Rasgos psicológicos del disfémico a partir de un estudio de casos.

Estudiar si el hecho de ser tartamudos, coloca al sujeto en situación desfavorable a la hora de entablar relaciones sociales con el grupo que le rodea e intentar descubrir si existen, en los sujetos disfémicos los trastornos de personalidad que parecen señalar la práctica totalidad de autores que abordan el tema de la tartamudez. Esta investigación está constituida por dos partes: Una primera parte es teórica, en la que se pretende tratar el tema de la disfemia, haciendo una pequeña síntesis de las distintas aportaciones que han hecho algunos autores que se han ocupado del tema de la disfemia. Se habla por tanto de la definición de la disfemia, de las distintas clasificaciones que existen, su sintomatología y la patogenia y la biología. En la segunda parte, se detalla la investigación realizada por parte del autor. Se presenta cada uno de los de los distintos casos que constituyeron el material de estudio. Se presenta un análisis e interpretación de los datos obtenidos para pasar a la extracción de unas conclusiones de toda esta investigación. Se emplearon algunas variables como el sexo, la edad de los sujetos, la edad de aparición de la tartamudez, el nivel intelectual, la afectividad, sociabilidad y el psiquismo. 1) Es importante determinar en que momento se produce el inicio de la tartamudez, es decir, a que edad los sujetos tartamudeaban primera vez. 2) La aparición de la tartamudez se produce en la mayoría de los sujetos antes de los ocho o nueve años. Después de esta edad es muy difícil que se produzcan nuevos casos, siendo estos bastantes aislados y ocasionales. 3) Se pueden señalar dos etapas críticas en la aparición de la tartamudez: la primera coincide con el comienzo del uso del lenguaje como instrumento de comunicación con los demás y la segunda con la entrada del niño en el medio escolar donde se le exigirá aun más de sus capacidades comunicativas.4) Una vez analizados los C.I obtenidos por estos sujetos en las pruebas aplicadas y obteniendo su C.I pasamos a comprobarlo con la media de la población. 5) Si el C.I. medio de la población es de cien, se puede ver que los sujetos de nuestra muestra lo superan ya que la media obtenida por ellos es de ciento once. 6) La afectividad esta muy inhibida y es también lábil en estos sujetos, ya que tienen una sobre dependencia afectiva. 7) La ansiedad es una de las características más relevantes en el disfémico. Otras también son la angustia, los síntomas neuróticos, la inestabilidad y la inseguridad. 8) El habla del disfémico no es igual en todos los momentos, dependiendo de a quien tenga que hablar y de la situación en la que se encuentre, tartamudeará mas o menos..

Implicación de las TICs en el ámbito socio-educativo y de servicios sociales : una experiencia universitaria de innovación y desarrollo docente con tecnologías 2.0

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en inglés

Leemos im??genes : la gram??tica visual en los trabajos de investigaci??n de bachillerato

Monogr??fico con el t??tulo: El corpus ling????stico. Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n. Resumen en ingl??s

An information theoretic framework for image segmentation

In this paper, an information theoretic framework for image segmentation is presented. This approach is based on the information channel that goes from the image intensity histogram to the regions of the partitioned image. It allows us to define a new family of segmentation methods which maximize the mutual information of the channel. Firstly, a greedy top-down algorithm which partitions an image into homogeneous regions is introduced. Secondly, a histogram quantization algorithm which clusters color bins in a greedy bottom-up way is defined. Finally, the resulting regions in the partitioning algorithm can optionally be merged using the quantized histogram

Physical and perceived noise levels within the neonatal intensive care unit of St. Louis Children's Hospital

This paper studies the success of the renovation of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at St. Louis Children's Hospital in reducing noise levels and improving the work environment.

El entenao, de Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco, y la afirmación de la cultura montuvia como componente integral de lo nacional (Del Fabulador)

El autor estudia el poema que Alfredo Pareja escribiera en 1935, El entenao, dentro del proyecto literario y social del Grupo de Guayaquil, ya que presenta los valores del montuvio y lo muestra como víctima de un sistema de justicia que ampara la usurpación y el abuso de los poderosos (el entenado es una figura de orígenes paternos inciertos, que simboliza el abandono y menosprecio con que se mira al montuvio). El proyecto del Grupo, a pesar del empeño y los esfuerzos investigativos -que incluyeron la mirada desde la arqueología-, quedó luego estancado en «lo folclórico», durante décadas. Por ello tiene sentido la publicación de la obra en 1988, cuando el país inició un nuevo proceso de definición de lo nacional- esta vez en torno a la interculturalidad-, la publicación coincide y contribuye con este segundo esfuerzo por integrar la cultura montuvia en el escenario nacional.

