414 resultados para ökad förståelse
Resumo:
Bakgrund: Glaukom är en kronisk progressiv ögonsjukdom och en av den främsta orsaken till blindhet i världen. Intraockulärt trycksänkande ögondroppar är den vanligaste behandlingsmetoden och följsamhet är mycket viktigt för att minska progression av sjukdomen och risken att bli blind. Tidigare studier har visat att det finns en bristande följsamhet hos patienter med denna behandling. Syfte: Att belysa de faktorer som påverkar patientens följsamhet så att sjuksköterskan ska få en bättre förståelse och kunna vägleda patienten till en bättre följsamhet. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes baserad på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: Det finns många olika faktorer som påverkar patientens följsamhet i behandlingen med ögondroppar. Det kan vara faktorer som är orsakade av sjukvårdspersonal, av patienten själv samt av miljö/socioekonomiska skäl. Slutsats: Det är viktigt att fortsätta forska på de faktorer som påverkar patienters följsamhet vid ögondroppsbehandling för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna vägleda till en ökad följsamhet.
Resumo:
Denna studie är en kvalitativ litteraturstudie av bilddidaktisk forskning, vars syfte är att undersöka huruvida bildundervisningen ger möjlighet till utveckling och lärande som även främjar lärande i akademiska ämnen, utöver lärandet enbart i bildämnet. Bildämnet anses vara ett viktigt ämne i skolan som främjar elevers individuella utveckling och kan ge dem utvecklingsmöjligheter även i akademiska ämnen genom att det inkluderar både praktiska och teoretiska arbetsmetoder. Bilddidaktisk forskning diskuterar därför om det finns särskilda effekter som bildämnet ger möjlighet att utveckla hos eleven, vilka kan påverka elevers resultat i akademiska ämnen positivt. Metoden som har använts är en innehållsanalys av relevant bilddidaktik forskning, och avser undersöka och jämföra eventuella likheter och olikheter. Materialet för studien består av artiklar, forskningsrapporter och avhandlingar som behandlar bildundervisningens utvecklingsmöjligheter och eventuella transfereffekter från bildämnet till akademiska ämnen. Resultaten av studien visar att forskningen inte har funnit några direkta transfereffekter från bildämnet till specifika akademiska ämnen och att eventuella bevis är svåra att påvisa, men att bildämnet ändå spelar en viktig roll för elevens individuella utveckling genom att det inkluderar flera kognitiva förmågor, vilket skapar helhetsammanhang och bidrar till större ökad social och kulturell förståelse hos eleven.
Resumo:
Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att få kunskap om viktiga aspekter för att elever i årskurs 4-6 skall utveckla förståelse för bråk. Utifrån syftet formulerades följande frågeställning: Vilka undervisningsmetoder kan underlätta elevers förståelse av bråk. Databaserna LIBRIS, Teacher´s reference center och ERIC användes för söka efter relevanta vetenskapligt granskade artiklar. Resultatet visar att många elever tycker att det är svårt med bråk och att de inte förstår syftet med att lära sig bråk i skolan. Vidare visar resultatet att om lärarna åskådliggör bråk för eleverna på många olika sätt i undervisningen ökar elevernas förståelse för bråk. Studien visar även att användning av konkreta material såsom modeller och bilder gör det enklare för elever att bland annat förstå beräkningar med bråk. Att lärarna samtalar med eleverna om bråk är också en viktig aspekt för att öka elevers förståelse för bråk.
Resumo:
The purpose of this study is to investigate what scholars in Sweden think about reciprocal teaching as a method for increased reading comprehension. This area is not an area that is researched a lot in Sweden so the knowledge is limited but the studies that has been conducted shows that especially students with a low reading comprehension answers well to RT. This study did also investigate work materials in Sweden that are based upon RT. One of these materials is quite popular and it turns out that it has no scientific base and there has only been students that has investigated the materials rehabilitee to increase reading comprehension. This literature study has generated in more areas that need research.
