865 resultados para Historiografía liberal


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This is the audio recording of all discussion sessions of the International Conference on the Re-evaluation of Liberal Neutrality organized by CRÉUM, Montreal May 1-3 2008. (The conference announcement is at http://www.creum.umontreal.ca/spip.php?article765) // Ceci est l'enregistrement audio des périodes de discussion du colloque organisé par le CRÉUM (Montréal, 1-3 mai 2008) et portant sur une ré-évaluation de la neutralité libérale. (L'annonce du colloque est à l'adresse http://www.creum.umontreal.ca/spip.php?article765)

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Dossier : Should Polygamy be Recognized in Canada ? Ethical and Legal Considerations

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In defending the principle of neutrality, liberals have often appealed to a more general moral principle that forbids coercing persons in the name of reasons those persons themselves cannot reasonably be expected to share. Yet liberals have struggled to articulate a non-arbitrary, non-dogmatic distinction between the reasons that persons can reasonably be expected to share and those they cannot. The reason for this, I argue, is that what it means to “share a reason” is itself obscure. In this paper I articulate two different conceptions of what it is to share a reason; I call these conceptions “foundationalist” and “constructivist.” On the foundationalist view, two people “share” a reason just in the sense that the same reason applies to each of them independently. On this view, I argue, debates about the reasons we share collapse into debates about the reasons we have, moving us no closer to an adequate defense of neutrality. On the constructivist view, by contrast, “sharing reasons” is understood as a kind of activity, and the reasons we must share are just those reasons that make this activity possible. I argue that the constructivist conception of sharing reasons yields a better defense of the principle of neutrality.

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My aim in the present paper is to develop a new kind of argument in support of the ideal of liberal neutrality. This argument combines some basic moral principles with a thesis about the relationship between the correct standards of justification for a belief/action and certain contextual factors. The idea is that the level of importance of what is at stake in a specific context of action determines how demanding the correct standards to justify an action based on a specific set of beliefs ought to be. In certain exceptional contexts –where the seriousness of harm in case of mistake and the level of an agent’s responsibility for the outcome of his action are specially high– a very small probability of making a mistake should be recognized as a good reason to avoid to act based on beliefs that we nonetheless affirm with a high degree of confidence and that actually justify our action in other contexts. The further steps of the argument consist in probing 1) that the fundamental state’s policies are such a case of exceptional context, 2) that perfectionist policies are the type of actions we should avoid, and 3) that policies that satisfy neutral standards of justification are not affected by the reasons which lead to reject perfectionist policies.

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One of the main characteristics of today’s democratic societies is their pluralism. As a result, liberal political philosophers often claim that the state should remain neutral with respect to different conceptions of the good. Legal and social policies should be acceptable to everyone regardless of their culture, their religion or their comprehensive moral views. One might think that this commitment to neutrality should be especially pronounced in urban centres, with their culturally diverse populations. However, there are a large number of laws and policies adopted at the municipal level that contradict the liberal principle of neutrality. In this paper, I want to suggest that these perfectionistlaws and policies are legitimate at the urban level. Specifically, I will argue that the principle of neutrality applies only indirectly to social institutions within the broader framework of the nation-state. This is clear in the case of voluntary associations, but to a certain extent this rationale applies also to cities. In a liberal regime, private associations are allowed to hold and defend perfectionist views, focused on a particular conception of the good life. One problem is to determine the limits of this perfectionism at the urban level, since cities, unlike private associations, are publicinstitutions. My aim here is therefore to give a liberal justification to a limited form of perfectionism of municipal laws and policies.

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In order to assess to the degree to which the provision of economic incentives can result in justified inequalities, we need to distinguish between compensatory incentive payments and non-compensatory incentive payments. From a liberal egalitarian perspective, economic inequalities traceable to the provision of compensatory incentive payments are generally justifiable. However, economic inequalities created by the provision of non-compensatory incentive payments are more problematic. I argue that in non-ideal circumstances justice may permit and even require the provision of non-compensatory incentives despite the fact that those who receive non-compensatory payments are not entitled to them. In some circumstances, justice may require us to accede to unreasonable demands for incentive payments by hard bargainers. This leads to a kind of paradox: from a systemic point of view, non-compensatory incentive payments can be justified even though those who receive them have no just claim to them.

