Incidencia de la ley anti maras en el fenómeno de las maras en El Salvador período de estudio: 2003-2010

La aplicación de la ley anti maras en El Salvador no tuvo los resultados esperados por el gobierno en el momento de su implementación, la reducción del fenómeno no se vio afectada por la aplicación de esta ley que al contrario produjo una serie de efectos negativos que demostraron tanto la inefectividad de dicha ley, como la capacidad de las maras para adaptarse y evolucionar frente a las adversidades que les presentó una medida represiva como la tomada por el gobierno salvadoreño.

La subpoliarquía colombiana. Deficiencias estatales, democracia deficitaria

El artículo analiza la democracia colombiana en la década 2002-2011. El argumento central es que Colombia representa un caso de una democracia con déficits, que no alcanza a cubrir las condiciones mínimas de las democracias políticas y se constituye en una subpoliarquía. En esta condición incide de forma  directa las deficiencias estatales, en sus dimensiones de coacción y cohesión social. Los déficits democráticos se presentan en las condiciones básicas de la competencia  política, con elecciones periódicas, pero no libres ni competitivas ni limpias; en la presencia continuada de fraude y manipulación de los resultados electorales y en la  ausencia de garantías para las libertades civiles y políticas. Estas características justifican los diversos adjetivos aplicados a la democracia colombiana, siempre  en clave negativa.

Consentimiento informado como una forma de institucionalización de la autonomía

En general, las formas de interacción entre los seres humanos que están mediadas por referentes tales como: las costumbres, las tradiciones, la educación, la política y la ética, se preservan a través de la institucionalización. Lo que implica la creación de normas reguladoras de las acciones humanas mediante códigos de ética y deontológicos. En el ámbito médico aparecen procedimientos como el consentimiento informado, cuyo fin es garantizar que se respete al paciente el derecho a conocer la realidad de su situación médica y a tomar decisiones acerca de procedimientos que se deben realizar. El desarrollo de este texto busca reconocer en el consentimiento informado una forma de institucionalización de la autonomía. Ahora bien, según esto la pregunta que orientará este documento es ¿cuál es la naturaleza de esa autonomía que institucionaliza la práctica del consentimiento informado?

Sunlight disinfects? Free media in weak democracies

Free media may not favor political accountability when other democratic institutions are weak, and may even bring undesirable unintended consequences. We propose a simple model in which politicians running for office may engage in coercion to obtain votes. A media scandal that exposes these candidates increases their coercion effort to offset the negative popularity shock. This may result in the tainted politicians actually increasing their vote share. We provide empirical evidence from one recent episode in the political history of Colombia, the ‘parapolitics’ scandal featuring politicians colluding with illegal armed paramilitary groups to obtain votes. We show that colluding candidates not only get more votes than their clean competitors, but also concentrate them in areas where coercion is more likely (namely, areas with more paramilitary presence, less state presence, and more judicial inefficiency). Harder to reconcile with other explanations and as a direct test of the effects of media exposure, we compare tainted candidates exposed before elections to those exposed after. We find that those exposed before elections get as many votes as those exposed once elected, but their electoral support is more strongly concentrated in places where coercion is more likely. Our re

Conversations around homework: links to parental mental health, family characteristics and child psychological functioning

Parents are increasingly expected to supplement their children's school-based learning by providing support for children's homework. However, parents' capacities to provide such support may vary and may be limited by the experience of depression. This may have implications for child development. In the course of a prospective, longitudinal study of children of postnatally depressed and healthy mothers, we observed mothers (N = 88) and fathers (N = 78) at home during maths homework interactions with their 8-year-old children. The quality of parental communication was rated and analysed in relation to child functioning. The quality of communication of each of the parents was related to their mental state, social class and IQ. While postnatal depression was not directly related to child development, there was some evidence of the influence of maternal depression occurring in the child's school years. Different aspects of parental communication with the child showed specific associations with different child outcomes, over and above the influence of family characteristics. In particular, child school attainment and IQ were associated with parental strategies to encourage representational thinking and mastery motivation, whereas child behavioural adjustment at school and self-esteem were linked to the degree of parental emotional support and low levels of coercion. Notably, the influence of maternal homework support was more strongly related to child outcome than was paternal support, a pattern reflected in mothers' greater involvement in children's schools and school-related activities. Some parents may need guidance in how to support their children's homework if it is to be of benefit to child functioning.