Resumo:
Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att få kunskap om viktiga aspekter för att elever i årskurs 4-6 skall utveckla förståelse för bråk. Utifrån syftet formulerades följande frågeställning: Vilka undervisningsmetoder kan underlätta elevers förståelse av bråk. Databaserna LIBRIS, Teacher´s reference center och ERIC användes för söka efter relevanta vetenskapligt granskade artiklar. Resultatet visar att många elever tycker att det är svårt med bråk och att de inte förstår syftet med att lära sig bråk i skolan. Vidare visar resultatet att om lärarna åskådliggör bråk för eleverna på många olika sätt i undervisningen ökar elevernas förståelse för bråk. Studien visar även att användning av konkreta material såsom modeller och bilder gör det enklare för elever att bland annat förstå beräkningar med bråk. Att lärarna samtalar med eleverna om bråk är också en viktig aspekt för att öka elevers förståelse för bråk.
Resumo:
Högläsning ses generellt i skolan som en aktivitet där eleverna kan slappna av eller som en utfyllnad av tid (Stensson, 2006). Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur högläsning kan användas i skolan och i hemmet på ett positivt och utvecklande sätt för eleverna läs- och skrivutveckling, samt hur hemmet och skolan kan samarbeta för att bidra till en ökning av barnets läs- och skrivutveckling. Arbetet tar upp hur viktigt det är med boksamtal och hur det påverkar elevens förståelse, även vad föreställningsvärldar är och hur de kan användas. Frågeställningarna arbetet besvarar är: Hur kan boksamtal i samspel med högläsning bidra till barnets läs- och skrivutveckling? Hur kan hemmet och skolan bidra till att barnet får en större förståelse och positiva upplevelser av högläsning? Hur bör högläsningen utformas för att bidra till en lyckad läs- och skrivinlärning? Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar att barn får en ökad läs- och skrivutveckling om de får samtala före, under och efter högläsningen.
Resumo:
Organiska solceller har gjort stora framsteg med avseende på effektivitet och stabilitet under det senaste årtiondet. Oavsiktlig dopning är ett ofta förekommande fenomen i organiska halvledare. Orenheter och defekter i halvledarmaterialet kan ge upphov till dopning. Dessutom kan organiska halvledare dopas över tid då de kommer i kontakt med syre eller fukt. I takt med att andra egenskaper optimeras och effektiviteten stiger blir dopningen en allt viktigare förlustprocess att ta i beaktande i organiska solceller. Målet med detta arbete har varit att bättre förstå dopningens inverkan på organiska dioder och solceller. Tanken var att med hjälp av två olika dopningsmolekyler åstadkomma avsiktlig dopning och på så sätt kontrollerat undersöka och skapa en bättre förståelse av hur dopningen påverkar egenskaperna hos organiska halvledare i dioder och solceller. För att undersöka dopningen har en mätmetod som baserar sig på laddningsextraktion med hjälp av en linjärt ökande spänning, kallad CELIV, använts. Teorin för mätmetoden har utvecklats för att analysera godtyckliga dopningsprofiler och för att ta i beaktande dopningsprofilen vid bestämning av mobiliteten. Metoden har, genom de experiment som utförts, bekräftats fungera väl för undersökning av dopning i organiska tunnfilmsdioder. De två dopningsmolekyler som använts har testats framgångsrikt för dopning av polymererna P3HT och PBTTT. Under arbetets gång kunde en viktig orsak till oavsiktlig dopning identifieras. Som selektivt håltransportlager vid anoden är molybdentrioxid ett av de mest använda materialen. I detta arbete visas att molekyler från ett tunt lager av molybdentrioxid diffunderar in i halvledarlagret och orsakar dopning. Dopningen i P3HT:PCBM till följd av ett molybdentrioxidlager är så hög att även tunna solceller, kring 100 nm, kommer att påverkas negativt på grund av ökad rekombination. Dopningen till följd av diffusion av molybdentrioxid är ett resultat som visar på ett behov att hitta nya alternativa material för håltransport. Ett alternativ kunde vara att använda kraftigt dopade organiska halvledare. För detta ändamål kan den avsiktliga dopning som här testats vara relevant. De experimentella resultat som ingår i denna avhandling bekräftar att CELIV-metoden lämpar sig väl för att mäta dopningskoncentration och dopningsprofiler i organiska dioder samtidigt som man kan erhålla information om laddningstransporten i halvledarlagret.
