Ecological traits affect the sensitivity of bees to land-use pressures in European agricultural landscapes

1. Bees are a functionally important and economically valuable group, but are threatened byland-use conversion and intensification. Such pressures are not expected to affect all species identically; rather, they are likely to be mediated by the species’ ecological traits. 2. Understanding which types of species are most vulnerable under which land uses is an important step towards effective conservation planning.3. We collated occurrence and abundance data for 257 bee species at 1584 European sites from surveys reported in 30 published papers (70 056 records) and combined them with species-level ecological trait data. We used mixed-effects models to assess the importance of land use (land-use class, agricultural use-intensity and a remotely-sensed measure of vegetation),traits and trait 9 land-use interactions, in explaining species occurrence and abundance.4. Species’ sensitivity to land use was most strongly influenced by flight season duration and foraging range, but also by niche breadth, reproductive strategy and phenology, with effects that differed among cropland, pastoral and urban habitats.5. Synthesis and applications. Rather than targeting particular species or settings, conservation action s may be more effective if focused on mitigating situations where species’ traits strongly and negatively interact with land-use pressures. We find evidence that low-intensity agriculture can maintain relatively diverse bee communities; in more intensive settings, added floral resources may be beneficial, but will require careful placement with respect to foraging ranges of smaller bee species. Protection of semi-natural habitats is essential, however; in particular, conversion to urban environments could have severe effects on bee diversity and pollination services. Our results highlight the importance of exploring how ecological traits mediate species responses to human impacts, but further research is needed to enhance the predictive ability of such analyses.

A decision framework for considering climate change adaptation in biodiversity conservation planning

General principles of climate change adaptation for biodiversity have been formulated, but do not help prioritize actions. This is inhibiting their integration into conservation planning. We address this need with a decision framework that identifies and prioritizes actions to increase the adaptive capacity of species. The framework classifies species according to their current distribution and projected future climate space, as a basis for selecting appropriate decision trees. Decisions rely primarily on expert opinion, with additional information from quantitative models, where data are available. The framework considers in-situ management, followed by interventions at the landscape scale and finally translocation or ex-situ conservation. Synthesis and applications: From eight case studies, the key interventions identified for integrating climate change adaptation into conservation planning were local management and expansion of sites. We anticipate that, in combination with consideration of socio-economic and local factors, the decision framework will be a useful tool for conservation and natural resource managers to integrate adaptation measures into conservation plans.

Comparing species and measures of landscape structure as indicators of conservation importance

P>1. The use of indicators to identify areas of conservation importance has been challenged on several grounds, but nonetheless retains appeal as no more parsimonious approach exists. Among the many variants, two indicator strategies stand out: the use of indicator species and the use of metrics of landscape structure. While the first has been thoroughly studied, the same cannot be said about the latter. We aimed to contrast the relative efficacy of species-based and landscape-based indicators by: (i) comparing their ability to reflect changes in community integrity at regional and landscape spatial scales, (ii) assessing their sensitivity to changes in data resolution, and (iii) quantifying the degree to which indicators that are generated in one landscape or at one spatial scale can be transferred to additional landscapes or scales. 2. We used data from more than 7000 bird captures in 65 sites from six 10 000-ha landscapes with different proportions of forest cover in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Indicator species and landscape-based indicators were tested in terms of how effective they were in reflecting changes in community integrity, defined as deviations in bird community composition from control areas. 3. At the regional scale, indicator species provided more robust depictions of community integrity than landscape-based indicators. At the landscape scale, however, landscape-based indicators performed more effectively, more consistently and were also more transferable among landscapes. The effectiveness of high resolution landscape-based indicators was reduced by just 12% when these were used to explain patterns of community integrity in independent data sets. By contrast, the effectiveness of species-based indicators was reduced by 33%. 4. Synthesis and applications. The use of indicator species proved to be effective; however their results were variable and sensitive to changes in scale and resolution, and their application requires extensive and time-consuming field work. Landscape-based indicators were not only effective but were also much less context-dependent. The use of landscape-based indicators may allow the rapid identification of priority areas for conservation and restoration, and indicate which restoration strategies should be pursued, using remotely sensed imagery. We suggest that landscape-based indicators might often be a better, simpler, and cheaper strategy for informing decisions in conservation.