When consent doesn't work: a rights-based case for limits to consent’s capacity to legitimise

Consent's capacity to legitimise actions and claims is limited by conditions such as coercion, which render consent ineffective. A better understanding of the limits to consent's capacity to legitimise can shed light on a variety of applied debates, in political philosophy, bioethics, economics and law. I show that traditional paternalist explanations for limits to consent's capacity to legitimise cannot explain the central intuition that consent is often rendered ineffective when brought about by a rights violation or threatened rights violation. I argue that this intuition is an expression of the same principles of corrective justice that underlie norms of compensation and rectification. I show how these principles can explain and clarify core intuitions about conditions which render consent ineffective, including those concerned with the consenting agent's option set, his mental competence, and available information.

Muriel Rukeyser: poetry and the body

The human body occupies a central place in Rukeyser’s poetry. Her characters’ physical experiences inspire their search for an artistic form and a holistic vision that reconciles the corporeal and conceptual aspects of their life. My thesis deals with Rukeyser’s reconciliation of disparate aspects of existence through the image of the human body and the practical experiences she underwent in her personal life and incorporated in her poetry. I discuss her poetry of the 1940s, where a tension is observed between the artist’s personal life and her art, which she attempts to resolve by adopting an artistic form that accommodates her quotidian experiences. I study, mainly through her poetry of the 1950s, Rukeyser’s poetic technique in the light of her organicist poetics and the combination of tendencies to coercion and suggestiveness distinguishing her style. I examine her portrayal of the suffering body in her poetry of the 1960s and 1970s. By means of their physical experiences, the ill, her despised and the imprisoned protagonists undergo a process of development whereby they perceive the different aspects of their identity and attempt to broaden perspectives on their situation by reconciling them. I argue that Rukeyser’s engagement with physical encounters and with the poem as an inclusive, organic body enables her to reconcile disparate elements in her poetry, such as her personal life and her art, her individual existence and the public world, as well as the distinct aspects of her characters’ identity. Her vatic outlook, which integrates distinct aspects of experience, is consistent with Merleau-Ponty’s idea of human perception as characterised by the two interdependent positions of immanence and transcendence. Rukeyser’s poetry depicts her physical engagement with quotidian events of her life as a factor of artistic inspiration. These situations constitute shared human experiences that enable her to imagine the links binding her to other people and the world at large. The poet’s personal experiences inspire her search for an artistic form that accommodates them. Her perception of the concrete aspect of her individual existence gains significance when it is linked to social and political issues. Both the private and public are thus seen as interconnected, and they affect the existence of each other while retaining their distinctness.

The core characteristics and nursing care activities in psychiatric intensive care units in Sweden

Internationally, research on psychiatric intensive care units (PICUs) commonly reportsresults from demographic studies such as criteria for admission, need for involuntary treatment, andthe occurrence of violent behaviour. A few international studies describe the caring aspect of thePICUs based specifically on caregivers’ experiences. The concept of PICU in Sweden is not clearlydefined. The aim of this study is to describe the core characteristics of a PICU in Sweden and todescribe the care activities provided for patients admitted to the PICUs. Critical incident techniquewas used as the research method. Eighteen caregivers at a PICU participated in the study bycompleting a semistructured questionnaire. In-depth interviews with three nurses and two assistantnurses also constitute the data. An analysis of the content identified four categories that characterizethe core of PICU: the dramatic admission, protests and refusal of treatment, escalating behaviours, andtemporarily coercive measure. Care activities for PICUs were also analysed and identified as controlling– establishing boundaries, protecting – warding off, supporting – giving intensive assistance, andstructuring the environment. Finally, the discussion put focus on determining the intensive aspect ofpsychiatric care which has not been done in a Swedish perspective before. PICUs were interpreted asa level of care as it is composed by limited structures and closeness in care.