Resumo:
Med stöd i Förordning (2010:185) med instruktion för Trafikverket 2§ punkt 12 utgår vi ifrån att Trafikverket ska vara ett stöd i arbetet att utveckla ett effektivt och hållbart transportsystem utifrån ett trafikslagsövergripande synsätt i nära dialog med RKM för att skapa en långsiktig infrastrukturplanering, i det att Trafikverket ska stödja arbetet med att ta fram trafikförsörjningsprogrammen (TFP). Föreliggande rapport fokuserar på Trafikverkets roll i samverkan med de Regionala kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna. För att närmare studera, utveckla och tydliggöra ramarna för trafikverkets stöd och ansvar för kollektivtrafikfrågor, använder vi i denna rapport en förståelseorienterad metod som bygger på att förstå och tolka den kontext som Trafikverket agerar i. Föreliggande text är en inventering av olika utformningar av kollektivtrafikmyndigheter i landet samt Trafikverkets olika Regionkontor. Fokus är i huvudsak riktad mot hur de är organiserade och hur de arbetar för att hantera olika frågor. Syftet är att med denna samlade kunskap se hur samverkansutmaningar har hanterats i olika lösningar och på så sätt öppna upp för ett ömsesidigt lärande och stärka förutsättningarna för samverkan. Föreliggande studie visar att samverkan mellan kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna och Trafikverket inte är statisk utan en del i en dynamisk process som baseras på kunskap, personliga relationer och förtroende. Genom att få kunskap om den andra organisationen och skapa sig en förståelse om hur man kan samverka för att uppnå bättre effekter av sina satsningar skapas en grund för samarbete. Det är sedan genom personliga relationer som ett förtroende skapas mellan parterna och som fördjupar samarbetet. Ett samarbete likt den mellan Trafikverket och Kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna som varken är bundet till hierarkiska eller beroendemässiga parametrar kräver förtroende och relationella band mellan parterna för att fungera. Den kunskapsintegration som uppstår mellan organisationerna när man klarar av att länka och integrera människors kunskaper och färdigheter genom sina personliga relationer och organisatoriska processer bidrar till ökad organisatorisk kapacitet för respektive organisation. Samspelet mellan organisationerna bidrar till att respektive organisation på ett bättre sätt kan anpassa sig till föränderliga samhällsbehov och skapa interna strukturer som följer de förändrade behov som finns i samhället.
Resumo:
Chemical treatments of kaolins to produce nanocrystalline or "X-ray amorphous", stable aluminosilicates with variable - but reproducible - types of micro- and meso-porosity have been developed. These materials show cation exchange capacities and surface area values significantly higher (ranging from 10x to 100x) than kaolin and show good acid resistance to pH~3.0. The combination of these properties offers strong potential for many new applications of kaolin-derived materials in large worldwide markets such as environmental remediation and catalysis. Kaolin amorphous derivative (KAD) is well-suited to removal of many toxic metals down to ppb range from acid mine drainage. Engineering development trials of the KAD manufacturing process and the utilisation of KAD in polluted waters such as acid mine drainage indicates that scale-up from bench-scale is not a barrier to market entry.