As virtualidades da lei 5692/71 para uma educação democratica e os pressupostos que dificultam sua implementação

Decorridos sete anos de vigência das diretrizes e bases fixadas para o ensino de 19 e 29 graus, sua implementação vem sofrendo, em âmbito nacional, impedimentos diversos, de ordem material e administrativa, e em decorrência da maior ou menor aceitação da sociedade às inovações da LEI, principalmente quanto ao ensino profissionalizante, que se constitui o aspecto mais controvertido da Reforma. O período que vai da promulgação da Lei 5692/71 aos dias atuais tem se caracterizado mais pela oposição às mudanças do que pela adoção das mesmas no sistema educação na 1 . Entendendo que nesse per;odo a implementação da Reforma do ensino de 19 e 29 graus vem apresentando escassos exemplos de eficiência, o trabalho teve um duplo obje- . tivo: 1) mostrar as virtualidades da Lei 5692/71, que devem ser exploradas; e 2)identificar os poss;veis preconcel tos tradicionais que juntamente a outros fatores dificul - tam sua implementação. Com relação ao 19 objetivo foram focalizados os aspectos inovadores através de anãlise da nova concepçao da escola para a criança e o adolescente, quanto aos seus objetivos, estrutura e organização curricular. Dentre as virtua1idades para uma educação democrãtica foi ressaltada a própria filosofia que inspirou a LEI, propondo uma escola unica, articulada e flexlvel, fu~ damentada nos princlpios de continuidade e terminal idade. Julgou-se imprescindlve1 fazer um retrospecto da educação brasileira, a partir de 1930, visto que as in~ vações ou modificações trazidas pela Reforma de 1971 não foram improvisadas, mas o resultado de reivindicações e de crlticas diante do descompasso entre a vida nacional e a escola. Procedeu-se a um estudo comparativo entre as Leis v ! , n9 4024/61 e n9 5692/71, focalizando os principios bãsicos de uma e outra, quanto aos pontos em comum e às diferenças substanciais . .,:. . Quanto ao 29 objetivo, em termos de pressupostos, foi considerado: 1) que os aspectos culturais da sociedade bras~leira poderiam ter maior ou menor influ~ncia na aceitação e valorização das inovações; e 2) que a não aceitação ou pouca valorização do ensino profissionalizante poderia decorrer de um falso conceito de educação humanista. De modo sucinto, foram apresentadas as iniciatl vas que v~m sendo tomadas pelos órgãos publicos responsá- veis pelo cumprimento das diretrizes indicadas pela LEI. N o ·q u e s e r e f e r e ã s c o n c 1 u s õ e s, a s m a i s r e 1 e v a n tes foram as seguintes: · a eliminação das barreiras entre os graus escolar~s permite que o acesso ao ensino e às atividades educa cionais dependa, exclusivamente, das capacidades e aptidões de cada um, caracterizando uma educação democrática; · a suposta nao aceitação dos dispositivos inovadores da LEI se deve, possivelmente, à falta de conhecimen to, por parte da sociedade, das necessidades do Pais e da função da escola no contexto geral; · exploradas nas suas virtualidades, a execuçao da LEI pode rã trazer os efeitos da mobil idade e ascensao soe i a 1 • Como recomendações, sugere-se a real i zação de uma pesquisa de opinião junto ao professor, em complementa- ção ao presente estudo, a fim de se verificar ate que ponto o professor, como elemento da comunidade, representa,na' escola, possiveis estereótipos culturais ou pode contribuir para a mudança de atitudes na sociedade.

