水平的研究更是如此。然而涉及的区域和草原类型并不多,不足以进行可靠预测。目前,关于C02升高效应,研究比较系统的草原生态系统主要集中在:美国Kansas的高草草原、美国California的一年生草原、瑞士西北部的石灰质草原、美国Colorado的矮草草原和一些牧场。我国总土地面积的40%为草地,类型丰富,然而相关研究不多,尤其是对自然生态系统的原位研究几乎为空白。 为揭示C02浓度升高对羊草草原生产力和碳平衡的效应,我们在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的永久羊草样地开展了两年的C02倍增实验(2001,2002)。在羊草样地选择相对均匀地段设置12个开顶式气室(直径1.8m),每个气室内分成4个小样方(0.5m×0.5m),其中6个气室在生长季给予加倍C02处理(约600μmol mol-l),另6个气室不补充C02(约300μmol moI-l)。地上部分用收割法取样,分种记录数量、高度和重量等指标,地下部分取样用环刀法。用Li-cor6400光合系统测定群落光合和呼吸速率。野外实验结束后,统一分析植物和土壤样品中的C、N等元素含量。另外,在内蒙古草原站院内设置了两组桶培实验,一组是取自羊草样地的带苗原状土,一组是取自羊草样地的混匀土,种上冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)的种子。2组桶培实验分别用两个水分梯度和两个C02梯度处理。水分处理分别为:浇水处理——每4天浇lOOOml水,相当于平均降雨量的160%;干旱处理——持续干旱,适时补水以保持植物不萎蔫,共浇水4000ml水。C02处理和取样方法与样地原位实验相同。主要研究结果和结论如下: 1)两年的C02加倍处理没有使羊草草原的生物量、植物种和功能型组成发生显著改变,桶培实验中,浇水处理显著促进了植物生长,原状土植物、种子苗实验的冰草和无芒雀麦对C02加倍处理同样不敏感,而种子苗实验的豆科植物紫花苜蓿在C02加倍处理下生物量显著提高。以上结果显示,由于水分和养分(特别是N)的限制,以及优势植物对C02的相对不敏感,C02浓度升高对羊草草原地上生物量和结构的效应相对不大。 2)羊草草原的根垂直分布在加倍C02条件下发生显著改变,但根生物量对C02加倍处 理相对不敏感。在4次取样中只有一次对C02加倍处理表现出显著变化,根长的变化与根生物量的变化不完全一致,根的比根长在加倍C02条件下增加。根垂直分布的变化趋势与降雨的时间分布相适应,干旱少雨时期C02使下层根量增加,多雨时期C02则使上层根量增加。以上结果显示,根的空间分布比根生物量对C02加倍处理更敏感。水分是根空间分布变化的驱动因子,加倍C02条件下,根空间分布的变化趋势倾向于优化对水分的充分利用。 3)加倍C02处理使羊草草原的群落光合速率显著提高,群落呼吸速率显著降低,因而使群落碳净输入量增加。土壤碳贮量占羊草草原碳总贮量的70%以上,碳总贮量及其组分(包括地上碳贮量、根碳贮量、土壤碳贮量)在两个C02浓度处理之问均没有显著差异。另外,加倍C02处理使羊草草原群落及其优势植物羊草的c:N比增加。以上结果显示,在加倍C02条件下羊草草原的碳净输入量增加,这意味着在未来高 C02条件F,羊草草原将作为碳汇对大气C02起反馈调节作用。其碳贮量对加倍C02 处理的不敏感与许多以前的研究结果相似,一般认为是由于土壤碳贮量本底太大, 掩盖了C02效应,这还有待于更长期原位实验的证实。羊草草原群落c:N比在高C02 浓度下的变化将影响凋落物降解、N素循环和动植物营养关系等,进而对生态系统 功能产生深远影响。

