991 resultados para 38-350


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Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were grown directly from n-(111) single-crystal silicon (c-Si) substrate based on a solid-liquid-solid mechanism, and Au film was used as a metallic catalyst. The room temperature photoluminescence properties of SiNWs were observed by an Xe lamp with an exciting wavelength of 350 nm. The results show that the SiNWs exhibit a strongly blue luminescent band in the wavelength range 400-480 nm at an emission peak position of 420 nm. The luminescent mechanism of SiNWs indicates that the blue luminescence is attributed to the oxygen-related defects, which are in SiOx amorphous oxide shells around the crystalline core of SiNWs.

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我国电池生产量已经达到209亿节(2003年),多年来一直占据世界第一大电池生产国的地位,其中锌锰电池占大多数。废锌锰电池丢弃后,其中的重金属物质会逐渐渗透到地下,污染土壤和水体。重金属在生物体内富集,会使生物体致畸或致变。但同时,废锌锰电池中也含有大量有用的资源如锌、二氧化锰等。应对其进行回收利用,变废为宝。本文介绍了废锌锰电池回收处理的主要技术及研究进展,不同的处理技术回收废锌锰电池时的目标产物各不相同,但一般可分为以下几种:以单质形式回收锌、锰和汞;以合金的形式回收锌和锰;回收锌和二氧化锰;回收各金属元素制备复合微量元素肥料;回收锌、锰元素制备锰锌铁氧体;回收锌、锰元素制备硫酸锌和碳酸锰等。本文对一些废锌锰电池回收处理技术的优缺点从无害化程度、资源化程度、产品等级、工艺要求以及二次污染五个方面进行了分析和比较。在对国内外废锌锰电池回收处理技术进行分析比较的基础上提出了一种成本较低、可操作性较强的处理技术:先以干法除去废锌锰电池中的汞,然后以湿法除去其它的有害重金属并进一步加工制备有机螯合微量元素肥料。 本文以回转窑中物料停留时间的经验公式和传热学的知识设计和计算了回转窑的长度和内径尺寸、电热丝的功率以及外围的保温材料厚度等参数。用保温材料和润滑油相结合的方式对回转窑的连接部分实行密封。通过调整回转窑的转速和回转窑支架两端高度差的方式控制物料在回转窑中的停留时间,从而调节热解时间的长短。利用自动控制设备调节电热丝的功率从而调节试验中的热解温度。利用该回转窑在不同条件下对热解处理废锌锰电池进行了试验研究,热解过程中产生的尾气和颗粒物用一系列吸收液进行吸收和固定。 在热解试验中改变影响热解过程的三种因素:热解温度、热解时间和载气流速并按三因素四水平的正交方法安排试验。改变废锌锰电池热解过程中的热解温度、热解时间和载气流速三种因素进行正交试验并利用正交统计学的方法分析了这三种因素对热解除汞率的影响。利用ICP检测仪测定了各吸收液中汞的含量,并分析热解气体产物经过系列吸收液时汞被吸收的情况以及汞的形态分布。利用气相色谱仪对尾气成分进行了测定,并对热解过程中产气的过程和规律进行了分析。用X射线衍射测试的方法研究了热解前后锌锰电池的物质形态变化情况。对除汞率的正交统计分析表明,合适的热解条件为:热解温度690℃,热解时间100min,载气流速0.06m3/h,在这种试验条件下热解处理废锌锰电池的除汞率达到100%。同时还得到:热解时间对除汞效果影响最大,热解温度次之,载气流速的影响较小。ICP测试的结果表明:热解尾气在经过试验中设置的吸收瓶后,其中的汞被完全吸收,尾气中95%以上的汞以单质的形式存在。气相色谱分析的结果表明,热解开始后,废锌锰电池中的有机质迅速分解,其产物为C2H4、CH4和H2等。一段时间后,有机质的分解量大幅度减少,同时废电池中的石墨碳和高价金属氧化物发生氧化还原反应,生成CO气体。对废锌锰电池原料以及热解残渣的X射线衍射分析表明,当热解温度为350℃时,X射线衍射图谱上2θ值为35°附近的区域有新峰出现,但不明显,说明有结晶体形成但量不大。500℃时上述峰明显增强,这是由于ZnO和FeO形成了结晶体,同时在2θ值为41°附近有新峰出现,这是高价锰氧化物与石墨碳发生氧化还原反应生成了MnO并形成了结晶体。650℃时,2θ值在41°附近的峰显著增强,且热解过程中形成的峰稳定下来,基本上不再有新的结晶体生成。热解后,高价锰氧化物的相对含量从32.2%下降到4.6%,而MnO的相对含量则从6.4%上升到38.6%。热解后的残渣中晶体物质含量大,金属元素大多以低价态存在,适合于制备有机螯合微量元素肥料。

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由于Si/SiGe异质结构的带阶差主要发生在价带,为实现高效率的发光,本文从理论上设计了在硅基Si_(1-x) Ge_x虚衬底上外延应变补偿的Si/S_(1-y) Ge_y(y>x)量子阱的能带结构,将量子阱对电子的限制势垒提高到100meV以上.在实验上,采用300℃生长的Ge量子点插入层,制备出薄的SiGe驰豫缓冲层(虚衬底),表面Ge组份达到0.25,表面粗糙度小于2nm,驰豫度接近100%.在我们制备的SiGe缓冲层上外延了应变补偿SiGe/Si多量子阱结构,并初步研究了其发光特性.