Desenvolvimento de um reator fotoquímico aplicável no tratamento de efluentes fenólicos presentes na indústria do petróleo

With water pollution increment at the last years, so many progresses in researches about treatment of contaminated waters have been developed. In wastewaters containing highly toxic organic compounds, which the biological treatment cannot be applied, the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) is an alternative for degradation of nonbiodegradable and toxic organic substances, because theses processes are generation of hydroxyl radical based on, a highly reactivate substance, with ability to degradate practically all classes of organic compounds. In general, the AOP request use of special ultraviolet (UV) lamps into the reactors. These lamps present a high electric power demand, consisting one of the largest problems for the application of these processes in industrial scale. This work involves the development of a new photochemistry reactor composed of 12 low cost black light fluorescent lamps (SYLVANIA, black light, 40 W) as UV radiation source. The studied process was the photo-Fenton system, a combination of ferrous ions, hydrogen peroxide, and UV radiation, it has been employed for the degradation of a synthetic wastewater containing phenol as pollutant model, one of the main pollutants in the petroleum industry. Preliminary experiments were carrier on to estimate operational conditions of the reactor, besides the effects of the intensity of radiation source and lamp distribution into the reactor. Samples were collected during the experiments and analyzed for determining to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, using a TOC analyzer Shimadzu 5000A. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was also used for identification of the cathecol and hydroquinone formed during the degradation process of the phenol. The actinometry indicated 9,06⋅1018 foton⋅s-1 of photons flow, for 12 actived lamps. A factorial experimental design was elaborated which it was possible to evaluate the influence of the reactants concentration (Fe2+ and H2O2) and to determine the most favorable experimental conditions ([Fe2+] = 1,6 mM and [H2O2] = 150,5 mM). It was verified the increase of ferrous ions concentration is favorable to process until reaching a limit when the increase of ferrous ions presents a negative effect. The H2O2 exhibited a positive effect, however, in high concentrations, reaching a maximum ratio degradation. The mathematical modeling of the process was accomplished using the artificial neural network technique

Palm heart harvesting in the Brazilian Atlantic forest: changes in industry structure and the illegal trade

1. Until the late 1960s, Euterpe edulis was the most important edible palm species in the Brazilian markets. Since then, overharvesting of natural stands and the limited scope of plantations have caused the industry to shift to the multistemmed E, oleracea from the Amazon river estuary.2, As a result of the relocation of the industry, the structure of the palm harvesting industry has changed and illegal trade has continued to exploit the remaining natural stands of E, edulis.3, it is suggested that, to avoid the total harvesting of E. edulis and to achieve sustainable management of the palm heart, it will be necessary to diversify the local economy, create incentives for small land owners to improve their management practices, while keeping their competitiveness against the illegal trade, create the incentive of new sources of palm hearts and create a 'green stamping' For management palms.4, Transformation of the illegal structure of the palm heart industry is probably the only solution to avoid the total depletion of the wild stands of E. edulis.

Galilean covariance and non-relativistic Bhabha equations

We apply a five-dimensional formulation of Galilean covariance to construct non-relativistic Bhabha first-order wave equations which, depending on the representation, correspond either to the well known Dirac equation (for particles with spin 1/2) or the Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau equation (for spinless and spin 1 particles). Here the irreducible representations belong to the Lie algebra of the 'de Sitter group' in 4 + 1 dimensions, SO(5, 1). Using this approach, the non-relativistic limits of the corresponding equations are obtained directly, without taking any low-velocity approximation. As a simple illustration, we discuss the harmonic oscillator.

Proyecto de informe de relatoría: X Reunión de la Mesa Directiva del Consejo Regional de Planificación

Contiene asistencia, organización de los trabajos: informe del ILPES sobre el período 1987-1988 y Nuevo Proyecto Institucional 1987- 1990; intervenciones de la Mesa Directiva en relación al programa de 1988 y al Nuevo Proyecto Institucional; programa futuro del Consejo Regional de Planificación

Effects of palm heart harvesting on avian frugivores in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evaluating the legacy of landscape history: extinction debt and species credit in bird and small mammal assemblages in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

