Modos de aplicação de zinco na nutricão e na produção de massa seca de plantas de trigo

Zinc application methods can affect the nutrition and the initial development of the wheat. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the different ways of Zn application in the soil, on nutrition and on dry matter production. A completely randomized experimental design with four replications was used. The experiment was composed by the following Zn application treatments: control (no zinc application); soil incorporation, furrow located, seeds treatment and leaf pulverization. The experimental unit was composed of a pot filled with 7 L of soil. Morphological traits for each plant were determined on 52 days after emergence by the evaluations of plant height, internodes number, tillers number and aerial part dry matter. Still, the soil and plant chemical analysis was accomplished. The furrow located method provided larger concentrations of the micronutrient available. The zinc application methods did not influence the initial growth of the wheat plants. The zinc concentration in leaves was influenced by the different application methods, being the leaf pulverization the one that was caused the largest zinc accumulation on aerial part dry matter.

Acúmulo de massa seca e marcha de absorção de nutrientes em mudas de goiabeira 'Pedro Sato'

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Massa de forragem, composição morfológica e química de capim-tanzânia sob diferentes dias de descanso e altura de resíduo pós-pastejo

The experiment was conducted at UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, with the objective of evaluating the influence of the rest period and height of the residue post-grazing on the dry matter mass, morphologic composition and on the chemical composition of the Tanzania-grass pre-grazing condition, under rotational grazing. The treatments consisted of the combination of two rest periods (25 and 35 days) and two residue height post-grazing (30 and 50 cm), as a complete randomized design in factorial arrangement 2 x 2, with three replications, with the grazing cycles considered as sub plots. The herbage mass of stem, leaves, dead material and the leaf: stem ratio were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by the grazing cycles. The percentage of CP in the leaf and stem and the NDF in the stem, leaf and whole plant were influenced positively (P<0.05) by the grazing cycles. It was observed that the short rest periods associated with the smallest residue height post-grazing presented the best results in terms of herbage mass and chemical characteristics of the herbage.

Produção de massa seca e nutrição de cultivares de arroz de terras altas sob condição de déficit hídrico e adubação silicatada

Although silicon has not been considered an essential element for plant growth and development, it has provided several benefits for the rice crop, especially under biotic and abiotic stress. The objective of this work was to evaluate macronutrient and silicon levels in upland rice cultivars cropped under water deficit and silicon fertilization. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse and the design was the completely randomized block, analyzed as a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial, which consisted of two cultivars, 'Maravilha' (modern group) and 'Caiapo' (traditional group), two silicon rates (0 and 350 kg ha(-1)) and two soil water tensions (-0.025 MPa and -0.050 MPa). Plant dry matter of the 'Maravilha' cultivar was higher compared to the other material. Higher soil water tensions decreased plant dry matter and macronutrient levels. Upland rice cultivars respond distinctively to soil water tensions and silicon rates.

Efeito da introdução de resíduo de cinza de forno cerâmico em massa para cerâmica estrutural

The red ceramics and structural ceramics, as they are known, include ceramic materials made by blocks of seals and structures, bricks, tiles, smail flagstones manacles, rustic floors and ornamental materials. Their fabrication uses raw material such as clay and clay sites, with some content of impurity. It has good durability and mechanical strength to compression, low cost, making it one of the mainly used materials in civil engineering. The incorporation of many industrial activities residue to ceramic products is a technological alternative for reducing the environmental impact caused by its carefree disposal. This incorporation can promote chemical change and inertness of metals from residue, by fixation in the glassy phase of ceramic during the burning stage. The main aim of this project is to study the technical feasibility of the addition of ceramic oven ash into formulations of mass for structural ceramics. In this project two kinds of clay (plastic and non-plastic) were used, as well as the ash from firewood used in the process of burning of structural ceramics. A group of experiments was outlined, which permitted the evaluation of the influence of the burning cycle in different temperatures of the ash content in formulations for ceramic blocks through technological properties, mechanical behavior and microstructure. Five samples were processed of each one of the masses of plastic and non-plastic clay without addition of ash and with addition of ash on the percentages of 10 % and 20 %, for temperatures of 850 °C, 950 °C, 1050 °C and 1150 °C, obtained through sinterization process. Among the studied compositions, the one which presented best performance was the mass of clay with 10 % of ash, at temperature of 1150 °C, with the smallest absorption of water, the smallest apparent porosity, specific apparent mass a bit over the others and greatest mechanical resistance to flexion. The composition made confirmed the technical feasibility of the use of ash in the mass for structural ceramics with maintenance of its necessary characteristics for its purposes

Modelagem numérica de escoamento em padrão anular com transferência de calor e massa