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机械刺激效应(Effects of mechanical stimulation)是风生态学直接效应的主要表现形式。研究机械刺激对植物的影响,有利于将风的直接与间接效应区别开来,从而精确研究植物对风的反应格局;研究不同生活型植物对机械刺激的反应是植物力学与植物生态学的重要内容,有助于揭示植物对生境的适应机制。 本研究涉及三个实验。第一个实验探讨不同生活型植物对机械刺激和水分互作的响应格局;第二个实验研究匍匐茎草本植物蛇莓对部分机械刺激的反应;最后一个实验揭示不同水分供应条件下,番茄和紫花苜蓿对不同机械刺激频度的响应。在第一个实验中,克隆半灌木羊柴(Hedysarum laeve),一年生草本植物虫实(Corispermum mongolicum),多年生大型禾草沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)和多年生丛生禾草黑麦草(Lolium perenne)分别接受由两个水平机械刺激(无刺激和刺激60 s d-1)和两个水平水分供应(200 ml d-1和400 ml d-1)组成的处理。在第二个实验中,匍匐茎草本蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)接受4个不同水平的机械刺激:(1)整个克隆不受机械刺激;(2)整个克隆都受机械刺激;(3)除顶端外其余克隆部分受机械刺激;(4)仅克隆顶端受机械刺激,其余部分不受机械刺激。在最后一个实验中,番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)接受由三个水平机械刺激频度(0,25赫兹和50赫兹)和三个水平水分供应(50ml,150ml和250ml)组成的处理。这些实验主要回答不同生活型植物的生长和(或)机械性状如何响应机械刺激。主要结果如下: (1)在对机械刺激和水分交互效应的实验中,交互效应随物种发生变化。机械刺激和水分的交互效应对羊柴、番茄和紫花苜蓿作用不显著,但对虫实、沙鞭和黑麦草作用显著。 (2)在对机械刺激的研究中,机械刺激对植物的效应有正负之分。如机械刺激降低羊柴和沙鞭的总生物量,表明其是一种胁迫因子。但对于虫实、番茄和紫花苜蓿来说,机械刺激却能不同程度地促进植物的生长。 (3)机械刺激对虫实的机械性状没有显著影响,但对羊柴的机械性状恰好相反。此外,水分对虫实机械性状有显著影响。 (4)不同植物对机械刺激频度的敏感性存在差异。对番茄来而言,50赫兹的机械刺激对其生长具有较强的促进作用;对紫花苜蓿来说,25赫兹的机械刺激对其生长具有较强的促进作用。 (5)蛇莓对局部机械刺激具有显著反应,特别是在顶端进行机械刺激的处理中,整个克隆片段的叶柄长度缩短,根冠比发生改变,将较多的生物量分配到根。 这些结果表明:(1)不同物种对机械刺激和水分互作的反应可能与机械震动方式及物种本身有关;(2)单位植物大小所承受的机械刺激的强度及物种的生长速率是不一样的;(3)不同反应间的相互作用及相互独立可部分解释物种间的效应差异;(4)接触性形态建成的效应不能从一个物种外推到另外一个物种。 以前的研究集中探讨直立茎植物对机械刺激的响应,而对匍匐茎植物的研究极为贫乏。我们对蛇莓部分机械刺激的研究仅仅是一个初步探索。蛇莓的可塑性行为可能是一种适应性策略,因为这类植物常常生长在机械刺激频繁的开阔生境中。上述三个实验仅仅从生长和机械角度探讨了植物的适应性,而要真正揭示植物对多风生境的适应需要对不同物种进行多水平、多层面的研究,以期掌握不同生活型植物对机械刺激响应的一般格局。例如,从激素、细胞、解剖结构等方面探索其内在机制。

