Management of Pharyngeal Fistulas After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery: A Treatment Algorithm for Severe Complications.

STUDY DESIGN:: Retrospective database- query to identify all anterior spinal approaches. OBJECTIVES:: To assess all patients with pharyngo-cutaneous fistulas after anterior cervical spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:: Patients treated in University of Heidelberg Spine Medical Center, Spinal Cord Injury Unit and Department of Otolaryngology (Germany), between 2005 and 2011 with the diagnosis of pharyngo-cutaneous fistulas. METHODS:: We conducted a retrospective study on 5 patients between 2005 and 2011 with PCF after ACSS, their therapy management and outcome according to radiologic data and patient charts. RESULTS:: Upon presentation 4 patients were paraplegic. 2 had PCF arising from one piriform sinus, two patients from the posterior pharyngeal wall and piriform sinus combined and one patient only from the posterior pharyngeal wall. 2 had previous unsuccessful surgical repair elsewhere and 1 had prior radiation therapy. In 3 patients speech and swallowing could be completely restored, 2 patients died. Both were paraplegic. The patients needed an average of 2-3 procedures for complete functional recovery consisting of primary closure with various vascularised regional flaps and refining laser procedures supplemented with negative pressure wound therapy where needed. CONCLUSION:: Based on our experience we are able to provide a treatment algorithm that indicates that chronic as opposed to acute fistulas require a primary surgical closure combined with a vascularised flap that should be accompanied by the immediate application of a negative pressure wound therapy. We also conclude that particularly in paraplegic patients suffering this complication the risk for a fatal outcome is substantial.

Low C-reactive protein values at admission predict mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae that require intensive care management.

PURPOSE: To identify risk factors associated with mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by S. pneumoniae who require intensive care unit (ICU) management, and to assess the prognostic values of these risk factors at the time of admission. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients with CAP caused by S. pneumoniae who were admitted to the 32-bed medico-surgical ICU of a community and referral university hospital between 2002 and 2011. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on variables available at admission. RESULTS: Among the 77 adult patients with severe CAP caused by S. pneumoniae who required ICU management, 12 patients died (observed mortality rate 15.6 %). Univariate analysis indicated that septic shock and low C-reactive protein (CRP) values at admission were associated with an increased risk of death. In a multivariate model, after adjustment for age and gender, septic shock [odds ratio (OR), confidence interval 95 %; 4.96, 1.11-22.25; p = 0.036], and CRP (OR 0.99, 0.98-0.99 p = 0.034) remained significantly associated with death. Finally, we assessed the discriminative ability of CRP to predict mortality by computing its receiver operating characteristic curve. The CRP value cut-off for the best sensitivity and specificity was 169.5 mg/L to predict hospital mortality with an area under the curve of 0.72 (0.55-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of patients with S. pneumoniae CAP requiring ICU management was much lower than predicted by severity scores. The presence of septic shock and a CRP value at admission <169.5 mg/L predicted a fatal outcome.

Thoracic aortic dissection associated with cocaine abuse.

Cardiovascular complications of cocaine abuse include myocardial ischemia and infarction, dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathies and aortic dissection. The case in point pertains to a 26-year-old, Caucasian male, substance abuser who suffered a thoracic aortic dissection following the use of crack cocaine. The autopsy and histological findings showed a connective tissue abnormality including a focal microcystic medial necrosis and a fragmentation of the elastic fibers in the arterial walls. Blood concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine, taken individually, were considered to be within a potentially toxic range. Blood concentrations of methadone also indicated use of this drug at the same time. The small amounts of morphine found in the blood and urine were compatible with heroine or morphine use more than 24 h before death.

Descoberta simultânea de carcinomatose disseminada e carcinoma de cólon, após colecistectomia laparoscópica

A particularly rapid and fatal outcome has been noted in cases of malignant soft-tissue metastases occurring after cancer surgery. Abdominal wall metastases occurring in scars after laparotomy for cancer resection show a similar poor outcome. On the other hand, neoplasm seeding at trocar sites after laparoscopy has been reported with an increasing frequency. A case is presented of a 68-years-old woman with metastatic seeding of non-diagnosed colon cancer at the umbilical trocar site used for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The gallbladder was extracted through the umbilical incision. Pathological examination confirmed chronic cholecystitis. Eight months latter, the patient was seen with a tender umbilical mass protruded through a 4,5 cm the umbilical incision site. Biopsies of this tissue were taken and histopathological examination showed metastatic adenocarcinoma, probably of a gastrointestinal origin. A colonoscopy performed at the same time revealed a 2-cm lesion at the hepatic flexur which was shown to be a differentiated adenocarcinoma. An 8.0 x 6.0 x 6.0-cm pelvic mass without signs of liver metastases was identified by computerised tomography. Diagnostic laparoscopy showed a diffuse peritoneal carcinomatosis. The pelvis could not be approached, except for simple biopsy, and no surgical procedure was performed. It is presumed that the primary colon cancer existed prior to cholecystectomy. Laparoscopy is the procedure of choice to perform cholecystectomy and fundoplication. It has also been increasingly used to diagnose, resect and perform the staging of malignant tumours. As in any relatively new technique, questions arising about its safety and risk of complications must be extensively studied. Many questions about the specific features of laparoscopy promoting cancer growth remain unanswered.

Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the guinea pig atrium of extracts obtained from Averrhoa carambola L. leaves

It has been reported that star fruit can lead to a fatal outcome in uremic patients. The intoxication syndrome consists of hiccups, mental confusion, dizziness, and vomiting. On the other hand, folk medicine uses teas and infusions of carambola leaves to treat headache, vomiting, cough, insomnia, and diabetes. This motivated us to determine if Averrhoa carambola can act on the contractility and automaticity of the guinea pig heart. We measured the atrial isometric force in stimulated left atria and determined the chronotropic changes in spontaneously beating right atria. The carambola leaf extracts (1.5 mg/ml) abolished the contractile force in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the crude, methanolic, ethanolic, aqueous, and acetic extracts, the aqueous one was the most potent (EC50 = 520 ± 94 µg/ml; flavonoids and tannins are the main constituents; Na+ and K+ contents in 1.0 mg/ml of aqueous extract were 0.12 ± 0.016 and 1.19 ± 0.15 mM, respectively). The aqueous extract abolished the positive Bowditch staircase phenomenon and reduced the inotropic response to CaCl2 (0.17-8.22 mM), events that are dependent on the cellular Ca2+ inward current. The adrenergic, muscarinic or opioid membrane receptors do not seem to participate in the mechanism of action of the cardioactive substance(s). In spontaneously beating atria, the aqueous extract promoted a negative chronotropic effect that was antagonized by 0.1 µM isoproterenol bitartrate. With this agonist, the EC50 of the aqueous extract increased from 133 ± 58 to 650 ± 100 µg/ml. These data regarding the effect of A. carambola on guinea pig atrial contractility and automaticity indicate an L-type Ca2+ channel blockade.

Proteomic inventory of myocardial proteins from patients with chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy

Chronic Chagas' disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is an often fatal outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, with a poorer prognosis than other cardiomyopathies. CCC is refractory to heart failure treatments, and is the major indication of heart transplantation in Latin America. A diffuse myocarditis, plus intense myocardial hypertrophy, damage and fibrosis, in the presence of very few T. cruzi forms, are the histopathological hallmarks of CCC. To gain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of CCC, we analyzed the protein profile in the affected CCC myocardium. Homogenates from left ventricular myocardial samples of end-stage CCC hearts explanted during heart transplantation were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis with Coomassie blue staining; protein identification was performed by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting. The identification of selected proteins was confirmed by immunoblotting. We demonstrated that 246 proteins matched in gels from two CCC patients. They corresponded to 112 distinct proteins. Along with structural/contractile and metabolism proteins, we also identified proteins involved in apoptosis (caspase 8, caspase 2), immune system (T cell receptor ß chain, granzyme A, HLA class I) and stress processes (heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutases, and other oxidative stress proteins). Proteins involved in cell signaling and transcriptional factors were also identified. The identification of caspases and oxidative stress proteins suggests the occurrence of active apoptosis and significant oxidative stress in CCC myocardium. These results generated an inventory of myocardial proteins in CCC that should contribute to the generation of hypothesis-driven experiments designed on the basis of the classes of proteins identified here.

Prevalencia de anormalidades estructurales cardiacas en pacientes con enfermedad isquémica. Bogotá 2007 – 2009

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la causa de muerte más frecuente en el mundo desarrollado, la mayoría de éstas se relacionan con alteraciones de las arterias coronarias, sin embargo un subgrupo de pacientes presentan como causa de isquemia cardiaca alteraciones estructurales. Material y métodos: Estudio Descriptivo. Se utilizó la base de datos recolectada en un servicio de hemodinamia de Bogotá durante dos años. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión y se determinaron cuatro grupos etáreos, a todos los pacientes se les practicó cateterismo cardiaco diagnóstico. Las variables analizadas fueron: diagnóstico de referencia, antecedentes y resultados del cateterismo incluyendo presencia de anomalías estructurales como las valvulopatias, el origen anómalo de las coronarias y los puentes miocárdicos. Para el análisis descriptivo se utilizó reporte de prevalencias y para el análisis de asociaciones se utilizaron tablas de contingencia y el estadístico de prueba Chi cuadrado, no se realizó análisis multivariado debido a que no se encontraron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 62 años (DS= 10,5), la representación del género masculino fue del 61,7%, la prevalencia de angina estable fue del 61,6%, los 3 antecedentes más prevalentes fueron: hipertensión arterial (41,4%), la hiperlipidemia (19,1%) y la Diabetes Mellitus (17,7%). La prevalencia de las alteraciones estructurales en la población de estudio de manera general fue del 12,9%, y su distribución por tipo fue: 1,4% para puentes miocárdicos, 0,7% para origen anómalo de las arterias coronarias y 10,8% de enfermedad valvular. Conclusiones: Se encontró una asociación entre los antecedentes médicos y la presencia de valvulopatias cardiacas. Se evidenció que el género no tiene relación con la presencia de alteraciones cardíacas a pesar de la mayor participación de hombres en la población de estudio. Las limitantes de este estudio se relacionaron con el tamaño de muestra, debido a la baja prevalencia de las anomalías estructurales medidas.