Vertical structure of anthropogenic zonal-mean atmospheric circulation change

The atmospheric circulation changes predicted by climate models are often described using sea level pressure, which generally shows a strengthening of the mid-latitude westerlies. Recent observed variability is dominated by the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) which is equivalent barotropic, so that wind variations of the same sign are seen at all levels. However, in model predictions of the response to anthropogenic forcing, there is a well-known enhanced warming at low levels over the northern polar cap in winter. This means that there is a strong baroclinic component to the response. The projection of the response onto a NAM-like zonal index varies with height. While at the surface most models project positively onto the zonal index, throughout most of the depth of the troposphere many of the models give negative projections. The response to anthropogenic forcing therefore has a distinctive baroclinic signature which is very different to the NAM

A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning

Although the use of climate scenarios for impact assessment has grown steadily since the 1990s, uptake of such information for adaptation is lagging by nearly a decade in terms of scientific output. Nonetheless, integration of climate risk information in development planning is now a priority for donor agencies because of the need to prepare for climate change impacts across different sectors and countries. This urgency stems from concerns that progress made against Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) could be threatened by anthropogenic climate change beyond 2015. Up to this time the human signal, though detectable and growing, will be a relatively small component of climate variability and change. This implies the need for a twin-track approach: on the one hand, vulnerability assessments of social and economic strategies for coping with present climate extremes and variability, and, on the other hand, development of climate forecast tools and scenarios to evaluate sector-specific, incremental changes in risk over the next few decades. This review starts by describing the climate outlook for the next couple of decades and the implications for adaptation assessments. We then review ways in which climate risk information is already being used in adaptation assessments and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of three groups of techniques. Next we identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for improving the production and uptake of climate risk information for the 2020s. We assert that climate change scenarios can meet some, but not all, of the needs of adaptation planning. Even then, the choice of scenario technique must be matched to the intended application, taking into account local constraints of time, resources, human capacity and supporting infrastructure. We also show that much greater attention should be given to improving and critiquing models used for climate impact assessment, as standard practice. Finally, we highlight the over-arching need for the scientific community to provide more information and guidance on adapting to the risks of climate variability and change over nearer time horizons (i.e. the 2020s). Although the focus of the review is on information provision and uptake in developing regions, it is clear that many developed countries are facing the same challenges. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society

Intergenerational wealth mobility in rural Bangladesh

Unique residential history data with retrospective information on parental assets are used to study household wealth mobility in 141 villages in rural Bangladesh. Regression estimates of father–son correlations and analyses of intergenerational transition matrices show substantial persistence in wealth even when we correct for measurement errors in parental wealth. We do not find wealth mobility to be higher between periods of a person's life than between generations. We find that the process of household division plays an important role: sons who splinter off from the father's household experience greater (albeit downward) mobility in wealth. Despite significant occupational mobility across generations, its contribution to wealth mobility, net of human capital attainment of individuals, appears insignificant. Low wealth mobility in our data is primarily explained by intergenerational persistence in educational attainment.

Budget constrained tax policy under price uncertainty: implications for supply control

Tax policies that constrain net transfers between the farm sector and the fisc are modeled under price uncertainty. Increasing the level of tax on profits causes the firm to expand output. Implications are derived for supply control and the distributions of profits and net receipts at the fisc.

Mid-Holocene monsoons: a multi-model analysis of the inter-hemispheric differences in the responses to orbital forcing and ocean feedbacks