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采用射频磁控溅射技术在不同射频功率下沉积了ITO薄膜,并将其应用于HIT太阳电池.分析了薄膜的结构、光电特性.结果表明,在120W时制备的薄膜很好地兼顾了电阻率和光透过率,其电阻率为3.48×10~(-4)Ω·cm、在350~800 nm波段的平均光透过率为87.1%,将其应用于HIT太阳电池上,电池的转换效率可达13.38%.

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通过室温和350℃注Mn后热退火,在GaAs/AlGaAs超晶格中引入了不同的亚微米磁性颗粒.利用原子力显微镜、能量散射X射线谱、X射线衍射和交变梯度磁强计研究了该颗粒膜材料的结构和磁学性质.通过比较这些颗粒的饱和磁化强度、剩余磁化强度、矫顽力和剩磁比,发现350℃注Mn的样品含有MnGa和MnAs两种磁性颗粒,而室温注Mn的样品主要含有MnAs颗粒.

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在2×1.7串列加速器上,利用装有CCD的Spectrapro-500i光谱单色仪的测量装置,采用束-箔方法,在2 MeV束能下研究350-450 nm波长范围的离化态氧原子光谱。本文报道在350-450 nm范围已确定的182条光谱线,这些谱线大都属于O II到O IV原子的n、1能级间的跃迁的弱谱线。实验结果与现有的一些理论一致。实验发现,有28条谱线在以前的文献中没有报道。

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Molybdenum L-shell X-rays were produced by Xeq+ (q = 25-30) bombardment at low energies from 2.65 to 4.55 keV/amu (350-600 keV). We observed a kinetic energy threshold of Mo L-shell ionization down to 2.65-3.03 keV/amu (350-400 keV). The charge state effect of the incident ions was not observed which shows that the ions were neutralized, reaching an equilibrium charge state and losing their initial charge state memory before production of L-shell vacancies resulted in X-ray production. The experimental ionization cross sections were compared with those from Binary Encounter Approximation theory. Taking into account projectile deflection in the target nuclear Coulomb field, the ionization cross section of Mo L-shell near the kinetic energy threshold was well described. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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In this paper, a new process is proposed to recover rare earths from nitric acid leaching of apatite without interfering with the normal route for fertilizer production using solvent extraction with dimethyl heptyl methyl phosphonate CH3P(O)(OC8H17)(2) (P-350, B). In the present work, the leaching conditions are studied. In selected condition, apatite was dissolved in 20% (v/v) nitric acid solution at 60-70 degrees C while agitating. The most suitable acidity for extraction is 0.4 M HNO3. More than 98% of rare earths in apatite can be recovered using countercurrent extraction process with six stages when phase ratio = 0.5, and defluorination is unnecessary. The influences of phase ratio, stage number, acidity and salting-out agent on extractabilities Of P-350 are studied. The results show that rare earths can be separated with P-350 from Ca, P, Fe and other impurities. Mixed rare earth oxides (REO) of which purity is more than 95% with yield over 98% can be obtained.

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本文采用恒界面池法研究了诸因素对甲基磷酸二甲庚酯(P_(350))从硝酸体系中萃取Nd(Ⅲ)动力学的影响,求得反应的表观活化能为11.8kJ/mol,从实验结果推论出萃取过程为界面化学反应的控制机理,得出萃取反应速率方程,并提出中性磷氧萃取剂在萃取金属离子过程中可能存在阳离子交换反应机理。

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水环境中锶(Sr)含量及其同位素组成特征的研究有助于认识区域水文地球化学特征及流域盆地岩石风化速率等地球化学行为,因此河流环境中Sr的地球化学行为是地球化学研究的重要课题之一。对中国南方西江干流及其支流河水主要阴阳离子及sr同位素组成进行了分析,发现其水化学组成主要以Ca^2+、Mg^2+、HCO3^-和SO4^2-离子为主,分别占阴阳离子组成的80%以上。郁江河水具有较高的Sr同位素比值(^87St/^86Sr=0.71049)和较低的Sr含量(0.0263mg/L),而西江河水具有较低的Sr同位素比值以及较高的Sr含量,其Sr含量变化范围在0.0667.0.187mg/L之间,平均含量为0.136mg/L;Sr同位素比值变化范围在0.70856.0.70936之间,平均比值为0.70894。与世界主要河流水体中Sr含量平均值(0.078mg/L)及Sr同位素比值(^87Sr/^86Sr=0.7119)相比,西江干流水体具有较高的Sr含量及较低的Sr同位素比值。两条河流河水中主要离子及Sr的来源存在显著差异,西江干流河水中的主要溶解离子及Sr同位素主要源于碳酸盐岩(石灰岩和白云岩)的风化作用,主要受黔江及其上游红水河等化学组成所控制,而郁江则主要受碎屑岩风化作用的影响;同时,中上游地区的酸沉降及人类活动的输入可能导致西江干流水体受到一定程度的污染,而郁江受污染程度则相对较小。

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We suggest a certain minimal approach to the historical Socrates on the basis of Plato’s Apology. This text makes it possible to reconstruct the authentic charge and the defense line of Socrates, as well as his motivation and the quintessence of his philosophical challenge. The most important thing is what the philosopher says in the face of his death sentence: that the greatest good for a man is to live an examined life focusing on virtues and ethical values. Unfortunately, the preponderance of studies, even the most recent ones, fail to recognize the philosopher’s provocative challenge, whilst it is not only a crucial motif in the Socratic examining (ἐξετάζειν), i.e. testing the interlocutors’ knowledge by means of irony, elenchos and aporia, but also an inspiration for his direct and indirect followers in seeking virtues and the greatest good.

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54 fotografías a color (algunos archivos presentan bajo pixelaje).