Brain Tumour, Mood Disorder and Encephalopathy. Discusion of the Clinical Case Presented in Volume 6, Number 2

We report a case of a 65 years old female patient, who was admitted to the hospital with non specific neurological symptoms and who had preliminary imagenological findings of an extra-axial tumor mass (a meningioma of the sphenoid’s wing), which was taken to complete surgical removal. Afterwards, she developed progressive neurologic deterioration until her death. The final diagnosis was acute spongiform encephalophaty, and was obtained by cerebral biopsy. Spongiform encephalopathy was described, almost a century ago, as the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, poorly diagnosed in our environment because of its low frequency and uncommon onset, which starts with a mood disorder followed by a phase of dementia and a final fatal outcome. The gold standard for the diagnosis is based on a biopsy or an autopsy of the brain, with immunohistochemical stains for the prionic abnormal protein.

Brain Tumour, Mood Disorder and Encephalopathy. Discusion of the Clinical Case Presented in Volume 6, Number 2

We report a case of a 65 years old female patient, who was admitted to the hospital with non specific neurological symptoms and who had preliminary imagenological findings of an extra-axial tumor mass (a meningioma of the sphenoid’s wing), which was taken to complete surgical removal. Afterwards, she developed progressive neurologic deterioration until her death. The final diagnosis was acute spongiform encephalophaty, and was obtained by cerebral biopsy. Spongiform encephalopathy was described, almost a century ago, as the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, poorly diagnosed in our environment because of its low frequency and uncommon onset, which starts with a mood disorder followed by a phase of dementia and a final fatal outcome. The gold standard for the diagnosis is based on a biopsy or an autopsy of the brain, with immunohistochemical stains for the prionic abnormal protein.

Factores asociados a la infección para Clostridium difficile en un hospital universitario de Bogotá

Introducción La infección por Clostridium difficile, es una de las causas más frecuentes de diarrea nosocomial con una alta morbimortalidad, con un aumento exponencial en su incidencia, en Estados Unidos se duplicó, de 261 casos x 100.000 en 1993 pasó a 546 x 100.000 en 2003 2, y en Canadá se encontraron datos similares con un aumento de 4.5 veces, en 1991 de 35.6 casos x 100.000 a 156.3 casos por 100.000 en 2004 3 . Se han descrito varios factores asociados Materiales y Métodos Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de tipo serie de casos en el que se evaluaron pacientes con diagnóstico de infección por C. Difficile y los factores asociados en un Hospital Universitario entre febrero de 2010 hasta septiembre de 2011 Resultados Se recolectaron 31 pacientes la edad promedio fue de 58 años con un rango entre 18 y 93 años, de los cuales 19 (61%) fueron mujeres y 12 (39%) hombres. El factor asociado a la infección por C. Difficile más frecuentemente encontrado fue el uso de inhibidores de bomba de protones con 54.84% (n=17) .No se encontraron pacientes VIH positivos o con diagnóstico de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Ningún paciente presentó complicaciones asociadas a la infección ni mortalidad alguna. Conclusión El factor asociado que más se presentó fue el uso de antimicrobianos en los quince dias previos al inicio del cuadro en el 74% de los pacientes lo que coincide con lo presentado en la literatura mundial.

Trauma craneoencefálico severo en la UCIP del Hospital de la Misericordia, 2010-2013

El Trauma Craneoencefálico (TCE) infantil constituye un motivo frecuente de consulta en Urgencias y supone la primera causa de muerte en niños, llegando a ser hasta del 50% en trauma severo. En Colombia se conocen cifras de TCE por algunos estudios descriptivos, pero no existen reportes en Bogotá ni específicamente en TCE severo. Objetivo: Caracterizar el trauma craneoencefálico severo pediátrico en la Unidad de Cuidado intensivo del Hospital de la Misericordia entre los años 2010 y 2013. Materiales y métodos: Un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo fue realizado en el Hospital de la Misericordia mediante revisión de las historias clínicas de los pacientes que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo pediátrico con diagnóstico de trauma craneoencefálico severo entre el año 2010 al 2013. Resultados: Se incluyeron 63 pacientes (71,4% hombres) con una edad mediana de 4 años (RIQ 2-8). La mayoría de los traumas fueron originados por caída o accidente de tránsito (79,4%). La principal lesión fue fractura de cráneo (79%). Casi la mitad de los pacientes sufrieron algún tipo de secuela neurológica al egreso (47,1%). La mayoría de los pacientes que murieron (19%) sufrieron choque hipovolémico (83,3%) y presentaron trauma asociado (66,7%). Conclusión: Las características y epidemiología del trauma craneoencefálico en nuestra población muestran claras similitudes con lo reportados en otras series de la literatura mundial y de Colombia, excepto por la mortalidad, que se esperaba más alta al estudiar solo pacientes con TCE severo.