Resumo:
Sandy soils have low nutrient holding capacity and high water conductivity. Consequently, nutrients applied as highly soluble chemical fertilisers are prone to leaching, particularly in heavily irrigated environments such as horticultural soils and golf courses. Amorphous derivatives of kaolin with high cation exchange capacity may be loaded with desired nutrients and applied as controlledrelease fertilisers. Kaolin is an abundant mineral, which can be converted to a meso-porous amorphous derivative (KAD) using facile chemical processes. KAD is currently being used to sequester ammonium from digester effluent in sewage treatment plants in a commercial environment. This material is also known in Australia by the trade name MesoLite. The ammonium-saturated form of KAD may be applied to soils as a nitrogen fertiliser. Up to 7% N can be loaded onto KAD by contacting it with high-ammonia concentration wastewater from sewerage treatment plants. This poster paper demonstrates plant uptake of nitrogen from KAD and compares its efficiency as a fertiliser with NH4SO4. Rye grass was grown in 1kg pots in a glass-house. Nitrogen was applied at a range of rates using NH4SO4 and two KAD materials carrying 7% and 3% nitrogen, respectively. All other nutrients were applied in adequate amounts. All treatments were replicated three times. Plants were harvested after four weeks. Dry mass and N concentrations were determined by standard methods. At all N application rates, ammonium-loaded KAD produced significantly higher plant mass than for NH4SO4. The lower fertiliser effectiveness of NH4SO4 is attributed to possible loss of some N through volatilisation. Of the two KAD types, the material with lower CEC value supported slightly higher plant yields. The KAD materials did not show any adverse effect on availability of trace elements, as evidenced by lack of deficiency symptoms and plant analyses. Clearly, nitrogen loaded on to KAD in the form of ammonium is likely to be protected from leaching, but is still available to plants. These data suggest that KAD-based fertilisers may be suitable substitutes for water soluble N, K and other cation fertilisers for leaching soils.
Resumo:
Spontaneous adsorption of 1,8,15,22-tetraaminophthalocyanatocobalt(II) (4α-CoIITAPc) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode leads to the formation of a stable self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Since the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc is redox active, its adsorption on GC electrode was followed by cyclic voltammetry. SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC electrode shows two pairs of well-defined redox peaks corresponding to CoIII/CoII and CoIIIPc−1/CoIIIPc−2. The surface coverage (Γ) value, calculated by integrating the charge under CoII oxidation, was used to study the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC surface. Cyclic voltammetric studies show that the adsorption of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC electrode has reached the saturation coverage (Γs) within 3 h. The Γs value for the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC electrode was found to be 2.37 × 10−10 mol cm−2. Gibbs free energy (ΔGads) and adsorption rate constant (kad) for the adsorption of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC surface were found to be −16.76 kJ mol−1 and 7.1 M−1 s−1, respectively. The possible mechanism for the self-assembly of 4α-CoIITAPc on GC surface is through the addition of nucleophilic amines to the olefinic bond on the GC surface in addition to a meager contribution from π stacking. The contribution of π stacking was confirmed from the adsorption of unsubstituted phthalocyanatocobalt(II) (CoPc) on GC electrode. Raman spectra for the SAM of 4α-CoIITAPc on carbon surface shows strong stretching and breathing bands of Pc macrocycle, pyrrole ring and isoindole ring. Raman and CV studies suggest that 4α-CoIITAPc is adopting nearly a flat orientation or little bit tilted orientation.
Resumo:
Background Multi-strategic community wide interventions for physical activity are increasingly popular but their ability to achieve population level improvements is unknown. Objectives To evaluate the effects of community wide, multi-strategic interventions upon population levels of physical activity. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Public Health Group Segment of the Cochrane Register of Studies,The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, MEDLINE in Process, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, PsycINFO, ASSIA, the British Nursing Index, Chinese CNKI databases, EPPI Centre (DoPHER, TRoPHI), ERIC, HMIC, Sociological Abstracts, SPORTDiscus, Transport Database and Web of Science (Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index). We also scanned websites of the EU Platform on Diet, Physical Activity and Health; Health-Evidence.org; the International Union for Health Promotion and Education; the NIHR Coordinating Centre for Health Technology (NCCHTA); the US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and NICE and SIGN guidelines. Reference lists of all relevant systematic reviews, guidelines and primary studies were searched and we contacted experts in the field. The searches were updated to 16 January 2014, unrestricted by language or publication status. Selection criteria Cluster randomised controlled trials, randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs which used a control population for comparison, interrupted time-series studies, and