Propriedades Psicométricas do Teste Stroop numa Amostra de Adultos da População Portuguesa: estudo preliminar

Objetivos: O presente estudo insere-se no Projeto - Estudos Normativos de Instrumentos Neuropsicologicos (ENIN) e tem por objetivo analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Teste Stroop, fornecendo dados normativos de uma amostra da População Portuguesa. Métodos: Selecionámos e inquirimos 671 sujeitos. As variáveis independentes estudadas foram idade, sexo, escolaridade e profissão. Foram utilizados vários testes neste estudo, contribuindo para a obtenção de validade convergente: Bateria de Avaliação Frontal-FAB, Figura Complexa de Rey-Osterrieth e Teste do Relógio. Foram estudadas a consistência interna e a estabilidade temporal do Teste Stroop. Resultados: A nossa amostra ficou constituída por 310 sujeitos (46,2%) do sexo masculino e 361 (53,8%) do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 100 anos (M = 41,12; DP = 20,85). No que se refere ao nível de escolaridade (M = 5,71; DP = 1,45), este variou entre o 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e o Ensino Superior. As profissões, exercidas inseriram-se maioritariamente na categoria das profissões intelectuais (N = 281; 84,9%). Relativamente às variáveis sociodemográficas, verificámos que a idade, sexo, escolaridade e profissão influenciam nas provas de Leitura e Nomeação de Cor do Teste Stroop. No que diz respeito à validade convergente, observámos que a prova de Nomeação de Cor apresentou correlações positivas fracas com o FAB, Figura Complexa de Rey-Cópia (FCR-Cópia) e Teste do Relógio, e correlações positivas moderadas com a prova de Leitura. A consistência interna do Teste Stroop apresentou uma elevada confiabilidade (α = 0,99). A correlação teste-reteste apenas se mostrou significativa para a prova de Nomeação de Cor. Conclusão: Este estudo mostra que o Teste Stroop é promissoriamente confiável como instrumento de avaliação neuropsicológica, podendo potencialmente ser utilizado para qualquer faixa etária da população. Em estudos futuros são necessárias amostras com números mais elevados de participantes nas faixas etárias acima dos 30 anos, representativas dos níveis de escolaridade abaixo do 9ºano, a exercerem profissões manuais, e com residência noutras regiões geográficas para além do Centro. / Objectives: The present study is part of the Project - Estudos Normativos de Instrumentos Neuropsicologicos (ENIN) and aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the Stroop test. Methods: We have selected, and we also enquired 671 subjects. The independent variables studied were age, gender, education and profession. Several tests were used in this study for analysis of convergent validity: convergent validity: Frontal Assessment Battery-FAB, Complex Figure Rey-Osterrieth and the clock test. We also studied the internal consistency and the temporal stability of the Stroop test. Results: Our sample was composed of 310 subjects (46.2%) male and 361 (53.8%) females, with ages between 18 and 100 years (M = 41.12; SD = 20.85). The level of schooling (M = 5.71; SD = 1.45) ranged between the 1st cycle and the Higher Education. The professions were mainly intellectual ones (N = 281; 84.9%). On sociodemographic variables, we found that the age, sex, education and profession influenced reading and Color naming of Stroop test. Regarding convergent validity, Color naming showed weak positive correlations with the FAB, Complex Figure Rey-Copy, and the clock test. Color naming moderate positive correlations with the reading. The internal consistency of the Stroop test was high (α = 0.99). The test-retest correlation was significant only for Color naming. Conclusion: This study shows that the Stroop test is promissory reliable instrument of neuropsychological assessment and may potentially be used for any age range of the population. In future research, it is necessary to enroll samples with higher numbers of participants above 30 years, representative of the levels of schooling below the 9º grade, with more manual professions represented, and with residence in other geographic regions in addition to the Center region of Portugal.