Annular flow is the prevailing pattern in transport and energy conversion systems and therefore, one of the most important patterns in multiphase flow in ducts. The correct prediction of the pressure gradient and heat transfer coefficient is essential for optimizing the system s capacity. The objective of this work is to develop and implement a numerical algorithm capable of predicting hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics for upflow, vertical, annular flow. The numerical algorithm is then complemented with the physical modeling of phenomena that occurs in this flow pattern. These are, turbulence, entrainment and deposition and phase change. For the development of the numerical model, axial diffusion of heat and momentum is neglected. In this way the time-averaged equations are solved in their parabolic form obtaining the velocity and temperature profiles for each axial step at a time, together with the global parameters, namely, pressure gradient, mean film thickness and heat transfer coefficient, as well as their variation in the axial direction. The model is validated for the following conditions: fully-developed laminar flow with no entrainment; fully developed laminar flow with heat transfer, fully-developed turbulent flow with entrained drops, developing turbulent annular flow with entrained drops, and turbulent flow with heat transfer and phase change

Estudo de formulação de massa para aplicação em placas cerâmicas

The sector of civil construction is strongly related to the red ceramic industry. This sector uses clay as raw material for manufacturing of various products such as ceramic plates. In this study, two types of clay called clay 1 and clay 2 were collected on deposit in Ielmo Marinho city (RN) and then characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), rational analysis and particle size distribution and dilatometric analyses. Ceramic plates were manufactured by uniaxial pressing and by extrusion. The plates obtained by pressing were produced from the four formulations called 1, 2, 3 and 4, which presented, respectively, the following proportions by mass: 66.5% clay 1 and 33.5% clay 2, 50% clay 1 and 50% clay 2, 33.5% clay 1 and 66.5% clay 2, 25% clay 1 and 75% clay 2. After firing at 850, 950 and 1050 °C with heating rate of 10 °C/min and soaking time of 30 minutes, the following technological properties were determined: linear firing shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent specific mass and tensile strength (3 points). The formulation containing 25% clay 1 produced plates with most satisfactory results of water absorption and mechanical resistance, because of that it was chosen for manufacturing plates by extrusion. A single firing cycle was established for these plates, which took place as follow: heating rate of 2 °C/min up to 600 ºC with soaking time of 60 minutes, followed by heating using the same rate up to 1050 ºC with soaking time of 30 minutes. After this cycle, the same technological properties investigated in the plates obtained by pressing were determined. The results indicate (according to NRB 13818/1997) that the plates obtained by pressing from the mixture containing 25 wt% clay 1, after firing at 1050 °C, reach the specifications for semi-porous coating (BIIb). On the other hand, the plates obtained by extrusion were classified as semi-stoneware (group AIIa)

Importância do fluxo de massa e difusão no suprimento de potássio ao algodoeiro como variável de água e potássio no solo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência do etil-trinexapac no acúmulo, na distribuição de nitrogênio (15N) e na massa de grãos de arroz de terras altas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Diagnóstico de descarga de cátodo oco de ar e pós-descarga Ar N2 por espectroscopia de emissão óptica e espectrometria de massa

Many applications require that the plasma discharge is produced apart from the surface to be processed, thus preventing damage caused by bombardment and/or plasma radiation. In the post-discharge regime in various applications thermally sensitive materials can be used. In this work, active species produced by discharge and post-discharge hollow cathode were diagnosed by optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The discharge was produced with the gases Ar and Ar - N2 gas flow ranging from 1 to 6 cm3/min and electric current between 150 to 600 mA. It was estimated that the ion density inside the hollow cathode, with 2 mm diameter ranged between 7.71 and 14.1 x 1015 cm-3. It was observed that the gas flow and the electric current changes the emission intensity of Ar and N2 species. The major ionic species detected by quadrupole mass spectrometry were Ar+ and N2+. The ratio of optical emission intensities of N2(1 +)/Ar(811 nm) was related to the partial pressure of N2 after the hollow cathode discharge at low pressure

Modelagem da transferência de massa na remoção do óleo da água produzida por flotação em coluna com uso de tensoativos de origem vegetal

The treatment of oil produced water and its implications are continually under investigation and several questions are related to this subject. In the Northeast Region Brazil, the onshore reservoirs are, in its majority, mature oil fields with high production of water. As this oil produced water has high levels of oil, it cannot be directly discarded into the environment because it represents a risk for contamination of soil, water, and groundwater, or even may cause harm to living bodies. Currently, polyelectrolytes that promote the coalescence of the oil droplets are used to remove the dispersed oil phase, enhancing the effectiveness of the flotation process. The non-biodegradability and high cost of polyelectrolytes are limiting factors for its application. On this context, it is necessary to develop studies for the search of more environmentally friendly products to apply in the flotation process. In this work it is proposed the modeling of the flotation process, in a glass column, using surfactants derived from vegetal oils to replace the polyelectrolytes, as well as to obtain a model that represents the experimental data. In addition, it was made a comparative study between the models described in the literature and the one developed in this research. The obtained results showed that the developed model presented high correlation coefficients when fitting the experimental data (R2 > 0.98), thus proving its efficiency in modeling the experimental data.

Comparação entre métodos para determinação de carbono orgânico em amostras de solo mensuradas por volume ou massa

O uso da massa (g) ou do volume (cm³) como medida da quantidade de solo para determinação do teor de C orgânico do solo (COS), bem como a utilização de diferentes métodos de determinações analíticas empregados para essa mesma finalidade, pode alterar diretamente a interpretação dos resultados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os métodos colorimétricos e titulométricos de determinação de matéria orgânica em três solos com diferentes texturas, tomando-se as amostras por massa (pesagem) e por volume (cachimbagem). Houve variação no teor de COS entre os métodos estudados para um mesmo solo. O uso da massa e do volume alterou diretamente a interpretação dos teores de matéria orgânica no solo. Há variações nos métodos de determinação de COS entre solos de diferentes texturas.