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预测下世纪中叶,大气CO_2浓度将高到目前的两倍(即达到700μ1•1~(-1))。CO_2倍增对植物地上部的影响已经有了较多的研究,胆是由于方法学上的困难,至今关于倍增CO_2对植物根及根区微生物的研究仍是非常匮乏。本文应用国际上最新的根研究方法,以根系为中心,研究开顶式CO_2C熏蒸培养室中,CO_2倍增条件下根系与地上部,根系与根区微生物[共生的泡囊-丛枝菌根(VAM)真菌,非共生的土壤微生物]的关系。 1. CO_2倍增对根系的影响目前CO_2倍增对根系影响的研究多集中在根生物量的测定,或根/冠比值的测定,而善于其它参数如根长度则很少涉及,而根表面的反应目前还未见文献报道。本实验以幼苗期小麦“青323”(Triticum aestivum)、水稻“中作 29”(Oryza sativa)、大豆“科农4号”(Glycine max)、玉米“农大3138”(Zea mays)、甜高粱“M-81E”(Sorghum saccharatum)为材料,研究CO_2倍增对植物生物量的影响,发现CO_2倍增使C_3植物水稻、大豆的地上部、根系干重均显著增加,使小麦的根系干重显著增加,地上部无显著差异;C_4植物玉米和甜高粱的地上部和根系均没有显著反应。植物干重反应资料表明在光合产物的分配方面,C_3和C_4植物之间存在巨大的差异。 为了解根系获取土壤资源的能力的变化,我们对根系总长度和总表面积进行了分析。用样格交叉法研究根系长度的变化,结果显示,幼苗期的小麦、大豆的根系长度均被显著促进,尤其值得注意的是,尽管玉米根系干重没有显著改变,但是根长度已发生显著变化。同时应用研究根系表面积的最新方法-Na NO_2吸附法,研究发现幼苗期小麦、水稻和大豆的根系表面积在CO_2倍增条件下均显著增加,C_4植物玉米的根表面积亦有显著增加,但甜高粱的根表面积却没有显著反应,这说明即使在C_4植物类型中,根系表面积的反应在不同物种间仍存在很大差异。由于根长度和根表面积增幅大于根干重的增幅,所以推断在CO_2倍增条件下,植物根系细根比例增加,这有利于植物获取更多的养分。由于不同植物之间根系的反应不同,这将改变群落中原有的根系竞争关系,从而影响群落中物种的组成。 2. CO_2倍增对VAM真菌侵染强度和活力的影响本文应用NBT染色法,并结合浸染强度等级和活力等级标准,首次对CO_2倍增条件下,植物VAM真菌的侵染强度和活力的变化进行了检测。对比常规的酸性品红乳酸甘油法和NBT法,发现两者在显示侵染强度时元显著差异,但后者能同时用于侵染活力等级的研究。对幼苗期大豆以及不同生长期的小麦和玉米根系VAM真菌的侵染强度和活力进行观测,结果显示,倍增CO_2对大豆的侵染强度和活力均没有显著效应;使幼苗期玉米的侵染强度显著增加,但侵染活力无显著差异,但随生长期的推移,侵染强度所受的CO_2倍增效应逐渐减小,与14天苗龄(DAP)和35DAP相比,侵染活力在22DAP时所受效应最大;使10DAP小麦的VAM侵染强度和活力均显著增加,而且这种效应在30DAP小麦中的表现与10DAP小麦的相同。说明C_3、C_4植物中,菌根真菌对CO_2倍增反应不同,这也许是C_3、C_4植物对CO_2倍增反应不同的原因之一。倍增CO_2改善了VAM真菌的发育,所以较之于非菌根侵染植物,菌根侵染植物将因为CO_2倍增而获益更多,另一方面不同种植物中,VAM真菌的发育反应不同,这将使植物群落中,根系获取无机营养的竞争能力发生变化,最终影响植物群落的物种丰度和生物多样性以及群落的演替。 3. CO_2倍增对非共生土壤微生物的影响CO_2倍增使生长70天的小麦、垂柳(Salix babylonica)、藜(Chenopodium album)、繁穗苋(Amaranthus cruentus)品种“红苋K112”的地上部和根系的生物量增加。以这些植物所在土壤为材料,用氯仿熏蒸直接提取法研究土壤微生物生物量C(C_(mic))和生物量N(N_(mic))的变化,发现CO_2倍增尽管使各类型植物的C_4植物)土壤中C_(mic)的变化趋势不完全相同(小麦和藜所在土壤的C_(mic)下降,垂柳中C_(mic)升高,而在繁穗苋中无显著差异),但N_(mic)在各物种所在土壤中均有不同程度的上升,在繁穗苋中增幅最大。C_(mic):N_(mic)比值在4个物种所在土壤中均明显下降,这意味着CO_2倍增后在植物生长后期,土壤微生物活性提高,分解植物凋落物和土壤中其它有机质的能力加强,从而改善贫瘠土壤中有机质质量。 4.CO_2倍增对植物呼吸和光合作用及C素积累的影响 1)CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响:以杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和玉米等10种植物的离体成熟叶片或整株为材料,研究不同测定温度(15~35 ℃)下,CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响。结果表明:在较低温度(15 ℃、20 ℃)下,CO_2倍增对植物暗呼吸没有显著效应;在较高温度(30 ℃、35 ℃)时,多数被测植物的暗呼吸显著增强。由于植物在不同温度时它们的暗咱吸受CO_2倍增的促进幅度不同,这将导致不同地区(环境温度不同)的植物暗呼吸反应有差异,而且由于不同物种的暗呼吸增幅不同,综合光合效应,它们的生物量的反应也会不同。 2)CO_2倍增对整株植物的CO_2气体交换及植物C素积累的影响:利用自行设计的一套CO_2气体测定装置,首次尝试同步测定CO_2倍增条件下幼苗期小麦地下部和地上部的气体交换在昼夜24小时内的变化及C素的积累。发现CO_2倍增不仅使小麦地上部C素的积累增加,也使地下部释放的C素增加,但整株植物的C素收入仍高于对照两倍多,这从植物与环境的CO_2气体交换角度为CO_2倍增促进植物生物量的增加提供了依据。并首次提出:植物的整体性及植物所在的环境条件(主要是温度和光照强度)决定着植物暗呼吸对CO_2倍增的响应方式:被抑制或无效应。