Propriedades psicométricas da versão Torga do Teste Stroop

RESUMO Objetivos: Uma nova versão portuguesa do teste Stroop é fundamental para a avaliação neuropsicológica. A versão portuguesa prévia incluía cores que muitas pessoas não conseguiam distinguir. Assim, é objetivo descrever as propriedades psicométricas de uma nova versão, designada versão Torga do Teste Stroop, numa amostra da população portuguesa. Métodos: Inserida no projeto Estudos Normativos de Instrumentos Neuropsicológicos, esta investigação conta com uma amostra global constituída por 544 participantes (241 homens e 303 mulheres) com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 97 anos. A avaliação foi realizada com recurso à versão Torga do Teste Stroop, à Figura Complexa de Rey-Osterrieth e à Bateria de Avaliação Frontal enquanto instrumentos de avaliação das funções executivas. Resultados: A versão Torga do Teste Stroop revelou uma consistência interna muito boa (α de Cronbach = 0,99). Revelou também adequada estabilidade temporal e validade convergente. Conclusão: A versão Torga do Teste Stroop aparenta ser um instrumento apropriado à avaliação neuropsicológica de adultos portugueses. Considerando a importância deste teste no contexto da avaliação neuropsicológica, incentivam-se estudos com novas amostras, incluindo amostras clínicas. ABSTRACT Goals: A new Portuguese version of the Stroop Test is essential for the neuropsychological assessment. The previous Portuguese version included colors that many people could not distinguish. Thus, it is aimed to describe the psychometric properties of a new version, called the Torga version of the Stroop Test in a sample of the Portuguese population. Methods: Being part of the Estudos Normativos de Instrumentos Neuropsicológicos/ Normative Studies of Neuropsychological Instruments, this research has a global sample of 544 subjects (241 men and 303 women) aged from 18 to 97 years. The assessment included the Torga version of the Stroop Test, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure and the Frontal Battey Assessment, used as measures of executive functions. Results: The Torga version of the Stroop Test showed a very good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.99). It also revealed an adequate temporal stability and convergent validity. Conclusion: The Torga version of the Stroop Test appears to be an adequate instrument for the neuropsychological assessment of Portuguese adults. Considering the importance of this test in the context of neuropsychological assessment, more studies with new samples, including clinical samples are encouraged.

Investigating the effects of caffeine on executive functions using traditional Stroop and a new ecologically-valid virtual reality task, the Jansari assessment of Executive Functions (JEF©)

Objective: Caffeine has been shown to have effects on certain areas of cognition, but in executive functioning the research is limited and also inconsistent. One reason could be the need for a more sensitive measure to detect the effects of caffeine on executive function. This study used a new non-immersive virtual reality assessment of executive functions known as JEF© (the Jansari Assessment of Executive Function) alongside the ‘classic’ Stroop Colour- Word task to assess the effects of a normal dose of caffeinated coffee on executive function. Method: Using a double-blind, counterbalanced within participants procedure 43 participants were administered either a caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee and completed the ‘JEF©’ and Stroop tasks, as well as a subjective mood scale and blood pressure pre- and post condition on two separate occasions a week apart. JEF© yields measures for eight separate aspects of executive functions, in addition to a total average score. Results: Findings indicate that performance was significantly improved on the planning, creative thinking, event-, time- and action-based prospective memory, as well as total JEF© score following caffeinated coffee relative to the decaffeinated coffee. The caffeinated beverage significantly decreased reaction times on the Stroop task, but there was no effect on Stroop interference. Conclusion: The results provide further support for the effects of a caffeinated beverage on cognitive functioning. In particular, it has demonstrated the ability of JEF© to detect the effects of caffeine across a number of executive functioning constructs, which weren’t shown in the Stroop task, suggesting executive functioning improvements as a result of a ‘typical’ dose of caffeine may only be detected by the use of more real-world, ecologically valid tasks.

Ursula Reitemeyer / Jürgen Helmchen (Hrsg.): Das Problem Universität, Eine internationale und interdisziplinäre Debatte zur Lage der Universitäten. Münster: Waxmann 2011 [Rezension]

Rezension von: Ursula Reitemeyer / Jürgen Helmchen (Hrsg.): Das Problem Universität, Eine internationale und interdisziplinäre Debatte zur Lage der Universitäten, Münster: Waxmann 2011 (250 S.; ISBN 978-3-8309-2558-3)

Oskar Anweiler/Hans-Jürgen Fuchs/Martina Dorner/Eberhard Petermann (Hrsg.): Bildungspolitik in Deutschland 1945-1990. Ein historisch-vergleichender Quellenband. Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1992 [Rezension]

Rezension von: Oskar Anweiler/Hans-Jürgen Fuchs/Martina Dorner/Eberhard Petermann (Hrsg.): Bildungspolitik in Deutschland 1945-1990. Ein historisch-vergleichender Quellenband. Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1992, 574 S.

