Kiinnipito erityisluokanopettajan työvälineenä

Suomalaisissa kouluissa tapahtuvaa kiinnipitoa on tutkittu hyvin vähän. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ollut selvittää, miten yleistä kiinnipito on erityisluokanopettajien työssä, millainen on itse kiinnipitotilanne, millaisia seurauksia kiinnipidolla on, pystytäänkö kiinnipitoa ennaltaehkäisemään, ja jos pystytään, millaisin keinoin sekä millaisia valmiuksia kiinnipitoon erityisluokanopettajan koulutuksessa saa. Tutkimuksessa käytetään sekä laadullista että määrällistä tutkimusmenetelmää. Aineistonkeruujärjestelmänä käytettiin sähköistä kyselylomaketta. Vastaajina oli 18 erityisluokanopettajaa ympäri Suomea. Aineisto analysoitiin teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin avulla. Tutkimustulosten mukaan erityisluokanopettajat käyttävät kiinnipitoa melko paljon. Kiinnipitoa käytettiin lähes aina estämään lasta vahingoittamasta itseään tai muita. Suurin osa kiinnipidettävistä oppilaista oli poikia. Kiinnipitojen kestot vaihtelivat minuuteista yli puoleen tuntiin ja kiinnipitäjänä toimi yleensä erityisluokanopettaja toisen aikuisen kanssa. Kiinnipitotilanteeseen joutuminen oli lähes aina etukäteen aistittavissa, ja usein sen syntymistä aikuinen pystyi ennaltaehkäisemään omalla käyttäytymisellään. Kyselyyn vastanneiden mukaan kiinnipito ei ollut mieluisa tehtävä eikä sen käytöstä koettu olevan pelkästään hyötyä, vaan siitä saattoi olla myös haittaa. Lähes puolet vastaajista oli sitä mieltä, että luottamus oppilaan ja kiinnipitäjän välillä lisääntyi kiinnipitotilanteen jälkeen. Kiinnipitotilannetta haluttiin työstää jälkikäteen niin oppilaan kuin kollegojenkin kanssa. Raportointia pidettiin tärkeänä, ja kaikki vastaajat raportoivat kiinnipidot joko virallisesti tai epävirallisesti. Kiinnipitokoulutusta oli saatu lähinnä täydennyskoulutuksissa, mutta sitä toivottiin lisää opettajankoulutukseen. Tämä tutkimus täyttää osaltaan suomalaisen koulun kiinnipitokäytänteitä koskevaa tutkimuksen tyhjiötä. Sen tuloksia voi käyttää hyväksi esimerkiksi silloin, kun kouluhallinnossa, kunnissa ja yksittäisissä kouluissa laaditaan oppilaan fyysistä rajoittamista koskevaa ohjeistusta.

La historia del Vaupés: desde esta orilla

El Vaupés es un territorio mítico. Durante siglos esta región y su gente han sido motivo de múltiples leyendas que van desde las más insólitas historias, hasta las ya acostumbradas notas de curiosos, viajeros y etnógrafos. Vaupés es territorio, es río, es gente, es raudales y selva inhóspita. Ha sido también epicentro de una de las más dramáticas tragedias de intervención, asolamiento y destrucción protagonizada por el europeo y sus descendentes.El grupo de Estudios en Sistemas Tradicionales de Salud de la facultad de medicina de la Universidad del Rosario trabaja por la protección de los sistemas tradicionales de salud y el mejoramiento de la salud humana. Desde el año 1999, tuvo la oportunidad de encontrarse con médicos indígenas especialistas, kumús o payés del Vaupés. Un extraño encuentro que finalmente condujo a que el grupo acompañara a los indígenas de la zona del río Yapú en su proceso de unión, organización y protección cultural. En ese contexto empieza la descripción de la presente historia. Se ha querido recorrer, a través de fuentes secundarias, lo que se sabe de la llegada de los hombres occidentales a las tierras del Vaupés

Payoff interdependence and information externalities

This paper studies entry under information and payoff externalities. We consider a sequential investment game with uncertain payoffs where each firm is endowed with a private signal about profitability. It is shown that both over- and under-investment characterize the equilibria and that under-investment only occurs when investments are complements. Further we find that a reverse informational externality is present.