The response of monsoon circulation in the northern and southern hemisphere to 6 ka orbital forcing has been examined in 17 atmospheric general circulation models and 11 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models. The atmospheric response to increased summer insolation at 6 ka in the northern subtropics strengthens the northern-hemisphere summer monsoons and leads to increased monsoonal precipitation in western North America, northern Africa and China; ocean feedbacks amplify this response and lead to further increase in monsoon precipitation in these three regions. The atmospheric response to reduced summer insolation at 6 ka in the southern subtropics weakens the southern-hemisphere summer monsoons and leads to decreased monsoonal precipitation in northern South America, southern Africa and northern Australia; ocean feedbacks weaken this response so that the decrease in rainfall is smaller than might otherwise be expected. The role of the ocean in monsoonal circulation in other regions is more complex. There is no discernable impact of orbital forcing in the monsoon region of North America in the atmosphere-only simulations but a strong increase in precipitation in the ocean–atmosphere simulations. In contrast, there is a strong atmospheric response to orbital forcing over northern India but ocean feedback reduces the strength of the change in the monsoon although it still remains stronger than today. Although there are differences in magnitude and exact location of regional precipitation changes from model to model, the same basic mechanisms are involved in the oceanic modulation of the response to orbital forcing and this gives rise to a robust ensemble response for each of the monsoon systems. Comparison of simulated and reconstructed changes in regional climate suggest that the coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations produce more realistic changes in the northern-hemisphere monsoons than atmosphere-only simulations, though they underestimate the observed changes in precipitation in all regions. Evaluation of the southern-hemisphere monsoons is limited by lack of quantitative reconstructions, but suggest that model skill in simulating these monsoons is limited.

Costing conservation: an expert appraisal of the pollinator habitat benefits of England’s entry level stewardship

Pollination services provided by insects play a key role in English crop production and wider ecology. Despite growing evidence of the negative effects of habitat loss on pollinator populations, limited policy support is available to reverse this pressure. One measure that may provide beneficial habitat to pollinators is England’s entry level stewardship agri-environment scheme. This study uses a novel expert survey to develop weights for a range of models which adjust the balance of Entry Level Stewardship options within the current area of spending. The annual costs of establishing and maintaining these option compositions were estimated at £59.3–£12.4 M above current expenditure. Although this produced substantial reduction in private cost:benefit ratios, the benefits of the scheme to pollinator habitat rose by 7–140 %; significantly increasing the public cost:benefit ratio. This study demonstrates that the scheme has significant untapped potential to provide good quality habitat for pollinators across England, even within existing expenditure. The findings should open debate on the costs and benefits of specific entry level stewardship management options and how these can be enhanced to benefit both participants and biodiversity more equitably.

Factors associated with health-related quality of life after successful kidney transplantation: a population-based study

Kidney transplantation improves the quality of life of end-stage renal disease patients. The quality of life benefits, however, pertain to patients on average, not to all transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with health-related quality of life after kidney transplantation. Population-based study with a cross-sectional design was carried out and quality of life was assessed by SF-36 Health Survey Version 1. A multivariate linear regression model was constructed with sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data as independent variables. Two hundred and seventy-two kidney recipients with a functioning graft were analyzed. Hypertension, diabetes, higher serum creatinine and lower hematocrit were independently and significantly associated with lower scores for the SF-36 oblique physical component summary (PCSc). The final regression model explained 11% of the PCSc variance. The scores of oblique mental component summary (MCSc) were worse for females, patients with a lower income, unemployed and patients with a higher serum creatinine. The regression model explained 9% of the MCSc variance. Among the studied variables, comorbidity and graft function were the main factors associated with the PCSc, and sociodemographic variables and graft function were the main determinants of MCSc. Despite comprehensive, the final regression models explained only a little part of the heath-related quality of life variance. Additional factors, such as personal, environmental and clinical ones might influence quality of life perceived by the patients after kidney transplantation.

Effects of adolescent exposure to cocaine on locomotor activity and extracellular dopamine and glutamate levels in nucleus accumbens of DBA/2J mice

Adolescents differ from adults in their acute sensitivity to several drugs of abuse, but little is known about the long-term neurobehavioral effects of adolescent drug exposure. To explore this further, we evaluated the locomotor responses to repeated cocaine administration in adolescent and adult male DBA/2J mice and alterations in extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and glutamate (GLU) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in response to a subsequent cocaine challenge. Adolescent and adult mice were treated daily with saline or cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p) for 9 consecutive days. Ten days following the last injection, animals were implanted with microdialysis probes and 24 h later microdialysis samples were collected before and after an acute cocaine challenge. Adolescents but not adults demonstrated development of behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Microdialysis procedures revealed that cocaine-treated mice displayed greater peak increases in extracellular DA in response to a subsequent cocaine challenge as compared to saline-treated mice, in contrast with lower peak increases in extracellular GLU. While adults exhibited greater peaks in extracellular DA in response to cocaine than adolescents did, adolescent mice presented a more rapid onset of peak extracellular DA levels than adults. Our results indicate differences in the behavioral and neurochemical responses to cocaine in adolescent versus adult mice, which may be relevant to the increased risk of developing addiction in humans who are exposed to drugs of abuse during adolescence. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.