Jürgen Oelkers: Pädagogische Ethik. Eine Einführung in Probleme, Paradoxien und Perspektiven. (GrundlagentextePädagogik.) Weinheim/München: Juventa 1992 [...] [Sammelrezension]

Sammelrezension von: 1. Jürgen Oelkers: Pädagogische Ethik. Eine Einführung in Probleme, Paradoxien und Perspektiven. (Grundlagentexte Pädagogik.) Weinheim/München: Juventa 1992, 221 S. 2. Käte Meyer-Drawe/Helmut Peukert/Jörg Ruhloff (Hrsg.): Pädagogik und Ethik. Beiträge zu einer zweiten Reflexion. (Schriften zur Bildungs- und Erziehungsphilosophie. Bd. 2.) Weinheim: Deutscher Studien Verlag 1992. 207 S.

Impact of simulated visual impairment on the cognitive test performance of young adults

Aims: This study investigated the effect of simulated visual impairment on the speed and accuracy of performance on a series of commonly used cognitive tests. ----- Methods: Cognitive performance was assessed for 30 young, visually normal subjects (M=22.0yrs ± 3.1 yrs) using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B and the Stroop Colour Word Test under three visual conditions: normal vision and two levels of visually degrading filters (VistechTM) administered in a random order. Distance visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were also assessed for each filter condition. ----- Results: The visual filters, which degraded contrast sensitivity to a greater extent than visual acuity, significantly increased the time to complete (p<0.05), but not the number of errors made, on the DSST and the TMT A and B and affected only some components of the Stroop test.----- Conclusions: Reduced contrast sensitivity had a marked effect on the speed but not the accuracy of performance on commonly used cognitive tests, even in young individuals; the implications of these findings are discussed.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene : no major impact on antidepressant treatment response

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the aetiology of affective disorders. In order to further clarify the impact of BDNF gene variation on major depression as well as antidepressant treatment response, association of three BDNF polymorphisms [rs7103411, Val66Met (rs6265) and rs7124442] with major depression and antidepressant treatment response was investigated in an overall sample of 268 German patients with major depression and 424 healthy controls. False discovery rate (FDR) was applied to control for multiple testing. Additionally, ten markers in BDNF were tested for association with citalopram outcome in the STAR*D sample. While BDNF was not associated with major depression as a categorical diagnosis, the BDNF rs7124442 TT genotype was significantly related to worse treatment outcome over 6 wk in major depression (p=0.01) particularly in anxious depression (p=0.003) in the German sample. However, BDNF rs7103411 and rs6265 similarly predicted worse treatment response over 6 wk in clinical subtypes of depression such as melancholic depression only (rs7103411: TT

Simulated visual impairment leads to cognitive slowing in older adults

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of different levels of simulated visual impairment on the cognitive test performance of older adults and to compare this with previous findings in younger adults. METHODS.: Cognitive performance was assessed in 30 visually normal, community-dwelling older adults (mean = 70.2 ± 3.9 years). Four standard cognitive tests were used including the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Trail Making Tests A and B, and the Stroop Color Word Test under three visual conditions: normal baseline vision and two levels of cataract simulating filters (Vistech), which were administered in a random order. Distance high-contrast visual acuity and Pelli-Robson letter contrast sensitivity were also assessed for all three visual conditions. RESULTS.: Simulated cataract significantly impaired performance across all cognitive test performance measures. In addition, the impact of simulated cataract was significantly greater in this older cohort than in a younger cohort previously investigated. Individual differences in contrast sensitivity better predicted cognitive test performance than did visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS.: Visual impairment can lead to slowing of cognitive performance in older adults; these effects are greater than those observed in younger participants. This has important implications for neuropsychological testing of older populations who have a high prevalence of cataract.