Rendimento de massa de matéria seca e relação c/n da aveia preta em função do lodo de esgoto e adubação nitrogenada

The final display of sewage sludge has been characterized as one of the most relevant environmental problems in the cities; it daily increases in both developed and developing countries, resulting in larger collection networks and increased treatment levels. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of mineral N and sewage sludge on dry matter yield and C/N ratio in black oat. The experiment was conducted in Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, belonging to the Faculty Agronomic Sciences, Unesp, Botucatu. The adopted experimental design was in randomized blocks constituted of 6 treatments and 5 replicates, as follows: T0 - without nitrogen fertilization; T1 - 70 kg ha(-1) of the N mineral; T2 - 35 kg ha(-1) of the N from sewage sludge and 35 kg ha(-1) of the N in the mineral form; T3 - 70 kg ha(-1) of the N from sewage sludge; T4 - 105 kg ha(-1) of the N from sewage sludge;- T5 - 140 kg ha(-1) of the N from sewage sludge. The parameters evaluated were dry matter acumulation and C/N ratio; with collections made at 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days after sowing. Increasing the dose of sewage sludge provided increment in dry matter yield in oat. The N provided a lawoer C/N ratio in plant oats.

Incorporação de lodo de esgoto na massa cerâmica para fabricação de tijolos maciços: uma alternativa para a disposição final de resíduo

The disposal of sewage sludge is a growing problem face up to management of sanitary sevices. Otherwise, because its making process characteristic, the Ceramic Industry can tolerate the presence of this wastes as raw material. This study has as object to confirm the use of the sewage sluge in the Ceramic Industry like a sustentable alternative for its disposal. Futhermore, this study quests to evaluate the maximum proportion for incorporation of sludge wich result in technically and enviromentally suitable bricks. For found this proportion, the research consisted of (1) making of bricks in full scale, adde up 0%, 5%,10%, 15%, 20%, 25%,30%, 35% e 40% sludge, with size 220x105x45 mm, hand-molded by rammer and baked by industrial kiln; and (2) tecnical and enviromental evaluation of this bricks, according to Brazilian norms. The raw material uses were two distinct clays come from Goianinha/RN and sewage comes from a septic system tank and pumped into tank vehicle, of Natal/RN. The technical evaluation allowed to conclude the addiotion of the sludge brings about signifcant lost of mass and the water absorption grew up according to increase of sludge: every sludge-amended clay bricks absorved more water than control group. Thus, the compressive strength was signicantly decreased because the increase of sludge: bricks with 5% sludge added lost 45% of strength achieved at control group; the bricks made with 10 and 20% lost almost 70% of bigger strength. With up to 25% sludge added to the bricks, the streght decreased over 90%. Concerning heavy metal leaching, the two maximum proportion wich have tecnical approval, it means bricks sludge added with 15 and 20%, can say there is no risk of enviromental contamination using those bricks. This way, in this work context, it can to conclude the maximum proportion atends the technical and enviromental criterion is 20%

Análise da adição de resíduo oriundo do tratamento de esgotos em massa cerâmica utilizada para fabricação de telhas

Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) disposal is a problem for any municipality, for this reason the amount of sludge production is now a key issue in selecting treatment methods. It is necessary to investigate new applications for this waste type, due to the restrictions imposed by the environmental organs. The raw materials used in the Red Ceramic, are generally very heterogeneous, for this reason, such materials can tolerate the presence of different types of wastes. In Rio Grande do Norte, the roof tiles production corresponds to 60,61% from the total of ceramic units produced. Due to the importance of the ceramic industry of roof tiles for the state, allied to the environmental problem of the sludge disposal, this work had for objective to verify the possibility of the incorporation of sewage sludge in ceramic body used for production of roof tiles. In the research, sludge originating from drying beds of WTP of the Central Campus from UFRN and clays originating from a ceramic industry from Goianinha/RN were used. The raw materials were characterized by techniques of: analysis of particles distribution by diffraction to laser; real density; consistence limits; chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence; mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction; organic matter; and solids content. Five batches of roof tiles were manufactured in the approximate dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To evaluate the properties of each final product, tests of water absorption, impermeability, bending strength, leachability and solubility were accomplished. The roof tiles manufactured with sludge presented characteristics similar to the roof tiles without sludge in relation to the environmental risk. The results showed that it is possible to use approximately up to 4% of sludge in ceramic bodies for production of roof tiles. However, it is observed that the high amount of organic matter (71%) present in the sludge is shown as factor that limits the sludge incorporation in ceramic bodies, worsening the quality of the roof tiles. It is necessary the use of mixtures of different raw materials under point of view of the granulometry and of the other chemical and mineralogical properties for the obtaining of a satisfactory mass to the production of ceramic roof tiles