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La notion de neutralité, bien que référent central au sein d’un État libéral, est souvent invoquée de manière imprécise et contradictoire dans le discours public. Proposant que cela résulte en partie des limites inhérentes à une compréhension abstraite et uniforme de ce concept, le présent article exposera comment l’idéal de neutralité libérale doit plutôt s’inscrire et s’évaluer par le biais de quatre étapes successives. Les quatre étapes en question dépassent la simple herméneutique philosophique du libéralisme en trouvant déjà des assises dans le droit ; elles seront dès lors illustrées tout au long du texte à l’aide des décisions pertinentes de la Cour Suprême du Canada.

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This book explains why it was possible for the Worker’s Party (PT) in Brazil and the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa to pursue a developmental state trade policy, in spite of neoliberal constraints. The major theoretical lenses are three-fold. It applies state theory (macrolevel), policy network analysis (meso-level) and theories on political parties with emphasis on factional politics (micro-level). This book highlights the socio-political relevance of comparatively progressive policy frameworks and expands the debate on how to re-gain national policy space for progressive reform policies even under neoliberal constraints.

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Análisis pormenorizado del lento proceso de incorporación de las disciplinas históricas como saberes académicos al Sistema Educativo 'moderno'. Inserción de la Historia en los planes de enseñanza. En la primera parte, se estudia la génesis del modelo educativo liberal, cristalizado en la Ley Moyano. Se estudia paralelamente el proceso de desmantelamiento de las viejas instituciones docentes. En la segunda parte se analizan las viejas y nuevas disciplinas académicas que fueron conformando los sucesivos planes de estudios a lo largo del XIX, centrándose especialmente en la Historia. Archivos. Fuentes impresas de las Reales Academias de la Historia, de Ciencias Morales y Políticas. Fuentes impresas de carácter oficial. Libros y folletos de la época. Bibliografía actual. La Ley Moyano será el esqueleto en el que se sustente el Sistema Educativo contemporáneo hasta fechas bien recientes. Las nuevas estructuras fueron erigidas sobre las ruinas de las viejas instituciones docentes, cuya decadencia había alcanzado cuotas difícilmente superables en el s. XVIII. Los reformadores ilustrados fueron los primeros en intentar remodelar el obsoleto edificio educativo pero no tuvieron demasiado éxito. Los liberales prosiguieron, con mejor fortuna, sus proyectos. Consiguieron que los añejos establecimientos docentes fueran suprimidos o reformados y que se modificaran los planes de estudio de todas y cada una de las facultades. Rasgos definidores del Sistema Educativo liberal español son: división de la enseñanza en tres niveles escalonados; férrea descentralización y organización piramidal, burocrática y jerárquica de la instrucción; uniformidad absoluta de planes de estudio para todos los niveles educativos; minuciosa reglamentación de todos los aspectos concernientes a escolares, profesores, autoridades y personal subalterno; conformación del profesorado como funcionario público. La Historia hará su aparición entre las disciplinas académicas en algunos de los proyectos educativos ilustrados pero siempre como subsidiaria de otros saberes. Al constituirse la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, figurarán entre sus estudios algunas disciplinas históricas, pero en ningún momento se entenderá el estudio de la Historia asociado a la investigación erudita sobre el pasado, y así, no se impartirán disciplinas auxiliares tan básicas como Arqueología, Epistegrafía o Diplomática. Por tanto, la Universidad no formará historiadores, sino docentes abocados a la repetición memorística de los sucesos del pasado, pero incapaces de reconstruirlo a través de las investigaciones. Este estudio aporta, al menos, el esqueleto para el análisis de otros aspectos no suficientemente tratados en el complejo campo de la historiografía decimonónica.

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Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

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Ante los retos del EEES, la experiencia de la asignatura Tendencias Historiográficas II se ha propuesto desarrollar un proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje mediante un bloc que facilite el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico en el alumnado, un conocimiento adecuado de las grandes formas de hacer historia en la actualidad y la capacidad de aplicar este conocimiento para valorar los textos historiográficos (y, por tanto, para capacitar al alumnado para aplicarlo en otras circunstancias). Pieza clave de este proceso ha sido el uso del blog del profesor y de los blogs del alumnado para elaborar comentarios de textos que sean accesibles para todos, permitan la autoevaluación del alumnado y el desarrollo de su aprendizaje autónomo, y, en último término, consigan un aprendizaje significativo. El texto expone los objetivos que se proponían, el desarrollo de la asignatura, evalúa los resultados obtenidos y, finalmente, reflexiona sobre los efectos del uso de Internet sobre nuestra forma de trabajar y de pensar