Percepção de coerção em pacientes psiquiátricos, cirúrgicos e clínicos hospitalizados

Duzentos e cinco pacientes hospitalizados em um grande hospital universitário foram avaliados, em estudo transversal, para a identificação de sentimentos de coerção no momento da hospitalização. A amostra compunha-se de 64 pacientes psiquiátricos, 58 pacientes cirúrgicos e 83 pacientes clínicos, tanto involuntários, quanto voluntários. A voluntariedade dos pacientes psiquiátricos foi determinada por seu status legal e, a dos cirúrgicos e clínicos, pelo caráter eletivo ou emergencial da hospitalização. Os pacientes psiquiátricos eram mais jovens, apresentavam nível educacional mais elevado e escores superiores na escala SRQ em relação aos pacientes cirúrgicos e clínicos. Esses grupos não diferiam entre si no que se refere aos escores em MMSE. O Admission Experience Survey: Short Form e as escalas utilizadas durante o MacArthur Coercion Study, foram aplicados a todos os pacientes. Os resultados indicam que os pacientes psiquiátricos, tanto involuntários quanto voluntários, apresentam significativamente maior percepção de coerção do que os demais. Os pacientes cirúrgicos e clínicos não diferem entre si, entretanto referem haver sofrido também algum nível de coerção, fato que poderia merecer uma atenção maior de bioeticistas e juristas. A análise de regressão logística indica que as variáveis associadas a hospitalização involuntária são Perceived Coercion Scale, estado cognitivo e escolaridade, todas com coeficiente de correlação positivo.

Doação : uma figura estratégica para o marketing

Este trabalho analisa diversas correntes de pensamento acerca do tema estratégia e apresenta o modelo de análise estratégica originalmente desenvolvido pelo professor Luciano Zajdsznajder - ex-professor da cadeira Pensamento Estratégico na Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública. As doutrinas estratégicas aqui abordadas pertencem a duas áreas de atuação: militar e empresarial. Na área militar, analisamos os principais elementos das obras de Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz e B.H. Liddell Hart. Na esfera empresarial, são analisados os seguintes autores: Michael Porter, H. Igor Ansoff e Francisco Gracioso. O modelo do professor Zajdsznajder é, então, apresentado e analisado. Este modelo fundamenta-se na análise das cinco principais possibilidades de orientação estratégica - ou seja, o pensamento, os modelos mentais que determinam as ações e decisões estratégicas -, que são: o conflito, a coerção, a competição, a negociação e a doação. São fornecidos diversos exemplos de empresas cujas estratégias fundamentam-se em cada uma das cinco orientações e são observadas, inferidas e analisadas as conseqüências dessas opções. Finalmente, concluímos que a orientação da doação apresenta, no atual ambiente de mercado, vantagens sobre as demais orientações como fundamento para a formulação de estratégias de marketing.

A avaliação de desempenho humano no exército brasileiro: uma análise do sistema 2003

This study aims to analyze the current systematics of Performance Appraisal used by the Brazilian Army, in a way that permits us to identify its characteristics that hinder it to fulfill the purposes and objectives to which it proposes. In order to do so, it is used the theoretical referential not only related to Performance Appraisal itself, but also that one that focus on the subjects related to it. In spite of the multiple forms Performance Appraisal can take, some internal characteristics and coherences must be observed so that the system can function correctly. Moreover, it can not be forgotten that, as a tool, the appraisal will be strongly influenced by the organizational culture where it is used. The organizational culture, in turn, does not find itself isolated from the society in which the organization operates. When all these characteristics are brought to the analyses of the system used by the Brazilian Army, several of problems emerges, including: the presence of objectives of antagonistic nature; the lack of linking with the organization strategy; the absence of mechanism to operate the objectives; appraisal used as a coercion tool, in the attempt to keep the domination system that begin to be contested; adoption of an appraisal method which strengthens the coercitive use of it and that does not propitiate a complete vision of the apprasee; the lack of steps on the appraisal process, including in the absence of parameters adoption for the appraisal, inserting great subjectivity into the system and supplying insufficient feedback to the appraisees; use of an instrument also of great subjectivity and reductionist; and a awarding system that, besides replying the distortions of the evaluation system, adds others.