prospective controlled cohort studies were included. Only studies with a minimum six-month follow up from the start of the intervention to measurement of outcomes were included. Community wide interventions had to comprise at least two broad strategies aimed at physical activity for the whole population. Studies which randomised individuals from the same community were excluded. Data collection and analysis At least two review authors independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Each study was assessed for the setting, the number of included components and their intensity. The primary outcome measures were grouped according to whether they were dichotomous (per cent physically active, per cent physically active during leisure time, and per cent physically inactive) or continuous (leisure time physical activity time (time spent)), walking (time spent), energy expenditure (as metabolic equivalents or METS)). For dichotomous measures we calculated the unadjusted and adjusted risk difference, and the unadjusted and adjusted relative risk. For continuous measures we calculated percentage change from baseline, unadjusted and adjusted. Main results After the selection process had been completed, 33 studies were included. A total of 267 communities were included in the review (populations between 500 and 1.9 million). Of the included studies, 25 were set in high income countries and eight were in low income countries. The interventions varied by the number of strategies included and their intensity. Almost all of the interventions included a component of building partnerships with local governments or non-governmental organisations (NGOs) (29 studies). None of the studies provided results by socio-economic disadvantage or other markers of equity. However, of those included studies undertaken in high income countries, 14 studies were described as being provided to deprived, disadvantaged or low socio-economic communities. Nineteen studies were identified as having a high risk of bias, 10 studies were unclear, and four studies had a low risk of bias. Selection bias was a major concern with these studies, with only five studies using randomisation to allocate communities. Four studies were judged as being at low risk of selection bias although 19 studies were considered to have an unclear risk of bias. Twelve studies had a high risk of detection bias, 13 an unclear risk and four a low risk of bias. Generally, the better designed studies showed no improvement in the primary outcome measure of physical activity at a population level. All four of the newly included, and judged to be at low risk of bias, studies (conducted in Japan, United Kingdom and USA) used randomisation to allocate the intervention to the communities. Three studies used a cluster randomised design and one study used a stepped wedge design. The approach to measuring the primary outcome of physical activity was better in these four studies than in many of the earlier studies. One study obtained objective population representative measurements of physical activity by accelerometers, while the remaining three low-risk studies used validated self-reported measures. The study using accelerometry, conducted in low income, high crime communities of USA, emphasised social marketing, partnership with police and environmental improvements. No change in the seven-day average daily minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity was observed during the two years of operation. Some program level effect was observed with more people walking in the intervention community, however this result was not evident in the whole community. Similarly, the two studies conducted in the United Kingdom (one in rural villages and the other in urban London; both using communication, partnership and environmental strategies) found no improvement in the mean levels of energy expenditure per person per week, measured from one to four years from baseline. None of the three low risk studies reporting a dichotomous outcome of physical activity found improvements associated with the intervention. Overall, there was a noticeable absence of reporting of benefit in physical activity for community wide interventions in the included studies. However, as a group, the interventions undertaken in China appeared to have the greatest possibility of success with high participation rates reported. Reporting bias was evident with two studies failing to report physical activity measured at follow up. No adverse events were reported.The data pertaining to cost and sustainability of the interventions were limited and varied. Authors' conclusions Although numerous studies have been undertaken, there is a noticeable inconsistency of the findings in the available studies and this is confounded by serious methodological issues within the included studies. The body of evidence in this review does not support the hypothesis that the multi-component community wide interventions studied effectively increased physical activity for the population, although some studies with environmental components observed more people walking. Plain language summary Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity Not having enough physical activity leads to poorer health. Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic disease and improve one's health and wellbeing. The lack of physical activity is a common and in some cases a growing health problem. To address this, 33 studies have used improvement activities directed at communities, using more than one approach in a single program. When we first looked at the available research in 2011 we observed that there was a lack of good studies which could show whether this approach was beneficial or not. Some studies claimed that community wide programs improved physical activities and other studies did not. In this update we found four new studies that were of good quality; however none of these four studies increased physical activity levels for the population. Some studies reported program level effects such as observing more people walking, however the population level of physical activity had not increased. This review found that community wide interventions are very difficult to undertake, and it appears that they usually fail to provide a measurable benefit in physical activity for a population. It is apparent that many of the interventions failed to reach a substantial portion of the community, and we speculate that some single strategies included in the combination may lack individual effectiveness. Laički sažetak Intervencije u zajednici za povećanje tjelesne aktivnosti Nedostatna tjelesna aktivnost povezana je s lošijim zdravljem.Redovita tjelesna aktivnost može umanjiti rizik od kroničnih bolesti te poboljšati zdravlje i kvalitetu života pojedinca.Manjak tjelesne aktivnosti čest je problem, a učestalost tog problema se povećava.Cochrane sustavni pregled je analizirao 33 studije koje su istražile programe za povećanje tjelesne aktivnosti u zajednici, u kojima se koristilo više od jednog pristupa.Kad su prvi put pregledani dokazi iz istraživanja koja su bila dostupna 2011. godine, utvrđeno je da nema dovoljno dobrih studija koje bi mogle pokazati je li takav pristup koristan ili ne.Primjerice, neke studije tvrde da programi za povećanje tjelesne aktivnosti u zajednici poboljšavaju tjelesnu aktivnost pojedinaca u zajednici, a druge studije tvrde suprotno.U ovom obnovljenom sustavnom pregledu pronađene su 4 nove studije koje su bile visoke kvalitete, ail nijedna od tih studija nije pokazala da je istraživana intervencija dovela do povećanja tjelesne aktivnosti u zajednici.Neke su studije opisale učinak na način da je opisano da je uočeno da više ljudi u zajednici hoda, međutim, ukupna razina tjelesne aktivnosti u promatranoj populaciji nije se povećala.Ovaj sustavni pregled je utvrdio da je intervencije za povećanje tjelesne aktivnosti u zajednici teško provesti i čini se da one obično ne uspijevaju u svojoj namjeri da na mjerljiv način povećaju tjelesnu aktivnost u populaciji.Čini se da mnoge intervencije nisu uspjele doseći veći broj stanovnika u zajednici pa se može smatrati da neke od strategija uključene u analizirane kombinacije nisu zasebno učinkovite.
Resumo:
This dissertation, based on material from Stenman s vast private archive, examines the role played by Swedish-speaking Finnish art dealer Gösta Stenman (1888-1947) and his art gallery, Stenmans Konstsalong, in the Finnish and Swedish art worlds from 1911 to 1947. This archive is examined here for the first time. The analytical framework used for this empirical study derives from Pierre Bourdieu s sociological theories. An art-sociological approach allows for the inclusion of more mechanisms at work in the art world than are typically embraced in such inquiries. This approach provides a fuller understanding of how Stenman attained his standing and central role in the art world in Finland as well as Sweden; enabling us to appreciate how he came to occupy such a prominent position in current art historical writing. All of these issues constitute new areas of research. Taking his cues from the contemporary art world of Paris, Stenman became the year 1914 a modern art dealer like no other in the Nordic countries. This dissertation represents the first academic investigation into his operations, strategies, and objectives, offering insight into not only the art dealer himself but also the functioning of the art market one of the most vital aspects of the art world. A by-product of this work, is that the modern art market in Finland is portrayed, including essential issues related to its growth and development as well as how it altered the conditions under which art could be produced, exhibited and promoted and what this entailed for the art world at large, artists and patrons alike. This first systematic analysis of the operations of Stenman s Konstsalong offers greater understanding of the art worlds of Sweden and Finland in the early twentieth century. The work also looks at how an agent of the art market could move between the fields of art in Sweden and Finland. The manner in which Stenman promoted individual artists, including his relationships with Tyko Sallinen, Helene Schjerfbeck, Juho Mäkelä, Jalmari Ruokokoski, Siri Derkert, Esther Kjerner, Eva Bagge, and many others, also falls within this purview. Stenman s contract with Sallinen from 1913 stands out as a new phenomenon in Finnish art promotion, whereby an artistic career became established via a far-sighted, strategic promotional program. The case study of Stenman s promotion of Schjerfbeck in Sweden provides evidence of the increasingly advanced nature of Stenman s strategies. The title of the dissertation, The Promoter of Modernism, attempts to convey that Stenman was the consummate modernist, modern in his thoughts, his actions, and his approach to art. Keywords: Gösta Stenman, Stenmans konstsalong, Stenmans dotter, art market, modernism, collecting, Novembergruppen, Helene Schjerfbeck, Tyko Sallinen, Juho Mäkelä, Jalmari Ruokokoski, Wäinö Aaltonen, Siri Derkert, Åke Göransson, Esther Kjerner, Eva Bagge.