There is now an extensive literature on extinction debt following deforestation. However, the potential for species credit in landscapes that have experienced a change from decreasing to expanding forest cover has received little attention. Both delayed responses should depend on current landscape forest cover and on species life-history traits, such as longevity, as short-lived species are likely to respond faster than long-lived species. We evaluated the effects of historical and present-day local forest cover on two vertebrate groups with different longevities understorey birds and non-flying small mammals - in forest patches at three Atlantic Forest landscapes. Our work investigated how the probability of extinction debt and species credit varies (i) amongst landscapes with different proportions of forest cover and distinct trajectories of forest cover change, and (ii) between taxa with different life spans. Our results suggest that the existence of extinction debt and species credit, as well as the potential for their future payment and/or receipt, is not only related to forest cover trajectory but also to the amount of remaining forest cover at the landscape scale. Moreover, differences in bird and small mammal life spans seem to be insufficient to affect differently their probability of showing time-delayed responses to landscape change. Synthesis and applications. Our work highlights the need for considering not only the trajectory of deforestation/regeneration but also the amount of forest cover at landscape scale when investigating time-delayed responses to landscape change. As many landscapes are experiencing a change from decreasing to expanding forest cover, understanding the association of extinction and immigration processes, as well as their interactions with the landscape dynamic, is a key factor to plan conservation and restoration actions in human-altered landscapes.

Progettazione e sviluppo di un Sistema di Gestione Ambientale: aspetti organizzativi e soluzioni ambientali applicati al caso della Festa di Villa Terracini

Il mio elaborato, si propone di dimostrare come l'ambiente sia divenuto protagonista non solo per i governi di tutto il mondo, ma altresì per le aziende. Dopo un breve accenno alle conferenze mondiali sull'ambiente trattato nel primo capitolo, verrà approfondito il concetto di “Corporate Social Responsability”. Sempre più aziende infatti, decidono di integrare nelle proprie attività commerciali, l'attenzione per l'ambiente e per le tematiche sociali. Inoltre tale visione aziendale, comporta numerosi vantaggi in termini di ritorni economici e d'immagine. Il capitolo 3 si pone l'obiettivo di spiegare nel dettaglio le caratteristiche di un Sistema di Gestione Ambientale (SGA), e quali attività specifiche debbano essere intraprese al fine di implementarlo all'interno della gestione delle attività convenzionali di un'azienda. In particolare verrà fatto riferimento alla normativa europea e internazionale per comprendere quali attività debbano essere poste in essere al fine di ottenere la certificazione del proprio SGA. Risulta comprensibile come non solo le attività aziendali debbano rispettare l'ambiente, ma anche l'organizzazione di un evento, sia esso una conferenza, una Festa aziendale, un concerto o un evento sportivo. Nel capitolo 4 vengono esposte alcune metodologie di supporto per l'implementazione di un evento sostenibile, che hanno l'obiettivo di ridurre gli impatti ambientali dell'evento stesso. Visto il crescente interesse dell'opinione pubblica su questo tema, proprio di recente è stata emanata la norma BS 8901 a supporto dell'organizzazione di eventi sostenibili ed è in procinto di uscire in concomitanza delle Olimpiadi di Londra 2012, l'analoga norma ISO 20121 che ha valenza internazionale. L'obiettivo del mio elaborato è stato quello di creare un SGA a supporto dell'organizzazione della “Festa di villa Terracini” che si svolge a Sala Bolognese (BO) ed ha una durata di 18 giorni. In particolare, verranno prima evidenziati gli impatti ambientali che la Festa ha prodotto durante la scorsa edizione, tramite la conduzione della così detta Analisi Ambientale Iniziale, e successivamente verranno esplicitate le azioni che dovranno essere messe in atto al fine di ridurre gli impatti ambientali. Questo caso studio evidenzierà da un lato, gli ingenti impatti ambientali prodotti dalla realizzazione della Festa, ma dall'altro permetterà di comprendere come l'implementazione di un SGA porti a notevoli miglioramenti.

Anatomia e morfologia del Welsh Corgi Pembroke e Cardigan: Proposta di traduzione di articoli campione tratti dalla "Vestnik Welsh Corgi"

Traduzione dal Russo in Italiano di alcuni testi provenienti dalla rivista specializzata "Vestnik Welsh Corgi"