A Foraging Cost of Migration for a Partially Migratory Cyprinid Fish

Migration has evolved as a strategy to maximise individual fitness in response to seasonally changing ecological and environmental conditions. However, migration can also incur costs, and quantifying these costs can provide important clues to the ultimate ecological forces that underpin migratory behaviour. A key emerging model to explain migration in many systems posits that migration is driven by seasonal changes to a predation/growth potential (p/g) trade-off that a wide range of animals face. In this study we assess a key assumption of this model for a common cyprinid partial migrant, the roach Rutilus rutilus, which migrates from shallow lakes to streams during winter. By sampling fish from stream and lake habitats in the autumn and spring and measuring their stomach fullness and diet composition, we tested if migrating roach pay a cost of reduced foraging when migrating. Resident fish had fuller stomachs containing more high quality prey items than migrant fish. Hence, we document a feeding cost to migration in roach, which adds additional support for the validity of the p/g model of migration in freshwater systems.

There and back again: migration in freshwater fishes

Animal migration is an amazing phenomenon that has fascinated humans for long. Many freshwater fishes also show remarkable migrations, whereof the spectacular mass migrations of salmonids from the spawning streams are the most well known and well studied. However, recent studies have shown that migration occurs in a range of freshwater fish taxa from many different habitats. In this review we focus on the causes and consequences of migration in freshwater fishes. We start with an introduction of concepts and categories of migration, and then address the evolutionary causes that drive individuals to make these migratory journeys. The basis for the decision of an individual fish to migrate or stay resident is an evaluation of the costs and benefits of different strategies to maximize its lifetime reproductive effort. We provide examples by discussing our own work on the causes behind seasonal migration in a cyprinid fish, roach (Rutilus rutilus (L., 1758)), within this framework. We then highlight different adaptations that allow fish to migrate over sometimes vast journeys across space, including capacity for orientation, osmoregulation, and efficient energy expenditure. Following this we consider the consequences of migration in freshwater fish from ecological, evolutionary, and conservation perspectives, and finally, we detail some of the recent developments in the methodologies used to collect data on fish migration and how these could be used in future research.

To boldly go: individual differences in boldness influence migratory tendency

Partial migration, whereby only a fraction of the population migrates, is thought to be the most common type of migration in the animal kingdom, and can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite this, the factors that influence which individuals migrate and which remain resident are poorly understood. Recent work has shown that consistent individual differences in personality traits in animals can be ecologically important, but field studies integrating personality traits with migratory behaviour are extremely rare. In this study, we investigate the influence of individual boldness, an important personality trait, upon the migratory propensity of roach, a freshwater fish, over two consecutive migration seasons. We assay and individually tag 460 roach and show that boldness influences migratory propensity, with bold individuals being more likely to migrate than shy fish. Our data suggest that an extremely widespread personality trait in animals can have significant ecological consequences via influencing individual-level migratory behaviour.

Reporting standards for studies of diagnostic test accuracy in dementia: The STARDdem Initiative.

OBJECTIVE To provide guidance on standards for reporting studies of diagnostic test accuracy for dementia disorders. METHODS An international consensus process on reporting standards in dementia and cognitive impairment (STARDdem) was established, focusing on studies presenting data from which sensitivity and specificity were reported or could be derived. A working group led the initiative through 4 rounds of consensus work, using a modified Delphi process and culminating in a face-to-face consensus meeting in October 2012. The aim of this process was to agree on how best to supplement the generic standards of the STARD statement to enhance their utility and encourage their use in dementia research. RESULTS More than 200 comments were received during the wider consultation rounds. The areas at most risk of inadequate reporting were identified and a set of dementia-specific recommendations to supplement the STARD guidance were developed, including better reporting of patient selection, the reference standard used, avoidance of circularity, and reporting of test-retest reliability. CONCLUSION STARDdem is an implementation of the STARD statement in which the original checklist is elaborated and supplemented with guidance pertinent to studies of cognitive disorders. Its adoption is expected to increase transparency, enable more effective evaluation of diagnostic tests in Alzheimer disease and dementia, contribute to greater adherence to methodologic standards, and advance the development of Alzheimer biomarkers.