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紫花苜蓿是水蚀风蚀交错带重要的人工种植牧草,具有较强的耐寒、耐旱性。自然条件下的模拟土柱试验在陕北神木试验站进行,采用抑制蒸腾法定量分析了水蚀风蚀交错带土壤-苜蓿系统水流阻力、水容等瞬态水流参数变化过程。结果表明:不同生育期内瞬态水流阻力及水容有明显差异:开花旺盛期平均水流阻力最小0.22×108Mpa.s.m-3,约为干枯老化期的1/9;平均水容最大5.38×10-4m3/Mpa;是现蕾期的4倍多。该研究结果有助于揭示紫花苜蓿体内水分调节作用及抗旱机制,对干旱半干旱地区植被恢复有重要指导意义。

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基于苜蓿长期连续种植定位试验,研究了不同施肥与采样位置差异对苜蓿草地地上部分生物量和土壤水分的影响。苜蓿长期连续种植19年后,施肥对苜蓿地上部分生物量的影响不显著;试验样地内呈由外及内植株高度逐渐下降、地上部分生物量积累逐渐减小的"生物漏斗"现象,距样地中心位置不同引起的差异远远超过施肥处理引起的差异。中下层土壤水分也呈类似的漏斗状分布。相关分析表明,苜蓿地上部分生物量与1 m以下土壤水分含量呈显著相关,表明在长期连续种植条件下下层土壤水分状况是决定苜蓿草地生长状况的主要因素。

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以22年定位试验为基础,研究黄土高原长期种植紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativaL.)情况下土壤硫、钙、镁组分的变化。结果表明:长期施P使苜蓿连作耕层土壤总硫、有效硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、HCl可溶性硫、总无机硫和有机硫含量分别增加9.41%、62.41%、47.51%、30.07%、2.25%、5.38%和17.54%;长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤总硫、有效硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、HCl可溶性硫、总无机硫和有机硫含量分别增加20.89%、98.31%、68.44%、57.34%、8.07%、12.54%和37.69%。长期施P使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全钙、有效钙、水溶态钙、交换态钙和酸溶态钙含量增加分别增加4.64%、4.27%、11.66%、4.05%和8.59%,但残余态钙含量降低2.21%;长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全钙、有效钙、水溶态钙、交换态钙和酸溶态钙含量增加分别增加8.69%、8.30%、51.59%、6.73%和27.77%,但残余态钙含量降低26.23%。长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全镁、有效镁、水溶态镁、交换态镁、酸溶态镁和残余态镁含量分别增加7.38%、61.98%、63.16%...

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2006年2-5月对杨凌区3年生和5年生紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)的株高、单株重量、产草量、生长速率、茎叶比、鲜干比和群落结构进行测定分析。结果表明5年生紫花苜蓿株高为132 cm,大于3年生紫花苜蓿109 cm(P<0.01);5年生紫花苜蓿单株重量152 g/株,大于3年生紫花苜蓿102 g/株(P<0.01);5年生紫花苜蓿的茎叶比0.43-1.67,小于3年生紫花苜蓿0.58-2.42。5年生紫花苜蓿产草量高于3年生紫花苜蓿(P<0.01),盛花期刈割时,鲜草产量分别达到6.17 kg/m2和4.10 kg/m2;5年生紫花苜蓿的鲜干比4.01-6.69,小于3年生紫花苜蓿4.12-7.26(P<0.01)。紫花苜蓿叶的最高密度位于地上80-100 cm层内;花序的最高密度位于120-140 cm层内;40 cm以下的生物量以茎为主,茎重由下层至上层递减;紫花苜蓿的茎叶比随植株高度的增加在不断的增大,60-140 cm之间各个层次3年生紫花苜蓿的茎叶比均大于5年生紫花苜蓿(P<0.01)。

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以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象,采用Bremner淹水培养法,研究黄土高原典型土壤有机氮的矿化过程。结果表明,淹水培养期间矿化出的部分NH4+-N会被粘土矿物固定,固定量因土壤不同而异,因此在测定有机氮矿化量时,只有考虑这一部分氮素,才可获得可靠结果。不同土壤有机氮量矿化明显不同,表现为土垫旱耕人为土>黄土正常新成土>简育干润均腐土>干润砂质新成土,从南到北氮素矿化量呈减小趋势。添加C/N低(C/N比为21.7)的紫花苜蓿(Medicago stativa)茎叶有利于促进土壤有机氮矿化,而添加C/N高(C/N比为43.3)的长芒草(Stipa bungeana)会促进矿质氮的生物固定;不同类型植被土壤间在培养20、40d和60d时的矿化量差异显著(p值分别为0.0177、0.0109和0.0073),均表现为均为林地土壤>裸地土壤>草地土壤>农田土壤;从平均看,加(NH4)2SO4后有机氮矿化量有一定减少。在不同培养阶段,不同土类间氮素矿化率不同,在20d和40d时存在显著差异(p分别为0.0092和0.0381),60d时差异不显著,不同土类氮素矿化率的大小顺序为干润砂质新成土>黄土正常新成土>...