Aspectos polêmicos da arbitragem: as tutelas de urgência no âmbito do procedimento arbitral

Através do presente trabalho, buscar-se-á discorrer sobre o cabimento das tutelas de urgências na esfera do procedimento arbitral, englobando a possibilidade de decretação e execução das medidas urgentes pelo árbitro – seja previamente ou no curso da arbitragem –, a partir da análise dos dispositivos da Lei de Arbitragem (Lei nº 9.307/1996), bem como da doutrina nacional dominante sobre o tema. Tal estudo faz-se relevante na medida em que o processo arbitral vem sendo amplamente utilizado por particulares como meio eficaz de solução de litígios relativos a direitos patrimoniais disponíveis. Todavia, mesmo sendo dotada de maior celeridade do que o provimento judicial, nem sempre a arbitragem conseguirá tutelar o direito material alegado pelas partes até que seja proferida a decisão final de mérito. Assim, em algumas situações, nas quais haja fundado receio de dano irreparável à parte, as medidas de urgência são imprescindíveis a fim de assegurar o direito pleiteado, tornando possível a prolação de uma sentença justa e revestida de utilidade prática. Neste contexto, entende-se o árbitro é dotado de poder jurisdicional para conceder medidas cautelares e antecipatórias que se façam necessárias, ainda que tal poder não esteja expressamente delimitado na convenção de arbitragem. Para efetivá-las, no entanto, precisará recorrer ao Poder Judiciário (monopolizador do poder de coerção) para dar cumprimento às medidas decretadas pelo árbitro, sempre que a parte em face da qual a medida for decretada se recusar a cumprir a determinação arbitral espontaneamente.

A reestruturação sócio-religiosa em Sergipe, no final do século XVIII

The issues surrounding the religious have been given greater importance in scientific discussions and the media. Discussions on religion and religiosity have become widespread as a means for construction of social representations, both as individual levels, in addition, in the collectivity. This work deals with the construction of the order of Jesus, missionaries and settlers of the projects that marked the presence of the Jesuit missionaries, from colonization to the religious restructuring imposed after the expulsion of the Jesuit Order in Sergipe. Expulsion is what happened in the midst of political and administrative changes made by the Portuguese government in the mid-eighteenth century, which had representation at the Marquis of Pombal its creator. Understanding the religious and social restructuring, designed here in the practices and representations of popular and official. This restructuring has had on the religious brotherhoods, religious orders and other representations, an important symbolic presence in the spaces sociorreligiosos linked to Catholic practices in Sergipe. Representation such that officially came into the vicars pasted their legal representatives, in the maintenance of religious practices in the boroughs and cities Sergipe

O direito fundamental contra a autoincriminação: a análise a partir de uma teoria do Processo Penal Constitucional

The right against self-incrimination is a fundamental right that works in the criminal prosecution, and therefore deserves a study supported by the general theory of criminal procedure. The right has a vague origin, and despite the various historical accounts only arises when there is a criminal procedure structured that aims to limit the State´s duty-power to punish. The only system of criminal procedure experienced that reconciles with seal self-incrimination is the accusatory model. The inquisitorial model is based on the construction of a truth and obtaining the confession at any cost, and is therefore incompatible with the right in study. The consecration of the right arises with the importance that fundamental rights have come to occupy in the Democratic Constitutional States. In the Brazilian experience before 1988 was only possible to recognize that self-incrimination represented a procedural burden for accused persons. Despite thorough debate in the Constituent Assembly, the right remains consecrated in a textual formula that´s closer to the implementation made by the Supreme Court of the United States, known as "Miranda warnings", than the text of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that established originally the right against self-incrimination with a constitutional status. However, the imprecise text does not prevent the consecration of the principle as a fundamental right in Brazilian law. The right against self-incrimination is a right that should be observed in the Criminal Procedure and relates to several of his canons, such as the the presumption of not guilty, the accusatory model, the distribution of the burden of proof, and especially the right of defense. Because it a fundamental right, the prohibition of self-incrimination deserves a proper study to her constitutional nature. For the definition of protected persons is important to build a material concept of accused, which is different of the formal concept over who is denounced on the prosecution. In the objective area of protection, there are two objects of protection of the norm: the instinct of self-preservation of the subject and the ability to self-determination. Configuring essentially a evidence rule in criminal procedure, the analysis of the case should be based on standards set previously to indicate respect for the right. These standard include the right to information of the accused, the right to counsel and respect the voluntary participation. The study of violations cases, concentrated on the element of voluntariness, starting from the definition of what is or is not a coercion violative of self-determination. The right faces new challenges that deserve attention, especially the fight against terrorism and organized crime that force the development of tools, resources and technologies about proves, methods increasingly invasive and hidden, and allow the use of information not only for criminal prosecution, but also for the establishment of an intelligence strategy in the development of national and public security