Resumo:
This work investigates the role of narrative literature in late-20th century and contemporary Anglo-American moral philosophy. It aims to show the trend of reading narrative literature for purposes of moral philosophy from the 1970 s and early 80 s to the present day as a part of a larger movement in Anglo-American moral philosophy, and to present a view of its significance for moral philosophy overall. Chapter 1 provides some preliminaries concerning the view of narrative literature which my discussion builds on. In chapter 2 I give an outline of how narrative literature is considered in contemporary Anglo-American moral philosophy, and connect this use to the broad trend of neo-Aristotelian ethics in this context. In chapter 3 I connect the use of literature to the idea of the non-generalizability of moral perception and judgment, which is central to the neo-Aristotelian trend, as well as to a range of moral particularisms and anti-theoretical positions of late 20th century and contemporary ethics. The joint task of chapters 2 and 3 is to situate the trend of reading narrative literature for the purposes of moral philosophy in the present context of moral philosophy. In the following two chapters, 4 and 5, I move on from the particularizing power of narrative literature, which is emphasized by neo-Aristotelians and particularists alike, to a broader under-standing of the intellectual potential of narrative literature. In chapter 4 I argue that narrative literature has its own forms of generalization which are enriching for our understanding of the workings of ethical generalizations in philosophy. In chapter 5 I discuss Iris Murdoch s and Martha Nussbaum s respective ways of combining ethical generality and particularity in a philosophical framework where both systematic moral theory and narrative literature are taken seriously. In chapter 6 I analyse the controversy between contemporary anti-theoretical conceptions of ethics and Nussbaum s refutation of these. I present my suggestion for how the significance of the ethics/literature discussion for moral philosophy can be understood if one wants to overcome the limitations of both Nussbaum s theory-centred, equilibrium-seeking perspective, and the anti-theorists repudiation of theory. I call my position the inclusive approach .
Resumo:
In the last thirty years, primarily feminist scholars have drawn attention to and re-evaluated the philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir (1908 1986). Her philosophical practice has been described as non-systematic, and her literary writing has been viewed as part of her non-systematic mode of philosophising. This dissertation radically deepens the question concerning Beauvoir s philosophical motivations for turning to literature as a mode to express subjectivity. It explicates the central concepts of Beauvoir s philosophy of existence, which are subjectivity, ambiguity, paradox and temporality, and their background in the modern traditions of existential philosophy and phenomenology. It also clarifies Beauvoir s main reason to turn to literature in order to express subjectivity as both singular and universal: as a specific mode of communication, literature is able to make the universality of existence manifest in the concrete, singular and temporal texture of life. In addition, the thesis gives examples of how Beauvoir s literary works contribute to an understanding of the complexity of subjectivity. I use the expression poetics of subjectivity to refer to the systematic relation between Beauvoir s existential and phenomenological notion of subjectivity and her literary works, and to her articulations of a creative mode of using language, especially in the novel. The thesis is divided into five chapters, of which the first three investigate Beauvoir s philosophy of existence at the intersection of the modern traditions of thought that began with René Descartes and Søren Kierkegaard s intuitions about subjectivity. Chapter 1 interprets Beauvoir s notion of ambiguity, as compared to paradox, and argues that both determine her notion of existence. Chapters 2 and 3 investigate the phenomenological side of Beauvoir s philosophy through a study of her response to early French interpretations of transcendental subjectivity, especially in the works of Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. My analysis shows that Edmund Husserl s distinction between different levels of subjective experience is central to Beauvoir s understanding of subjectivity and to the different ego concepts she uses. Chapter 4 is a study of Beauvoir s reflections on the expression of subjective thought, and, more specifically, her philosophical conceptions of the metaphysical novel and the autobiography as two modes of indirect communication. Chapter 5, finally, compares two modes of investigating concrete subjectivity; Beauvoir s conceptual study of femininity in Le deuxième sexe and her literary expression of subjectivity in the novel L Invitée. My analysis reveals and explicates Beauvoir s original contribution to a comprehensive understanding of the becoming and paradox of human existence: the fundamental insight that these phenomena are sexed, historically as well as imaginatively.