Exploring Rhythmic Automata

The use of Cellular Automata (CA) for musical purposes has a rich history. In general the mapping of CA states to note-level music representations has focused on pitch mapping and downplayed rhythm. This paper reports experiments in the application of one-dimensional cellular automata to the generation and evolution of rhythmic patterns. A selection of CA tendencies are identified that can be used as compositional tools to control the rhythmic coherence of monophonic passages and the polyphonic texture of musical works in broad-brush, rather than precisely deterministic, ways. This will provide the composer and researcher with a clearer understanding of the useful application of CAs for generative music.

Symbolic number : the integration of magnitude and spatial representations in children aged 6 to 8 years

The process of learning symbolic Arabic digits in early childhood requires that magnitude and spatial information integrates with the concept of symbolic digits. Previous research has separately investigated the development of automatic access to magnitude and spatial information from symbolic digits. However, developmental trajectories of symbolic number knowledge cannot be fully understood when considering components in isolation. In view of this, we have synthesized the existing lines of research and tested the use of both magnitude and spatial information with the same sample of British children in Years 1, 2 and 3 (6-8 years of age). The physical judgment task of the numerical Stroop paradigm (NSP) demonstrated that automatic access to magnitude was present from Year 1 and the distance effect signaled that a refined processing of numerical information had developed. Additionally, a parity judgment task showed that the onset of the Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect occurs in Year 2. These findings uncover the developmental timeline of how magnitude and spatial representations integrate with symbolic number knowledge during early learning of Arabic digits and resolve inconsistencies between previous developmental and experimental research lines.

Event-related brain potentials dissociate the developmental time-course of automatic numerical magnitude analysis and cognitive control functions during the first three years of primary school

In this study we set out to dissociate the developmental time course of automatic symbolic number processing and cognitive control functions in grade 1-3 British primary school children. Event-related potential (ERP) and behavioral data were collected in a physical size discrimination numerical Stroop task. Task-irrelevant numerical information was processed automatically already in grade 1. Weakening interference and strengthening facilitation indicated the parallel development of general cognitive control and automatic number processing. Relationships among ERP and behavioral effects suggest that control functions play a larger role in younger children and that automaticity of number processing increases from grade 1 to 3.

The effect of post-match alcohol ingestion on recovery from competitive Rugby League matches

This study investigated the effects of alcohol ingestion on lower body strength and power, and physiological and cognitive recovery following competitive Rugby League matches. Nine male Rugby players participated in two matches, followed by one of two randomized interventions; a control or alcohol ingestion session. Four hours post-match, participants consumed either beverages containing a total of 1g of ethanol per kg bodyweight (vodka and orange juice; ALC) or a caloric and taste matched non-alcoholic beverage (orange juice; CONT). Pre, post, 2 h post and 16 h post match measures of countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal voluntary contraction(MVC), voluntary activation (VA), damage and stress markers of creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, and testosterone analysed from venous blood collection, and cognitive function (modified Stroop test) were determined. Alcohol resulted in large effects for decreased CMJ height(-2.35 ± 8.14 and -10.53 ± 8.36 % decrement for CONT and ALC respectively; P=0.15, d=1.40), without changes in MVC (P=0.52, d=0.70) or VA (P=0.15, d=0.69). Furthermore, alcohol resulted in a significant slowing of total time in a cognitive test (P=0.04, d=1.59), whilst exhibiting large effects for detriments in congruent reaction time (P=0.19, d=1.73). Despite large effects for increased cortisol following alcohol ingestion during recovery (P=0.28, d=1.44), post-match alcohol consumption did not unduly affect testosterone (P-0.96, d=0.10), CK (P=0.66, d=0.70) or CRP(P=0.75, d=0.60). It appears alcohol consumption during the evening following competitive rugby matches may have some detrimental effects on peak power and cognitive recovery the morning following a Rugby League match. Accordingly, practitioners should be aware of the potential associated detrimental effects of alcohol consumption on recovery and provide alcohol awareness to athletes at post-match functions.